2. ATOMS
• There are more than 100 types of elements existing
naturally in this world.
• An element is a substance consisting of one type of atom
only. It cannot be broken down chemically into simpler
substances.
• Atom of different elements are different in size.
• An atom is the smallest particle of a substance.
• It has a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons.
• Electrons move around the nucleus in the electron shell or
orbit.
4. ATOMS
• An atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons. The
total number of positively charged protons is neutralized
by an equal number of negatively charged electrons. So,
an atom is electrically neutral because there is no net
charge.
5. PROTON AND MASS
NUMBER
• Proton number (or atomic number) Z is the number of
protons in the nucleus of an atom.
• Nucleon number (or mass number) A is the total number of
proton and neutron in the nucleus of an atom.
• Proton number also indicates the number of electrons in a
atom. (Recall that an atom has equal number of protons and
electrons)
6. ISOTOPES
• Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons
but different number of neutrons.
• Due to the difference in the number of neutrons, isotopes
have different mass number.
7. IONS
• All atoms are electrically neutral. They have equal number
of protons and electrons.
• When an atom loses or gains electrons, the number of
protons is not equal to the number of electrons anymore.
Therefore, the atom will not be electrically neutral.
• When an atom is not electrically neutral, it is called an ion.
• There are two types of ions:
- If an atom loses electron(s), it becomes a positive ion.
- If an atom gains electron(s), it becomes a negative ion.
• In the formation of ions, the process only involves the
gaining or losing electrons. Therefore, electrons are
responsible for chemical properties of an atom
8. IONS
• The number of protons and neutrons remains the same.
Therefore, proton number and mass number are not
affected.
• In the formation of ions:
- Metals lose electrons to form positive ions
- Non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions
9. FORMATION OF
POSITIVE IONS
• The symbol for a positive ion contains the followings:
- A positive sign indicating loss of electron
- A numerical number indicating number of electron being
lost.
X 2+
10. FORMATION OF
NEGATIVE IONS
• The symbol for a negative ion contains the followings:
- A negative sign indicating gain of electron
- A numerical number indicating number of electron being
gained.
Y 3-
11. MOLECULES
• Molecules are two or more atoms chemically joined
together.
• A molecule can be made up of atoms of the same element
or of different element.
• A molecule which contains two atoms of the same or
different type chemically joined together is called a
diatomic molecule.
12. MOLECULE OF AN
ELEMENT
• A molecule of an element is a substance containing two or
more of the same type of atom chemically joined together.
13. MOLECULE OF A
COMPOUND
• A molecule of a compound is a substance containing two
or more of different type of atoms chemically joined
together.
14. CHEMICAL FORMULA
• A chemical formula of a substance indicates two
important information about the substance:
- Type of element
- Total number of each type of atom
