Sociology - HIMALAI IAS

SOCIETY
 It is general term it is abstract or imaginary
Society consists family, kins, band, Tribe,
village, town, taluk district, state, nation,
world
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOCIETY
 Common territory Eg: Village
 There should be interaction between the
people, mere existence of individuals is
not enough. Eg: Village
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 People must to some extent have a common
culture and a shared sense of membership
(belongingness. in the commitment of the
same group Eg: Village
 They feel themselves distinct from others Eg:
Village
ORIGIN OF SOCIETY
 THEORY OF DEVINE ORIGIN : As per this,
theory society created by God.
 FORCE THEORY: As per this society created
by few powerful and strong people.

 PATRIARCHAL THEORY : As per this society
created by male members
 MATRIARCHAL THEORY: as per this society
created by female members.
 THEORY OF SOCIAL CONTRACT: As per
Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau society created
through making contract between two or
more conflicting groups.
 ORGANIC THEORY OF SOCIETY: As per Herbert
Spencer, Society is like an organism. Both
society and organism consists birth, growth,
maturity, death.

 GROUP MIND THEORY : As per this, society
created as per many people discussions or
thinking.
PREREQUISITES OF SOCIETY
 IT IS SELF PERPETUATING i.e., - society
continue irrespective of an individuals death
and birth
 IT IS ORGANISED i.e., Society organised as
per division of labour or specialisation of
work.
 SOCIETY CONSISTS norms or culture

CONDITIONS FOR SOCIETY FOR ITS SURVIVAL
 Society must consists, territory
 In society group of people must maintain
interaction
 In society, group of people must maintain,
culture.
ELEMENTS OF THE SOCIETY
 Likeness: i.e., in society, people will maintain
same type of socio-bio-economical-
psychological needs.

 differences: In society, people will maintain
differences.
 When compare to differences in society,
members will maintain more likeness
 Society is an abstract i.e., people will
maintain psychological interaction.
 Society is a permanent.
HUMAN & ANIMAL SOCIETY
Human beings also like animals in biological
needs: But human beings has culture but
Animals has culture.

TYPES OF SOCIETY
BAND: It is smallest society. It consists group of
families, which move from place to place as
per season. It is egalitarian society. It is headed
by eldest male of female member.
TRIBE: It is group of bands. Here people will
live in particular area like forest or hill area
with using common dialect and practicing
primitive economic activities like hunting and
food gathering/pastorlism/horticulture of
shifting cultivation

VILLAGE: It is a society. Here 75% of male
population engaging in agricultural activities. It
consists patrilocal joint family which headed by
eldest male member called as Kartha.
TOWN: It is urban area with 75% of male
population engaging in trading activities. It
consists extend nuclear family. It consists less
than One lakh population.

CITY: It is urban area with 75% of male
population engaging in trading,
manufacturing, service activities. It
consists nuclear family. It consists more
than One lakh population.
METRO-POLITAN CITY: It is urban area
with 75% of male population engaging in
Trading manufacturing service activities. It
consists nuclear family. It consists more
than Ten lakh population.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: It is urban area with 75% of
male population engaging in manufacturing. It
consists nuclear family. It consists more than Ten
lakh population.
POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: It is urban area with
75% of male population engaging in services. It
consists nuclear family. It consists more than Ten
lakh population.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE SOCIETY
Psychic unity among members in the society Mutual
awareness and cooperation among members. Society
based on both likeness and differences among members
in the society. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS

COMMUNITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY
 It is part of the society. Eg; Village is part of
Indian society.
 It has particular territory. Eg: Village has
particular territory
 People will maintain fact to face
relationship. Eg: Village
 People will maintain common life style. Eg:
food habit, dress habit, common culture
 People will maintain we feeling

 One group depending on another group.
Eg: Landlords depending on agricultural
labours
 It grown spontaneously Eg: Village
 It is permanent
Eg: Village
 It has particular name.
Eg: Rampur in Mysore
 It has diffused goal
 It has no legal status.
Eg: Filing case against village not possible

TYPES OF COMMUNITY
 Neighbors in Village
 Band
 Tribe
 Village
 Minorities
 Monastry
 Prison
 Boarding Schools
THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF
COMMUNITES
 GRAS’S THEORY OF ECONOMIC CHANGE
According to him community developed as per
economic activities like hunting and food
gathering, pastrolism, horticulture in tribal area or
agriculture and pastrolism in rural area.

SOCIETY
1) It is wider
2) It has less or more
population
3) It has no particular
area
COMMUNITY
It is part of the society
It has less population.
It has particular area.

SOCIETY
4) People maintains
heterogeneity
5) People may maintain
close or not close
relationship.
6) It has many goals.
7) Individual personality
develops in multi way.
8) It consists likeness and
differences.
Eg: India, World
COMMUNITY
People maintains
homogeneity.
People maintain face to
face relationship.
It has less goals.
Individual personality
develops in narrow way.
It consists likeness.
Eg: Village, tribe

ASSOCIATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF ASSOCIATION
 It is concrete form of organisation.
Eg: Bar council
 It is artificially created.
Eg: Bar Council
 It has goal. Eg: Bar Council goal is safeguarding
lawyers.
 It has written rules and regulations.
 Here membership is voluntary.
 It is temporary

SOCIETY COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION
It is wider It is part of the
society
It is part of the
society
Membership is
voluntary
/Involuntary
Membership is
involuntary
Membership is
voluntary

People
maintains
heterogeneity
People maintains
homogeneity.
People
maintains
heterogeneity.
People may
maintain close
or not close
relationship.
People maintain
face to face
relationship.
People may
maintain close
or not close
relationship.
It has many
goals.
It has less goals. It has less goals.

Individual
personality
develops in multi
way
Individual
personality
develops in
narrow way.
It has less goals.
It consists
likeliness and
differences.
Eg: India, World
It consists
likeness.
Eg: Village, tribe
It consists
likeliness and
differences.
Eg: India, World
It may be natural
artificially created.
It may be natural
created
It may be
artificially
created.

It may be natural
artificially
created.
It may be
natural
created.
It may be
artificially
created.
It has written or
unwritten norms.
It has
unwritten
norms.
It has written
norms.
It is permanent.
Eg: Indian Society
It is Permanent
Eg: Village
It is temporary.
Eg: An industry

INSTITUTIONS
Institution is means or path for achieving goal. It
is explained as given below:
INSTITUTION GOAL
 Marriage For forming family.
 Agriculture, trade,
industry
Fulfilling economical
needs
 Education Changing one’s
personality
 God, prayer, rituals For attaining salvation
 Election, political
party
For forming
government.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTITUTION
 Institutions are means for controlling
individuals.
Eg: Law is a means for controlling
individuals in the society
 Institutions are the result of collective
interaction of individuals
Eg: Law in India formed by people
representatives
 Institutions are formed on the basis of
customs and values:
Eg: Family marriage

 Institutions are stable means of social control.
Eg: Police, Court
 According to Oxford dictionary, institutions
consists set of mores, folkways, pattern of
behaviour that deals with church, family,
government etc.
 It determining kinship. Eg: Family, marriage
 It provide legitimate use of power. Eg: District
collector can use power in his district

 It regulate distribution of goods and services.
Eg: Industry
 It transmit knowledge from one generation to
another generation. Eg: Education
 It regulate man relation to super natural being
or God. Eg: Religion.
CONCEPTS IN CULTURE
 EIDO – THE TERM GIVEN BY KROEBER: It
indicates any aspects which perceivable or
observable through sensory organs like eyes.
Eat, etc. Eg: Mangala sutra – which using by
Married woman in India

 ETHO – THE TERM GIVEN BY KROEBER: It
indicates any aspects which not observable
Through sensory organs but mentally one can
analyse. Eg: Sacred feeling which possessed
by Indian married woman who wear
Mangalasutra. It is not observable
 EXPLOIT CULTURE OVERT CULTURE: The term
given by Kroeber. It is Eido. It is also called as
Etic The term Etic given by Kenneth Pike.
 IMPLICIT CULTURE/COVERT CULTURE: The
term given by Kroeber. It is Etho. It is also
called as Emic. The term Emic given by
Kenneth Pike.

 CULTURAL DETERMINISM: It says that every
aspect in the society is determined by
culture. Eg: Family system in India is
determined by Indian Culture.
 CULTURAL COMPLEX: It indicates cluster of
cultural traits in particular society. Eg:
Hinduism consists it’s own marriage, family,
religion, sacredness, symbols, festivals etc.
Cluster of above said elements called as
Hindu culture.

 CULTURAL TRAIT: It indicates elements in
particular culture. These are beliefs, values,
ways of doing things, which studied
separately in particular culture.
Eg: Festivals in Hinduism. It is one cultural
trait among many traits in Hindu culture.
 DIFFUSION/TRANSCULTURE: It indicates
spreading culture. Eg: Due to mass media,
western culture found in India also.

 BRITISH DIFFUSION THEORY: It is developed by
G.E. Smith, Perry, W.H. River. As per this,
whatever culture found in all over world now,
once upon a time all culture developed in Egypt
 GERMAN DIFFUSION THEORY OR KULTUR KRISE
SCHOOL: It is developed by Grabner, Ankerman,
Schmidth, Leo problems, Ratzel. As per this,
different cultures in the world developed in
different areas (once upon a time) Different
culture, which developed in different areas
spread to other areas. Eg: Zero concept
developed by Indians. But today in all over the
World ‘Zero’ is using. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS

 AMERICAN DIFFUSION THEORY: It is
developed by Franzbose, Clark wiser,
Kroeber.
 As per this, different cultural elements in
the world developed in different areas.
Cultural elements will not spread to other
areas. Eg: Deepavali festival restricted to
Hinduism. It is not find anywhere in the
world.
 EVOLUTION OF CULTURE: It indicates
development of culture from simple (in the
beginning) to complex (in later.)

 AS PER TYLOR RELIGION EVOLVED AS GIVEN
BELOW: Animism (once upon a time people
used to worship soul. Polytheism (Gradually
people used to worship many gods.
monotheism (now people worship one God)
 MARGINAL AREA: Any area which is
between two cultural areas. Eg: Sub urban
Areas. It is in between city and village.
Person who is living in marginal area called as
Marginal persons.

 CULTURAL PARALLEL OR CONVERGENT
CULTURE OR UNIVERSAL CULTURE: It
indicates development of same type of
culture in different part of the world. Eg:
Monogamy found in all over the world.
 ETHNOCENTRISM: It indicates exaggerating
one’s own culture. Eg: Indian exaggerate
Indian culture. American exaggerate Culture.
 XENOCENTRISM: It indicates exaggerating
other’s culture. Eg: Indian exaggerate
american culture. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS

 TEMPOCENTRISM: It indicates accepting one’s
own culture without questioning Eg. A muslim
accept his culture without questioning.
 CULTURAL SURVIVAL: It indicates some
cultural elements will continue long period
without having any benefit to the society. Eg:
Many religious rituals in Hindu Community.
 SYNCRETISM: It indicates giving new meaning
for existing culture. Eg: As per Basavanna,
Hindu saint ‘Work is God”.

 CULTURAL RELATIVISM: The term given by
Horskovit – It indicates there is no good or bad
culture in line world. Each and every culture
developed as per one’s bio, Psychic, social
needs. It also indicates culture is to be studied
in relation to its location. Culture cannot grow
in a vacuum. Eg: Hindu culture developed as
per their bio, Psychic and Social needs.
 ACCULTURATION: It indicates learning other’s
culture/when a whole way of life is in the
process of change under the influence of
another culture. Eg: Indian learning American
Culture.

 ASSIMILATION: It means one culture merge
itself with the dominant culture. Eg: Jainism
in India merging with Hindu Culture.
 ENCULTURATION: It indicates learning one’s
own culture. Eg: Tamilian learning Tamil
Culture
 CORE CULTURE: It indicates any culture
which used by most of the members in the
society. Eg: Caste system found in all over
India.

 CULTURE SPECIALITIES: Any cultural elements
which are restricted to particular group called
as cultural specialties. Eg: Politician culture
restricted to politicians only.
 DOMINANT CULTURE: Any culture which is
practiced by Dominant members or many
members in the society. Eg: Hinduism in India.
 SUB-CULTURE: It is a group that shares in the
overall culture of the society, but also, has it’s
own distinctive values, norms, lifestyles etc.
Eg: Jains in India follow Hindu culture, but
also it has it’s own distinctive norms, values,
lifestyles which are different from Hindu
Culture.

 CONTRACULTURE: Any culture which is
opposite to dominant and subculture.
Eg: Culture of Terrorists.
 CULTURAL PATTERN OR CULTURAL
CONFIGURATION: It indicates proper order of
cultural elements in the society. Eg: In India,
our marriage system, family system, political
system, religion system etc. well organised.
 CULTURAL THEME: As per Morris Opler, it
indicates motivation behind any culture. Eg:
Motivation behind any festival is building
unity among members.

 APPOLEAN CULTURE: The term used by Ruth
Benedict. It indicates calm culture. Ruth
Benedict did research on Pubelo tribals in
New Mexico. Their culture is calm.
 DYNOSIAN CULTURE: The term used by Ruth
Benedict. It indicates storm culture. Ruth
Benedict did research in Dobu tribals in
Kwakital islands in Pacific Ocean. Their
culture is storm.
 CULTURAL CONFLICT: It indicates clashes
between different cultural elements found in
Different cultural group. Eg: Hindus will
worship Idols. Christians will not worship
idols.

 CULTURAL LAG: The concept given by Ogburn. It
is gap between material and non material culture
or it is a situation that develops when new
patterns of behaviour conflict with traditional
values or some times material culture and at
other times non-material culture changes faster
or it explains that there is faster rate of change in
the economic sector of society in comparison to
non-economic sector. Eg: 1. Traditional society
like India, girl working in call centre in midnight
with other male and female employees. 2. The
situation where TV commentator continuous to
describe a cricket match as a radio commentator.

 COMPONENTS OF CULTURE AS PER BIDNEY:
As per him culture consists
 AGRO FACTS: Knowledge on Agriculture
 ARTIFACTS: Knowledge on Technology
SOCIOFACTS: Knowledge on people relationship
 MENTIFACTS: Knowledge on ideologies of the
society
 IDEAL CULTURE: Any culture which consists
values, beliefs, customs etc. which are
ideological nature One may follow / not follow.
Eg: Don’t lie.

 REAL CULTURE: Any culture which practiced
in day today life. Eg: Following traffic rules.
 CULTURALOGY : It is study of the culture.
 TRANSCULTURE: It is diffusion or spreading
of culture from one area to another area.
 PLURAL CULTURE: It indicates existence of
more than one culture in particular area. Eg:
Hinduism, Eg: Islam, Christianity in India

 CULTURAL ALTERNATIVE: It indicates
alternative values, beliefs, customs
practiced in particular society.
Eg: among Hinduism, one can burry dead
body or burn dead body.
 CULTURAL CAPITAL: It indicates Cultural
complex
 CULTURAL REPRODUCTION: The term given
by Bourdeou. It indicates dominant people
or group reproduce their culture on weaker
section. Eg: In Ancient period, Brahmanas
reproduced their culture on low caste
groups.

 CULTURAL ACCELERATION: It indicates
increasing quantity and quality of culture. Eg:
Indian cultural. Eg: Indian cultural elements
increasing due to western countries influence.
 CULTURAL BLINDNESS: It indicates any culture
does not consider other culture.
Eg: Fundamentalists in any religion does not
recognise other culture of religion.
 CULTURAL DRIFT: It indicates unplanned
change in culture. Eg: Caste in India.

 CULTURAL FOCUS: It indicates flexibility
culture. Eg: America’s culture is flexible
 CULTURAL IMPERATIVE: It indicates how
culture will fulfill one’s bio, psychic and
social needs. Eg: Indian culture developed as
per bio-psychic and social needs of Indians It
is also called as cultural relativism.
 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: It indicates
modification of culture as per one’s
Geographical requirements. Eg: Dress habit
Change as per one’s geographical
requirements. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS

51. CULTURAL MANISM: It indicates cultural
minorities assimilating with Dominant
culture. Eg: Buddhist and Jains merging with
Hindu culture.
52. CULTURAL OBJECT: It indicates any material
which related to culture. Eg: Mangalsutra for
Hindu married women.
53. CULTURAL INERTIA: It indicates continuation
of culture even after loosing it’s importance.
Eg: Caste system is continuing in India after
loosing it’s importance.

54. CULTURAL MOTOR HABIT: It indicates changes
in body movement as per culture. Eg: Body
movement while worshipping God.
55. CULTURAL RATIONALISATION: It indicates
rational meaning behind any culture. Eg:
Rational meaning behind prayer is
controlling one’s mind.
56. CULTURAL POSSIBILITIES: It indicates cultural
alternatives.
57. CULTURAL SYSTEM: It indicates comparing
culture with human body.

 CULTURAL TRANSMISSION: It indicates
transmission of culture from one generation to
another generation Eg: In India caste system is
transmitting from generation to generation.
 CULTURAL ADOPTING: It is cultural landscape
 CULTURAL ACCUMULATION: It is cultural
acceleration
 CULTURAL ADHERSION: It indicates association
of people of groups

 CULTURAL BASE: It indicates total values,
beliefs, customs etc, found in Particular
society in a given time. Eg: Culture during
ancient period in India i.e., upto 800 AD.
 CULTURAL GRADIENT: It indicates decline in
any cultural element. Eg: Day by Day caste
system is declining in India.
 CULTURAL UNIVERSAL: Some cultural
elements found in all the societies or Striking
Uniformity among the culture. Eg: Marriage,
family, division of labour, incest taboo, rite
de passage, ideologies.

 CULTURAL ISLANDS: It indicates any distinct
culture which a prevailing in Particular area. Eg:
Islam in Mecca, Christianity in Vatican city.
 CULTURAL SHOCK: It indicates experiencing
strange cultural element in particular area. Eg:
Main land in Indian experiencing shock, if he
observe naked Zarwas in Andaman & Nichobar
Islands.
 AS PER RICHARD T. LAPIERE: Culture consists 3
elements i.e.,
 IDEOLOGICAL CULTURE: It consists ideologies
of the society, Eg: Honesty, Kindness.

 TECHNOLOGICAL CULTURE: It consists
knowledge on technology and materials. Eg:
Computer, Software.
 ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE: It consists
knowledge on human relationships
 As per Malinowski “Culture developed as
per one’s bio-psychic and social needs”.
 LINTON divided culture as universal culture,
special culture, alternative culture.
 THE TERM CULTUROLOGY GIVEN BY WHYTE.

 TECHNOLOGICAL LAG: When technology fail
to adjust with other elements in the society
called as Technological lag. Eg: Even though
lot of technological development in family
planning programmes like contraceptives,
vasectomy etc, it is unable to adjust with
Indian’s traditional thinking
 CULTURAL REVITALISATION: It is giving new
meaning for declining culture with the
intention of its continuity. Eg: Giving new
meaning for caste system with the intention of
Its continuity. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS

 Macalver has talked about culture and
Civilisation. By culture he refers to morals,
spiritual and intellectual aspects while with
Civilisation he refers to secondary,
technology and material part.
 Malinowski and Raddiff Brown gave
instrumental humanistic view on culture. i.e.,
culture will fulfill human’s bio and psychic and
also social needs in particular group.
 CIVILISATION: The term given by Alfred
Weber. It indicates material, technology which
are universally acceptable. Eg: Computer,
Software etc.

 AUTONOMOUS CULTURE: The term
Autonomous culture given by Robert
Redfield. According to Robert Redfield this
the culture which has no or even meagre
contact with outside world. Eg: Zanwas
tribals in Andaman and Nicobar island, have
no idea about wearing cloth.
 ETIC OR EXPLICIT AND EMIC OR IMPLICIT
CULTURE by Kenneth and Pyke.

 CULTURAL BASELINE: It is stage were two or
more cultural contact initiate. Eg: Aryan
culture and Dravidian culture started
contacting in 1,500 B.C. when Aryans came
from Central Asia and attacked Harappans.
 CULTURAL DEPRIVATION: It indicates avoiding
processing some cultural elements by poor
class people.

 LEVIS H. MORGAN: says invention of
alphabets, phonetics and writing
distinguishes civilisation from preceding
stages in the evolution of human society. Eg:
Because of English alphabets in India call
centres and BPO’s are developing.
 P.A. SOROKIN: divided culture as ideational
ideologies and Sensate (facts) As per Sorokin
idealistic culture characterised by partly
supernatural intuition and partly sensory
experience. Eg: Religion.
 LINTON: divided culture as universal
culture, special culture, alternative culture.

 RACE: It is dividing human beings as per
different biological characteristics like Nigros
have wooly hair, Europeans have smooth
curly hair, Mongoloids have straight hair.
Inter mixture of races are universal. Racial
inter-mixture not leads to de-generation. The
concept of pure race is myth. Inter mixture of
races is a universal phenomena. No race is
superior or inferior to any other race.
 RACISM: When inner and superiority of a
people over another is Legitimized in terms of
biological attributes. Eg: Europeans will think
their body structure superior than others.

 RACIAL PREJUDICE: It refers to an attitude
that pre-disposes people of racial group to
think or act negatively towards other racial
group Eg: Europeans will think their race is
superior when compare to all races in the
world. It arises from unfounded beliefs in
racial superiority and inferiority.
.
 CULTURAL ABSOLUTES: These are norms
which are fixed do not differ from culture to
culture. Eg: Incest Taboo i.e., avoiding
marriage between brother and sister or
parents and children. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS

 CULTURAL ALTERNTIVES: The forms of
behaviour recognised by a society as valid
which cut across class, occupational or sex
lines. These are alternatives in the culture. Eg:
One can marry through arranged or registered
in Government
 PRONATALISM: Some societies have strong
positive value for having more children.

 MARCINAL AREAS: It is area between two
cultures. It is any border areas. CLARK WISLER
demonstrated that in each restricted area of
culture, a central point of dispersal could be
identified. People living on the borders of the
two cultural areas, share the features of both.
Eg: People living in India and Pakistan border.
 DIACHRONIC ORIENTATION: It consists analysing
culture in 2 societies. Eg: Comparing casteism in
present and past (It called as historical
particularism. or analysing birth to growth to
maturity of particular culture. Eg: Caste. (It is
called as evolutionism. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS

 COUNTER CULTURE: It is sub-culture adheres to
set of beliefs and values, radically rejects the
societies dominant culture and prescribes
alternative one. Eg: Jainism divided into two
 Dighambara (Original Jainism)
 Swethambara (wearing white colour dress) Here
swethambara is counter culture.
 EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BEING:
 Ramapithecas: Here man was like ape without
speaking skills. He lived irrearly Pleistocene
period i.e., whole world covered with ice.

 Austrolopithacas – Here man was in between ape
and Chipanji without speaking skills, He lived in
middle Pleistocene period. i.e., part of the world
covered with ice.
 Neaderthaloid- Here man was between modern
man and chimpanji with speaking skills. He lived in
late pleistocene period i.e., some part of the world
covered with ice.
 Cromagnan or Homosapiens: He was modern man.
Homosapiens developed at the close of early warm
climate. The evolution and Development of earliest
homoerectors into existing races to place when he
entered into the stage of Mousterian tool making
industry i.e., making tools with iron.

 CULTURAL CONTACT: It is adopting new cultural
patterns. Eg: Indian adopting American culture.
 CULTURAL PLURALISM: It refers co-existence of
many cultures without evaluating each other. Eg:
In India Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Buddhist,
Christians.
 MODERNIZATION: The term given by Yogendra
Singh. It indicates Indians adopting any progressive
culture. It is product of diffusion and Acculturation

 CULTURAL EXPANSION: Cultural expansion
means when the innovation of one society
are learned adopted or borrowed by
another society. It is also called as Cultural
diffusion.
 CULTURAL BASE: It means one generation
hands down its experience, invention,
borrow culture to the next generation. Eg:
Marwadi’s transfering their business
knowledge to their children.

 MASS CULTURE: The term given by H.D. Lass
well. It indicates urban culture or modern
culture.
 CULTURAL CONSTRUCT: The term given by
Ralph Linton. Cultural Construct means basic
elements in the culture. Eg: Traditionality in
Indian Culture
 CULTURAL TAXONOMY: The term given by J.H.
Steward. It indicates Classification of culture.

 Dube says Culture passed in six stages. a. Old
Paleolithic Age – Here man started making crude
stone equipments for hunting b. Meso Paleolithic
Age – Here man started using ornaments and arms.
Man also started burying dead body. c.
Neopaleolithic Age-Here man started using tools
which cutted like knife. Man also started agricultural
activities. d. Copper Age – Here man started making
copper tools. e. Brown Age – Here man started using
tools through Bronze. f. Iron Age – It is modern Age
 DE-CULTURATION: Deculturation means forgetting
one’s identity. Eg: Indian origins in USA forgetting
India’s identity.

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