Stephan Toulmin was a British philosopher who developed theories of reasoning that are still used today. In his book The Uses of Argument, he proposed the Toulmin model, which outlines six components of a successful argument: claim, grounds, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualifiers. A claim is the statement being argued, while grounds provide supporting evidence. A warrant explains the logic connecting the grounds to the claim. Backing provides further support, rebuttal considers exceptions, and qualifiers moderate the claim's strength.

2. Background
 Stephan Toulmin was born March 25, 1922
and was a British philosopher who worked
on a great deal of subjects ranging from
ethics, science, and moral reasoning. He is
the inventor for many theories of reasoning
that we accept today.

3. Toulmin Model
 One of his writings is, The Uses of Argument,
in it he proposes six steps any successful
argument should have. Claim, Grounds,
Warrants, Backing, Rebuttal, and Qualifiers.

4. Claim
 A claim is the statement somebody
makes that is trying to convince you to
support their position. A claim must be
made against the status quo in order for
your argument to have substance.

5. Claim
 Claims can be of policy, value, or fact.
 Policy Claim- Something is to be done
or ought to be done
 Value Claim- Something is good or bad
 Fact Claim- Something is or will be.

6. Grounds
 The grounds are your support of the
claim you have made. They are the
evidence, here is included any statistics
you may have on the subject and
personal knowledge whether formal
education or work experience.

7. Warrants
 The warrant is the logic that is underlying
the argument.
 It is a generally understood law that most
people can agree on.
 You can usually understand why someone
is making an argument based on this step.
Is the building block of an argument.

8. Backing
 Is a more detailed support of an
argument.
 In this stage you must make more of an
effort to support your argument with
statistics, charts, and grand scale
information to support your claim
 It is in a way a more general support of
the grounds

9. Rebuttal
 In a perfect world you do not need a
rebuttal because everything you say will
apply in the best way possible.
 However in our world, it is important to
consider the, “unlesses”, there are
always ways that a good plan can fail.
 You always have to account for that.

10. Qualifiers
 A qualifier tones down your claim to
make sure your argument is more
honest. Take for example a school
change, no matter how effective it is
some students will still fail.
 It is better to use, most likely, then
everyone will.