Harvard Referencing for the Community Skills Initiative

1. Harvard Referencing
Be consistent and precise!
The Community Skills Initiative

2. During this presentation,
you will learn:
Why we reference our work
How to use in-text references competently
How to compile lists of end references, for
books, journal articles and web pages.
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3. Why reference?
To avoid plagiarism
To acknowledge direct quotes
To provide evidence to support arguments
So that readers can check how much preparation
has gone into your work and can find extra information
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4. In-Text References
 These appear in the main body of the text to
indicate the source of your information
 Use in-text references whenever you mention facts
written by someone else, or when you include
someone else’s ideas
 Write the surname of the author and the date of
publication, in brackets e.g. (Greaves, 2004)
 Use letters after the date to distinguish between
books by the same author published in the same
year (Greaves, 2004a)
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5. In-Text References
 Include a reference at the end of a sentence.
(Greaves, 2004)
 Greaves (2004) says that references can be written
in the middle of a sentence.
 “For direct quotes, use speech marks and state the
page number of the source in the reference.”
(Greaves, 2004, p.72)
 Remember that what you put in the in-text
reference must direct the reader to the correct
reference in the end list.
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6. End List References / Bibliography
 The end list is a list of sources that you have
either quoted directly or used arguments from,
listed in alphabetical order by author (or editor)
surname
 Be consistent with formats – capitals & italics
should be used in the same way throughout
 You should also include a bibliography of items
consulted but not cited in your work
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7. End list references - books
MEGGS, P.B. (ed.) (1998) A history of Graphic
Design, 3rd ed., Chichester: John Wiley
In-text – (Meggs, 1998)
 1st & 2nd author / editor surnames (include (ed.) if
editors) in capitals
 Publication year in brackets
 Title in italics
 Edition number (where relevant)
 Place of publication
 Publisher
 Also note the punctuation between each piece of
information about your sources.
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8. Journal articles:
GERA, T. (2002) “Keep your hair on”, New Scientist,
23 (12), 13 October, p. 28-35
In-text – (Gera, 2002)
 Article author in capitals
 Publication year in brackets
 Article title in speech marks
 Journal title in italics
 Volume & issue / part number, and publication date
 Page numbers
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9. Web Sites
Jazz review. Your complete resource for jazz music
reviews. Online. Available from:
http://www.jazzreview.com. [Accessed 18 October 2003]
In-text – (Jazz review, accessed 2003)
 Title of web site in italics
 Web site address underlined
 The date you accessed the site in square brackets (this is
important as web pages can change frequently)
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10. Referencing
Using the book details that you found on the library
catalogue, produce an in-text and an end-list reference.
In-text:
(Author surname, date of publication)
End-list:
AUTHOR. (ed.) (Publication year) Title, ed., Place
of publication: Publisher.
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