SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 15
Baixar para ler offline
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst (VSG-A101)
Chemistry and Operator Training
by:
Gerard B. Hawkins
Managing Director, CEO
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Chemistry and Catalysis
Reaction stoichiometry and thermodynamics
Ammonia synthesis catalyst fundamentals
Molecular mechanism and kinetics
Activation and deactivation
Alternative catalyst technologies
Reaction stoichiometry and thermodynamics
NH3 synthesis reaction
N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3 DH700°K = - 52 kJ/mol
Equilibrium position favors NH3 synthesis at
• High pressure
• Low temperature
Pressure depends on capital and operating cost
Temperature depends on the balance of kinetics/equilibrium
P & T also depend on available catalyst activity
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50 75 100 125 150
Pressure bara
NH3concentration%
380 C
400 C
420 C
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
VSG-A101 Ammonia synthesis catalyst fundamentals
VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Formulation
Based on magnetite (Fe3O4) precursor
Defined form and crystal structure
Magnetite requires controlled reduction
Pre-reduction or in situ reduction
Oxygen is removed from the crystal lattice without shrinkage
Produces extremely porous metallic iron structure
Key in achieving a high activity catalyst
Promoters boost catalyst performance
VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Requirements
High catalyst activity
Low sensitivity to catalyst poisons
High thermal resistance
Reasonable reduction time
High mechanical strength and abrasion resistance
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Production
Unique manufacturing process
Catalyst is not made via pelleting or extrusion
Components are mixed including promoters
Feed is melted in an electric arc furnace
Solidified melt is milled to give required shape and size distribution
Melt conditions are key to produce required Fe3O4 precursor phases and
morphology
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Catalyst Type
Vulcan VSG-A101 Comp J Comp J Comp H Comp H
Fe 0.5 - 0.6 - 80 - 80
Fe3O4 67 - 69.5 95 12 - 13 94.5 ~10
Al2O3 2.2 - 2.6 2.5 3.3 2.1 2.8
CaO 1.4 1.8 2 2.5 1.5 2
K2O 0.6 - 0.8 0.8 1 0.6 0.8
SiO2 < 0.5 0.25 0.3 <0.2 <0.2
MgO - 0.25 0.3 - -
Co - - 1 1.3
Cl <0.0001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
S <0.0001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Incorporation of Promoters
Certain metal oxides promote activity and improve stability
Small and controlled amounts
Alumina and potash are the most important
Al2O3 is a ‘structural’ promoter
Restricts growth of iron crystallites during reduction and operation
Increases thermal stability
Alkali metals are ‘electronic promoters’
Greatly increase activity of the iron particles
K particularly effective
Other promoters include CaO, SiO2
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Contaminants in the magnetite raw material
Must be considered and controlled during manufacture
Ensures optimum concentration of promoters
Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Effect of Promoters and Stabilizers
Al2O3 - stabilizes the internal surface
SiO2 - stabilizes activity in presence of oxygen compounds during normal
operation and reduction
K2O - increases intrinsic activity of Fe particles
CaO - protects the K promoter against neutralization and increases the stability
against poisoning by sulfur
Typical Operating Conditions
Temperature 360 - 530°C (680 – 986°F)
Pressure 100 - 600 bara
Space velocity 1000 - 5000 hr-1
Poisons limits
Oxygen and oxygen compounds normally 3 ppmv
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Typical Converter Temperatures
Converter Heat Recovery
Heat recovered is that available from synthesis exotherm across synthesis beds
Catalyst bed temperatures usually similar
Bed 1 410 – 520°C ΔT = 110 °C
Bed 2 415 – 480°C ΔT = 65 °C
Bed 3 410 – 450°C ΔT = 40 °C
Total Bed ΔT = Converter ΔT = 215 °C
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Chemistry
Reaction Progress across Beds
VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Effect of Size on Activity
Smaller pellets have higher activity
Reaction is subject to diffusion limitations
Film diffusion and pore diffusion effects
Thus, smaller means higher production (closer ATE) or lower catalyst volume
But higher pressure drop
use either axial-radial or radial flow beds to minimize
Basis of many converter internal retrofits
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Effect of Size on Activity
Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Catalyst Size Options
Size Grade Size
A 1.5 - 3.0 mm
B 3.0 - 4.5 mm
C 3.0 - 6.0 mm
D 6.0 - 10.0 mm
G 14.0 - 20.0 mm
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Molecular mechanism and kinetics
Ammonia Synthesis Mechanism
Dissociative adsorption of H2
Dissociative adsorption of N2 - believed to be the Rate Determining Step (RDS)
Multi-step hydrogenation of adsorbed N2 Desorption of NH3
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Ammonia Synthesis Kinetics
Detailed studies on intrinsic reaction rate
Influential work by Temkin et al.
Actual rate subject to diffusion limitations
Film diffusion and pore diffusion effects
Activation and deactivation
Catalyst Reduction
Depends on catalyst type
E.g. pre-reduced or oxide form
E.g. VSG-A101, Comp H, Comp J
Raise T in first bed to 350°C* (300°C #
), then slowly upwards @ 10°C/h
Control exit H2O level
Maintain downstream beds at 350°C* (300°C#
)
NH3 synthesis initiates as the catalyst reduces
Once H2O falls, heat 2nd
bed and repeat
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
VSG-A101 Deactivation – Background
Temperature
Re-crystallization of iron surface occurs slowly
Thermal sintering process
Minimize operating temperature
Commensurate with maintenance of conversion
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
VSG-A101 Deactivation - Common Poisons
Oxygenated species (H2O, CO, CO2)
Converted to H2O
Sintering/re-organization of catalyst surface
Temporary
Low level/short duration (days)
Permanent
High levels/weeks to months
Sulfur
Incorporation of Ca promoter enhances stability of catalyst
Arsenic, Antimony and Phosphorus
Chlorine
Formation of volatile metal chlorides
Lead to KCl formation and loss of K from catalyst
Physical foulants (Fe scale, etc)
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process
Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New
Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Summary
Thermodynamics, kinetics and reaction mechanism considered
Features of ammonia synthesis catalysts
Activation and deactivation parameters discussed
Brief consideration of non-Fe based commercial catalyst

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Steam reforming - The Basics of Reforming
Steam reforming  - The Basics of ReformingSteam reforming  - The Basics of Reforming
Steam reforming - The Basics of ReformingGerard B. Hawkins
 
Methanol Synthesis Loop Troubleshooting
Methanol Synthesis Loop TroubleshootingMethanol Synthesis Loop Troubleshooting
Methanol Synthesis Loop TroubleshootingGerard B. Hawkins
 
Theory and Operation of Methanation Catalyst
Theory and Operation of Methanation CatalystTheory and Operation of Methanation Catalyst
Theory and Operation of Methanation CatalystGerard B. Hawkins
 
Secondary Reforming Flowsheets
Secondary Reforming FlowsheetsSecondary Reforming Flowsheets
Secondary Reforming FlowsheetsGerard B. Hawkins
 
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev Overview
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev Overview(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev Overview
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
 
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:  Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Theory and Operation VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst
Theory and Operation VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis CatalystTheory and Operation VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst
Theory and Operation VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis CatalystGerard B. Hawkins
 
Ammonia Formation over Steam Reforming Catalysts
Ammonia Formation over Steam Reforming CatalystsAmmonia Formation over Steam Reforming Catalysts
Ammonia Formation over Steam Reforming CatalystsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Primary Reforming Flowsheets
Primary Reforming FlowsheetsPrimary Reforming Flowsheets
Primary Reforming FlowsheetsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Steam Reforming - (ATM) Approach to Equilibrium
Steam Reforming - (ATM) Approach to EquilibriumSteam Reforming - (ATM) Approach to Equilibrium
Steam Reforming - (ATM) Approach to EquilibriumGerard B. Hawkins
 
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer DesignSteam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer DesignGerard B. Hawkins
 
Hydrogen Plant Monitoring & Methane Steam Reformer Troubleshooting
Hydrogen Plant Monitoring & Methane Steam Reformer TroubleshootingHydrogen Plant Monitoring & Methane Steam Reformer Troubleshooting
Hydrogen Plant Monitoring & Methane Steam Reformer TroubleshootingGerard B. Hawkins
 
Steam Reforming - Tube Design
Steam Reforming - Tube DesignSteam Reforming - Tube Design
Steam Reforming - Tube DesignGerard B. Hawkins
 
A presentation on reformer new
A presentation on reformer newA presentation on reformer new
A presentation on reformer newGowri Shankar
 
Various ammonia technology
Various ammonia technologyVarious ammonia technology
Various ammonia technologyPrem Baboo
 
Ammonia Plant - Secondary Reforming
Ammonia Plant - Secondary ReformingAmmonia Plant - Secondary Reforming
Ammonia Plant - Secondary ReformingGerard B. Hawkins
 
Steam Reforming - Practical Operations
Steam Reforming - Practical OperationsSteam Reforming - Practical Operations
Steam Reforming - Practical OperationsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Catalyst Breakage in Reformer Tubes
Catalyst Breakage in Reformer TubesCatalyst Breakage in Reformer Tubes
Catalyst Breakage in Reformer TubesGerard B. Hawkins
 
Ammonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe process
Ammonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe processAmmonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe process
Ammonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe processGaurav Soni
 

Mais procurados (20)

Steam reforming - The Basics of Reforming
Steam reforming  - The Basics of ReformingSteam reforming  - The Basics of Reforming
Steam reforming - The Basics of Reforming
 
Methanol Synthesis Loop Troubleshooting
Methanol Synthesis Loop TroubleshootingMethanol Synthesis Loop Troubleshooting
Methanol Synthesis Loop Troubleshooting
 
Theory and Operation of Methanation Catalyst
Theory and Operation of Methanation CatalystTheory and Operation of Methanation Catalyst
Theory and Operation of Methanation Catalyst
 
Secondary Reforming Flowsheets
Secondary Reforming FlowsheetsSecondary Reforming Flowsheets
Secondary Reforming Flowsheets
 
Steam Reforming - Poisons
Steam Reforming - PoisonsSteam Reforming - Poisons
Steam Reforming - Poisons
 
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev Overview
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev Overview(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev Overview
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev Overview
 
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:  Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
 
Theory and Operation VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst
Theory and Operation VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis CatalystTheory and Operation VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst
Theory and Operation VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst
 
Ammonia Formation over Steam Reforming Catalysts
Ammonia Formation over Steam Reforming CatalystsAmmonia Formation over Steam Reforming Catalysts
Ammonia Formation over Steam Reforming Catalysts
 
Primary Reforming Flowsheets
Primary Reforming FlowsheetsPrimary Reforming Flowsheets
Primary Reforming Flowsheets
 
Steam Reforming - (ATM) Approach to Equilibrium
Steam Reforming - (ATM) Approach to EquilibriumSteam Reforming - (ATM) Approach to Equilibrium
Steam Reforming - (ATM) Approach to Equilibrium
 
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer DesignSteam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
 
Hydrogen Plant Monitoring & Methane Steam Reformer Troubleshooting
Hydrogen Plant Monitoring & Methane Steam Reformer TroubleshootingHydrogen Plant Monitoring & Methane Steam Reformer Troubleshooting
Hydrogen Plant Monitoring & Methane Steam Reformer Troubleshooting
 
Steam Reforming - Tube Design
Steam Reforming - Tube DesignSteam Reforming - Tube Design
Steam Reforming - Tube Design
 
A presentation on reformer new
A presentation on reformer newA presentation on reformer new
A presentation on reformer new
 
Various ammonia technology
Various ammonia technologyVarious ammonia technology
Various ammonia technology
 
Ammonia Plant - Secondary Reforming
Ammonia Plant - Secondary ReformingAmmonia Plant - Secondary Reforming
Ammonia Plant - Secondary Reforming
 
Steam Reforming - Practical Operations
Steam Reforming - Practical OperationsSteam Reforming - Practical Operations
Steam Reforming - Practical Operations
 
Catalyst Breakage in Reformer Tubes
Catalyst Breakage in Reformer TubesCatalyst Breakage in Reformer Tubes
Catalyst Breakage in Reformer Tubes
 
Ammonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe process
Ammonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe processAmmonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe process
Ammonia production from natural gas, haldor topsoe process
 

Destaque

Methanol Loop Start Up and Shut Down
Methanol Loop Start Up and Shut DownMethanol Loop Start Up and Shut Down
Methanol Loop Start Up and Shut DownGerard B. Hawkins
 
Revamps for Ageing Ammonia Plants
Revamps for Ageing Ammonia PlantsRevamps for Ageing Ammonia Plants
Revamps for Ageing Ammonia PlantsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat Integration
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat IntegrationDistillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat Integration
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat IntegrationGerard B. Hawkins
 
Bp global experience meoh and dme presentation ndrc presentation and discussi...
Bp global experience meoh and dme presentation ndrc presentation and discussi...Bp global experience meoh and dme presentation ndrc presentation and discussi...
Bp global experience meoh and dme presentation ndrc presentation and discussi...Steve Wittrig
 
Natural Gas to Olefins final.[1]
Natural Gas to Olefins final.[1]Natural Gas to Olefins final.[1]
Natural Gas to Olefins final.[1]Scott Chase
 
air products & chemicals 3 December 2007 Citigroup Non ChemConf
air products & chemicals 3 December 2007 Citigroup Non ChemConfair products & chemicals 3 December 2007 Citigroup Non ChemConf
air products & chemicals 3 December 2007 Citigroup Non ChemConffinance26
 
Revamps for Ageing Methanol Plants
Revamps for Ageing Methanol PlantsRevamps for Ageing Methanol Plants
Revamps for Ageing Methanol PlantsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Bp methanol presentation to China ndrc for methanol as fuels 2006
Bp methanol presentation to China ndrc for methanol as fuels  2006Bp methanol presentation to China ndrc for methanol as fuels  2006
Bp methanol presentation to China ndrc for methanol as fuels 2006Steve Wittrig
 
Methanol Synthesis Chemistry
Methanol Synthesis ChemistryMethanol Synthesis Chemistry
Methanol Synthesis ChemistryGerard B. Hawkins
 
Bio-based materials and fuels via methanol - The role of integration
Bio-based materials and fuels via methanol - The role of integrationBio-based materials and fuels via methanol - The role of integration
Bio-based materials and fuels via methanol - The role of integrationIlkka Hannula
 
Dewatering Column plus AA Grade Methanol Distillation
Dewatering Column plus  AA Grade Methanol DistillationDewatering Column plus  AA Grade Methanol Distillation
Dewatering Column plus AA Grade Methanol DistillationGerard B. Hawkins
 
Methanol Steam Reforming in Pd-Ag Membrane Reactor for High Purity Hydrogen G...
Methanol Steam Reforming in Pd-Ag Membrane Reactor for High Purity Hydrogen G...Methanol Steam Reforming in Pd-Ag Membrane Reactor for High Purity Hydrogen G...
Methanol Steam Reforming in Pd-Ag Membrane Reactor for High Purity Hydrogen G...sameer_israni
 
Methanol institute 2016 overview of rapidly emerging methanol markets for fue...
Methanol institute 2016 overview of rapidly emerging methanol markets for fue...Methanol institute 2016 overview of rapidly emerging methanol markets for fue...
Methanol institute 2016 overview of rapidly emerging methanol markets for fue...Steve Wittrig
 
HVAC Training at MEP Centre
HVAC Training at MEP CentreHVAC Training at MEP Centre
HVAC Training at MEP CentreMEP Centre
 
Methanol Plant Safety - A Historical Perspective
Methanol Plant Safety - A Historical PerspectiveMethanol Plant Safety - A Historical Perspective
Methanol Plant Safety - A Historical PerspectiveGerard B. Hawkins
 
Hysys tutorial
Hysys tutorialHysys tutorial
Hysys tutorialBijol Luis
 

Destaque (20)

Methanol Loop Start Up and Shut Down
Methanol Loop Start Up and Shut DownMethanol Loop Start Up and Shut Down
Methanol Loop Start Up and Shut Down
 
Revamps for Ageing Ammonia Plants
Revamps for Ageing Ammonia PlantsRevamps for Ageing Ammonia Plants
Revamps for Ageing Ammonia Plants
 
Ammonia mass balance
Ammonia mass balanceAmmonia mass balance
Ammonia mass balance
 
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat Integration
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat IntegrationDistillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat Integration
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat Integration
 
Bp global experience meoh and dme presentation ndrc presentation and discussi...
Bp global experience meoh and dme presentation ndrc presentation and discussi...Bp global experience meoh and dme presentation ndrc presentation and discussi...
Bp global experience meoh and dme presentation ndrc presentation and discussi...
 
Natural Gas to Olefins final.[1]
Natural Gas to Olefins final.[1]Natural Gas to Olefins final.[1]
Natural Gas to Olefins final.[1]
 
air products & chemicals 3 December 2007 Citigroup Non ChemConf
air products & chemicals 3 December 2007 Citigroup Non ChemConfair products & chemicals 3 December 2007 Citigroup Non ChemConf
air products & chemicals 3 December 2007 Citigroup Non ChemConf
 
Revamps for Ageing Methanol Plants
Revamps for Ageing Methanol PlantsRevamps for Ageing Methanol Plants
Revamps for Ageing Methanol Plants
 
Haber-Bosch Process
Haber-Bosch ProcessHaber-Bosch Process
Haber-Bosch Process
 
Bp methanol presentation to China ndrc for methanol as fuels 2006
Bp methanol presentation to China ndrc for methanol as fuels  2006Bp methanol presentation to China ndrc for methanol as fuels  2006
Bp methanol presentation to China ndrc for methanol as fuels 2006
 
Methanol Converter Types
Methanol Converter TypesMethanol Converter Types
Methanol Converter Types
 
Methanol Synthesis Chemistry
Methanol Synthesis ChemistryMethanol Synthesis Chemistry
Methanol Synthesis Chemistry
 
Bio-based materials and fuels via methanol - The role of integration
Bio-based materials and fuels via methanol - The role of integrationBio-based materials and fuels via methanol - The role of integration
Bio-based materials and fuels via methanol - The role of integration
 
Dewatering Column plus AA Grade Methanol Distillation
Dewatering Column plus  AA Grade Methanol DistillationDewatering Column plus  AA Grade Methanol Distillation
Dewatering Column plus AA Grade Methanol Distillation
 
Flowsheet
FlowsheetFlowsheet
Flowsheet
 
Methanol Steam Reforming in Pd-Ag Membrane Reactor for High Purity Hydrogen G...
Methanol Steam Reforming in Pd-Ag Membrane Reactor for High Purity Hydrogen G...Methanol Steam Reforming in Pd-Ag Membrane Reactor for High Purity Hydrogen G...
Methanol Steam Reforming in Pd-Ag Membrane Reactor for High Purity Hydrogen G...
 
Methanol institute 2016 overview of rapidly emerging methanol markets for fue...
Methanol institute 2016 overview of rapidly emerging methanol markets for fue...Methanol institute 2016 overview of rapidly emerging methanol markets for fue...
Methanol institute 2016 overview of rapidly emerging methanol markets for fue...
 
HVAC Training at MEP Centre
HVAC Training at MEP CentreHVAC Training at MEP Centre
HVAC Training at MEP Centre
 
Methanol Plant Safety - A Historical Perspective
Methanol Plant Safety - A Historical PerspectiveMethanol Plant Safety - A Historical Perspective
Methanol Plant Safety - A Historical Perspective
 
Hysys tutorial
Hysys tutorialHysys tutorial
Hysys tutorial
 

Semelhante a Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst Chemistry and Operator Training

Shift Conversion Catalysts - Operating Manual
Shift Conversion Catalysts - Operating ManualShift Conversion Catalysts - Operating Manual
Shift Conversion Catalysts - Operating ManualGerard B. Hawkins
 
METHANOL PLANT - SHALE GAS FEED PRETREATMENT
METHANOL PLANT - SHALE GAS FEED PRETREATMENTMETHANOL PLANT - SHALE GAS FEED PRETREATMENT
METHANOL PLANT - SHALE GAS FEED PRETREATMENTGerard B. Hawkins
 
Principles & Practices to Manage Cl lon Stabilizer
Principles & Practices to Manage Cl lon StabilizerPrinciples & Practices to Manage Cl lon Stabilizer
Principles & Practices to Manage Cl lon StabilizerGerard B. Hawkins
 
VULCAN Catalytic Reaction Guide - (106) Heterogeneous Reaction Mechanisms
VULCAN Catalytic Reaction Guide - (106) Heterogeneous Reaction Mechanisms VULCAN Catalytic Reaction Guide - (106) Heterogeneous Reaction Mechanisms
VULCAN Catalytic Reaction Guide - (106) Heterogeneous Reaction Mechanisms Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Avoiding Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Low Alloy and Austenitic Stainl...
Avoiding Stress Corrosion Cracking of  Carbon Low Alloy and Austenitic Stainl...Avoiding Stress Corrosion Cracking of  Carbon Low Alloy and Austenitic Stainl...
Avoiding Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Low Alloy and Austenitic Stainl...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures Gerard B. Hawkins
 
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENTGerard B. Hawkins
 
Design and Operation of NHT Strippers to Protect Catalytic Reformers
Design and Operation of NHT Strippers to Protect Catalytic Reformers Design and Operation of NHT Strippers to Protect Catalytic Reformers
Design and Operation of NHT Strippers to Protect Catalytic Reformers Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation ColumnsDesign and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation ColumnsGerard B. Hawkins
 
VULCAN Series A2ST Advanced Alumina Support Technology
VULCAN Series A2ST Advanced Alumina Support TechnologyVULCAN Series A2ST Advanced Alumina Support Technology
VULCAN Series A2ST Advanced Alumina Support TechnologyGerard B. Hawkins
 
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTSSTEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTSGerard B. Hawkins
 
DEACTIVATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTS
DEACTIVATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTSDEACTIVATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTS
DEACTIVATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTSGerard B. Hawkins
 
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case StudySMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case StudyGerard B. Hawkins
 
Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service
Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service
Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Hydrogenolysis Operations Manual
Hydrogenolysis Operations ManualHydrogenolysis Operations Manual
Hydrogenolysis Operations ManualGerard B. Hawkins
 
Key Considerations for a Reforming Unit Revamp
Key Considerations for a Reforming Unit RevampKey Considerations for a Reforming Unit Revamp
Key Considerations for a Reforming Unit RevampGerard B. Hawkins
 

Semelhante a Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst Chemistry and Operator Training (20)

Shift Conversion Catalysts - Operating Manual
Shift Conversion Catalysts - Operating ManualShift Conversion Catalysts - Operating Manual
Shift Conversion Catalysts - Operating Manual
 
METHANOL PLANT - SHALE GAS FEED PRETREATMENT
METHANOL PLANT - SHALE GAS FEED PRETREATMENTMETHANOL PLANT - SHALE GAS FEED PRETREATMENT
METHANOL PLANT - SHALE GAS FEED PRETREATMENT
 
Principles & Practices to Manage Cl lon Stabilizer
Principles & Practices to Manage Cl lon StabilizerPrinciples & Practices to Manage Cl lon Stabilizer
Principles & Practices to Manage Cl lon Stabilizer
 
VULCAN Catalytic Reaction Guide - (106) Heterogeneous Reaction Mechanisms
VULCAN Catalytic Reaction Guide - (106) Heterogeneous Reaction Mechanisms VULCAN Catalytic Reaction Guide - (106) Heterogeneous Reaction Mechanisms
VULCAN Catalytic Reaction Guide - (106) Heterogeneous Reaction Mechanisms
 
Hot Hydrogen Stripping
Hot Hydrogen StrippingHot Hydrogen Stripping
Hot Hydrogen Stripping
 
Avoiding Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Low Alloy and Austenitic Stainl...
Avoiding Stress Corrosion Cracking of  Carbon Low Alloy and Austenitic Stainl...Avoiding Stress Corrosion Cracking of  Carbon Low Alloy and Austenitic Stainl...
Avoiding Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Low Alloy and Austenitic Stainl...
 
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures
 
Cast White Metal Bearings
Cast White Metal BearingsCast White Metal Bearings
Cast White Metal Bearings
 
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT
 
Design and Operation of NHT Strippers to Protect Catalytic Reformers
Design and Operation of NHT Strippers to Protect Catalytic Reformers Design and Operation of NHT Strippers to Protect Catalytic Reformers
Design and Operation of NHT Strippers to Protect Catalytic Reformers
 
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation ColumnsDesign and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns
 
VULCAN Series A2ST Advanced Alumina Support Technology
VULCAN Series A2ST Advanced Alumina Support TechnologyVULCAN Series A2ST Advanced Alumina Support Technology
VULCAN Series A2ST Advanced Alumina Support Technology
 
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTSSTEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
 
DEACTIVATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTS
DEACTIVATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTSDEACTIVATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTS
DEACTIVATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTS
 
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case StudySMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
 
Batch Distillation
Batch DistillationBatch Distillation
Batch Distillation
 
Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service
Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service
Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service
 
Hydrogenolysis Operations Manual
Hydrogenolysis Operations ManualHydrogenolysis Operations Manual
Hydrogenolysis Operations Manual
 
Hydrogen Compressors
Hydrogen CompressorsHydrogen Compressors
Hydrogen Compressors
 
Key Considerations for a Reforming Unit Revamp
Key Considerations for a Reforming Unit RevampKey Considerations for a Reforming Unit Revamp
Key Considerations for a Reforming Unit Revamp
 

Mais de Gerard B. Hawkins

Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Pressure Relief Systems   Vol 2Pressure Relief Systems   Vol 2
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2Gerard B. Hawkins
 
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION -  A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGAS DISPERSION -  A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGerard B. Hawkins
 
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer -  Best Practices Guide101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer -  Best Practices Guide
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices GuideGerard B. Hawkins
 
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis   Plant Note Book Series: P...Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis   Plant Note Book Series: P...
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel GasCalculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel GasGerard B. Hawkins
 
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning ProcedurePiping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning ProcedureGerard B. Hawkins
 
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS Gerard B. Hawkins
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGetting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
 
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS Gerard B. Hawkins
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND  PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND  PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Amine Gas Treating Unit  - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Amine Gas Treating Unit  - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
GBHE Over View jan_13_español
GBHE Over View jan_13_españolGBHE Over View jan_13_español
GBHE Over View jan_13_españolGerard B. Hawkins
 
OXIDATIVE COUPLING COMBINED WITH DISTILLATION TO REMOVE MERCAPTAN SULFUR FROM...
OXIDATIVE COUPLING COMBINED WITH DISTILLATION TO REMOVE MERCAPTAN SULFUR FROM...OXIDATIVE COUPLING COMBINED WITH DISTILLATION TO REMOVE MERCAPTAN SULFUR FROM...
OXIDATIVE COUPLING COMBINED WITH DISTILLATION TO REMOVE MERCAPTAN SULFUR FROM...Gerard B. Hawkins
 

Mais de Gerard B. Hawkins (20)

Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Pressure Relief Systems   Vol 2Pressure Relief Systems   Vol 2
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
 
Pressure Relief Systems
Pressure Relief Systems Pressure Relief Systems
Pressure Relief Systems
 
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION -  A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGAS DISPERSION -  A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
 
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer -  Best Practices Guide101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer -  Best Practices Guide
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
 
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
 
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis   Plant Note Book Series: P...Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis   Plant Note Book Series: P...
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
 
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel GasCalculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
 
Pickling & Passivation
Pickling & PassivationPickling & Passivation
Pickling & Passivation
 
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning ProcedurePiping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
 
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
 
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGetting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
 
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND  PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND  PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
 
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
 
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Amine Gas Treating Unit  - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Amine Gas Treating Unit  - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
 
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
 
GBHE Over View jan_13_español
GBHE Over View jan_13_españolGBHE Over View jan_13_español
GBHE Over View jan_13_español
 
OXIDATIVE COUPLING COMBINED WITH DISTILLATION TO REMOVE MERCAPTAN SULFUR FROM...
OXIDATIVE COUPLING COMBINED WITH DISTILLATION TO REMOVE MERCAPTAN SULFUR FROM...OXIDATIVE COUPLING COMBINED WITH DISTILLATION TO REMOVE MERCAPTAN SULFUR FROM...
OXIDATIVE COUPLING COMBINED WITH DISTILLATION TO REMOVE MERCAPTAN SULFUR FROM...
 

Último

9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
GenAI and AI GCC State of AI_Object Automation Inc
GenAI and AI GCC State of AI_Object Automation IncGenAI and AI GCC State of AI_Object Automation Inc
GenAI and AI GCC State of AI_Object Automation IncObject Automation
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1DianaGray10
 
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1DianaGray10
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAshyamraj55
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IES VE
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostMatt Ray
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.francesco barbera
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopBachir Benyammi
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Commit University
 
PicPay - GenAI Finance Assistant - ChatGPT for Customer Service
PicPay - GenAI Finance Assistant - ChatGPT for Customer ServicePicPay - GenAI Finance Assistant - ChatGPT for Customer Service
PicPay - GenAI Finance Assistant - ChatGPT for Customer ServiceRenan Moreira de Oliveira
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfDianaGray10
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6DianaGray10
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024D Cloud Solutions
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
Introduction to Quantum Computing
Introduction to Quantum ComputingIntroduction to Quantum Computing
Introduction to Quantum ComputingGDSC PJATK
 
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfIaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfDaniel Santiago Silva Capera
 

Último (20)

9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
GenAI and AI GCC State of AI_Object Automation Inc
GenAI and AI GCC State of AI_Object Automation IncGenAI and AI GCC State of AI_Object Automation Inc
GenAI and AI GCC State of AI_Object Automation Inc
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
 
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf
20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf20200723_insight_release_plan_v6.pdf
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
 
PicPay - GenAI Finance Assistant - ChatGPT for Customer Service
PicPay - GenAI Finance Assistant - ChatGPT for Customer ServicePicPay - GenAI Finance Assistant - ChatGPT for Customer Service
PicPay - GenAI Finance Assistant - ChatGPT for Customer Service
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
Introduction to Quantum Computing
Introduction to Quantum ComputingIntroduction to Quantum Computing
Introduction to Quantum Computing
 
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfIaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
 

Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst Chemistry and Operator Training

  • 1. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst (VSG-A101) Chemistry and Operator Training by: Gerard B. Hawkins Managing Director, CEO
  • 2. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Chemistry and Catalysis Reaction stoichiometry and thermodynamics Ammonia synthesis catalyst fundamentals Molecular mechanism and kinetics Activation and deactivation Alternative catalyst technologies Reaction stoichiometry and thermodynamics NH3 synthesis reaction N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3 DH700°K = - 52 kJ/mol Equilibrium position favors NH3 synthesis at • High pressure • Low temperature Pressure depends on capital and operating cost Temperature depends on the balance of kinetics/equilibrium P & T also depend on available catalyst activity
  • 3. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 75 100 125 150 Pressure bara NH3concentration% 380 C 400 C 420 C
  • 4. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com VSG-A101 Ammonia synthesis catalyst fundamentals VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Formulation Based on magnetite (Fe3O4) precursor Defined form and crystal structure Magnetite requires controlled reduction Pre-reduction or in situ reduction Oxygen is removed from the crystal lattice without shrinkage Produces extremely porous metallic iron structure Key in achieving a high activity catalyst Promoters boost catalyst performance VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Requirements High catalyst activity Low sensitivity to catalyst poisons High thermal resistance Reasonable reduction time High mechanical strength and abrasion resistance
  • 5. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Production Unique manufacturing process Catalyst is not made via pelleting or extrusion Components are mixed including promoters Feed is melted in an electric arc furnace Solidified melt is milled to give required shape and size distribution Melt conditions are key to produce required Fe3O4 precursor phases and morphology
  • 6. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com Catalyst Type Vulcan VSG-A101 Comp J Comp J Comp H Comp H Fe 0.5 - 0.6 - 80 - 80 Fe3O4 67 - 69.5 95 12 - 13 94.5 ~10 Al2O3 2.2 - 2.6 2.5 3.3 2.1 2.8 CaO 1.4 1.8 2 2.5 1.5 2 K2O 0.6 - 0.8 0.8 1 0.6 0.8 SiO2 < 0.5 0.25 0.3 <0.2 <0.2 MgO - 0.25 0.3 - - Co - - 1 1.3 Cl <0.0001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 S <0.0001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Incorporation of Promoters Certain metal oxides promote activity and improve stability Small and controlled amounts Alumina and potash are the most important Al2O3 is a ‘structural’ promoter Restricts growth of iron crystallites during reduction and operation Increases thermal stability Alkali metals are ‘electronic promoters’ Greatly increase activity of the iron particles K particularly effective Other promoters include CaO, SiO2
  • 7. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com Contaminants in the magnetite raw material Must be considered and controlled during manufacture Ensures optimum concentration of promoters Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Effect of Promoters and Stabilizers Al2O3 - stabilizes the internal surface SiO2 - stabilizes activity in presence of oxygen compounds during normal operation and reduction K2O - increases intrinsic activity of Fe particles CaO - protects the K promoter against neutralization and increases the stability against poisoning by sulfur Typical Operating Conditions Temperature 360 - 530°C (680 – 986°F) Pressure 100 - 600 bara Space velocity 1000 - 5000 hr-1 Poisons limits Oxygen and oxygen compounds normally 3 ppmv
  • 8. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com Typical Converter Temperatures Converter Heat Recovery Heat recovered is that available from synthesis exotherm across synthesis beds Catalyst bed temperatures usually similar Bed 1 410 – 520°C ΔT = 110 °C Bed 2 415 – 480°C ΔT = 65 °C Bed 3 410 – 450°C ΔT = 40 °C Total Bed ΔT = Converter ΔT = 215 °C
  • 9. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Chemistry Reaction Progress across Beds VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Effect of Size on Activity Smaller pellets have higher activity Reaction is subject to diffusion limitations Film diffusion and pore diffusion effects Thus, smaller means higher production (closer ATE) or lower catalyst volume But higher pressure drop use either axial-radial or radial flow beds to minimize Basis of many converter internal retrofits
  • 10. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com VSG-A101 Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Effect of Size on Activity Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst - Catalyst Size Options Size Grade Size A 1.5 - 3.0 mm B 3.0 - 4.5 mm C 3.0 - 6.0 mm D 6.0 - 10.0 mm G 14.0 - 20.0 mm
  • 11. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com Molecular mechanism and kinetics Ammonia Synthesis Mechanism Dissociative adsorption of H2 Dissociative adsorption of N2 - believed to be the Rate Determining Step (RDS) Multi-step hydrogenation of adsorbed N2 Desorption of NH3
  • 12. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com Ammonia Synthesis Kinetics Detailed studies on intrinsic reaction rate Influential work by Temkin et al. Actual rate subject to diffusion limitations Film diffusion and pore diffusion effects Activation and deactivation Catalyst Reduction Depends on catalyst type E.g. pre-reduced or oxide form E.g. VSG-A101, Comp H, Comp J Raise T in first bed to 350°C* (300°C # ), then slowly upwards @ 10°C/h Control exit H2O level Maintain downstream beds at 350°C* (300°C# ) NH3 synthesis initiates as the catalyst reduces Once H2O falls, heat 2nd bed and repeat
  • 13. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com VSG-A101 Deactivation – Background Temperature Re-crystallization of iron surface occurs slowly Thermal sintering process Minimize operating temperature Commensurate with maintenance of conversion
  • 14. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com VSG-A101 Deactivation - Common Poisons Oxygenated species (H2O, CO, CO2) Converted to H2O Sintering/re-organization of catalyst surface Temporary Low level/short duration (days) Permanent High levels/weeks to months Sulfur Incorporation of Ca promoter enhances stability of catalyst Arsenic, Antimony and Phosphorus Chlorine Formation of volatile metal chlorides Lead to KCl formation and loss of K from catalyst Physical foulants (Fe scale, etc)
  • 15. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com Summary Thermodynamics, kinetics and reaction mechanism considered Features of ammonia synthesis catalysts Activation and deactivation parameters discussed Brief consideration of non-Fe based commercial catalyst