1. Dr. Gambari, A. Isiaka
E-mail: gambarii@futminna.edu.ng
Website: www.gambariisiaka.com
Blogsite: www.drgambari.com
AUDIOVISUAL TECHNOLOGY (EDT 301)
A Lecture Presented at University of Ilorin for Undergraduate
Students of Educational Technology Department.
19th November, 2013

2. COURSE OUTLINE
WEEKS CONTENTS
1&2
Concepts of audiovisual
technology
2
Classification of audiovisual technology
jharun@utm.my
OBJECTIVES
(i) Define audio-visual technology
(ii) meaning of audiovisual technology
(iii) significant of audiovisual technology
(iv) advantages of audiovisual technology
(v) characteristics of audiovisual technology
(vi) principles in the use of audiovisual
technology
(vii) problems in the use of audiovisual
technology
(i) Classify audio-visual technology into
(a) projected and non-projected
(b) audio, visual and audio-visual materials
(c) hardware and software
(d)big media and little media
(e) three dimensional media
2

3. Cont…
3
4&5
6
7
Principles and patterns
of learning
(i) State the principles of learning
(ii) Describe the different types of patterns of
learning
Definition and nature of (i) Define and explain systems approach
Systems Approach
(ii) Explain the components of systems
approach
(iii) Draw and explain the ADDIE model of
instructional design
Technologies of
(i) Explain the concept of technologies of
instruction
instruction.
(ii) List and explain the various types of
technologies of instruction
Selecting instructional (i) Explain the factors to consider when
methods /strategies
selecting instructional methods or strategies
(ii) Apply these factors to select instructional
methods later during the practical session.
jharun@utm.my
3

4. Cont…
8 - 14
Practical
Demonstration,
Production and
Presentation
of Audio-Visual
Technology
Instructional Package
15.
Revision
jharun@utm.my
(i) Design various instructional packages using
audio, visual, and audiovisual technology
(ii) Produce various instructional packages
using audio, visual, and audiovisual
technology(e.g, audacity software, CamStudio,
PowerPoint, Macromedia Flash, VCD, etc
(iii) Present the package in the class for peer
and self-evaluation of the skill demonstrated
4

5. Objectives
 At the end of this presentation, you should be able
to:
(i) Define audio-visual technology
(ii) meaning of audiovisual technology
(iii) significant of audiovisual technology
(iv) advantages of audiovisual technology
(v) characteristics of audiovisual technology
(vi) principles in the use of audiovisual technology
(vii) problems in the use of audiovisual technology
jharun@utm.my
5

6. (i) Define audio-visual technology
Gambari 2012

7. What is audio-visual technology
 Barton: Audiovisual technologies those sensory objects or
images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.
 Curter, V. Good: Audiovisual technologies are those
which help in completing the triangular process of
learning, i. e. motivation, classification and stimulation.
 Edgar Dale: Audiovisual are those devices by the use of
which communication of ideas between persons and
groups in various teaching and training situations is
helped. These are also termed as multi-sensory materials.

8. Cont…
 Good’s Dictionary of Education: Audiovisual aids are
anything by means of which learning process may be
encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or
sense of sight.
 Kinder, S. James: Audiovisual technologies are any
device which can be used to make the learning
experience more concrete, more realistic and more
dynamic.
 Mckown and Roberts: Audiovisual technologies are
supplementary devices by which the teacher, through the
utilization of more than one sensory channels is able to
clarify, establish and correlate concepts, interpretations
and appreciations.
jharun@utm.my
8

9. 2. MEANING OF AUDIOVISUAL
TECHNOLOGY

10. Meaning of Audiovisual Technology
 Audiovisual technology is the planning, preparation, and use of
devices and materials that involve sight, sound, or both for
educational purposes. Among the devices are television,
computer, videodiscs, among others.
 Audiovisual devices or technological media or learning devices
are added devices that help the teacher to clarify, establish,
correlate and co-ordinate accurate concepts, interpretations
and appreciations and enable him to make learning more
concrete, effective, interesting, inspirational, meaningful and
vivid.
 They help in completing triangular process of learning viz,
motivation-clarification-stimulation. The aim of teaching with
technological media is ‘clearing the channel between the
learner and the things that are worth learning’.
jharun@utm.my
10

11. 3. SIGNIFICANT OF
AUDIOVISUAL TECHNOLOGY

12. 3.
SIGNIFICANT OF AUDIOVISUAL
TECHNOLOGY
 Audiovisual technology provides significant gains in
informational learning, retention and recall, thinking
and reasoning, activity, interest, imagination, better
assimilation and personal growth and development.
 Audiovisual technology are the stimuli for learning
‘why’, ‘how’, ‘when’ and ‘where’. The difficult
concepts or hard to understand principles are usually
made clear by the intelligent use of audiovisual
technology.
jharun@utm.my
12

13. 4. ADVANTAGES OF
AUDIOVISUAL TECHNOLOGIES

14. 4.
ADVANTAGES OF AUDIOVISUAL
TECHNOLOGIES
i. Best Motivator: They are the best motivators. The students
work with more interest and zeal. They are more attractive.
ii. Antidote to the disease of verbal instruction: They help to
reduce verbatim. They help in giving clear concepts and
thus help to bring accuracy in learning.
iii. Clear images: clear images are formed when we see, hear,
touch, taste and smell as our experiences are direct,
concrete and more or less permanent. Learning through the
senses becomes the most natural and consequently the
easiest.
iv. Vicarious experience: There is no doubt that the first hand
experience is the best type of educative experience. But it
is neither practicable nor desirable to provide such
experience to pupils.
jharun@utm.my
14

15. Cont…
v. Variety: ‘mere talk and chalk’ do not help. Audiovisual
technology gives variety and provides different tools in the
hands of the teacher.
vi. Freedom: When Audiovisual technology devices are
employed, there is great scope for children to move about,
talk, laugh and comment upon. Under such an atmosphere
the students work because they want to work and not
because the teacher wants them to work.
vii. Opportunities to handle and manipulate: many audiovisual
technologies offer opportunities to students to handle and
manipulate things.
viii. Retentivity: Audiovisual technologycontribute to increased
retentitivity as they stimulate response of the whole
organism to the situation in which learning takes place.
jharun@utm.my
15

16. Cont…
ix. Based on maxims of teaching: the use of Audiovisual
technology enables the teachers to follow the maxims of
teaching like ‘concrete to abstract, known to unknown and
learning by doing.
x. Helpful in attracting attention: Attention is the true factor in
any process of teaching and learning. Audiovisual
technology helps the teacher in providing proper
environment for capturing as well as sustaining the
attention and interest of the students in the classroom work.
xi. Helpful in fixing up new learning: What is gained in terms of
learning needs to be fixed up in the minds of students.
Audiovisual technology helps in achieving this objective by
providing several activities, experiences and stimuli to the
learners.
jharun@utm.my
16

17. Cont…
xii. Saving of energy and time: A good deal of energy and
time of both the teachers and students can be saved on
account of the use of audiovisual technologies as most of
the concepts ands phenomenon may be easily clarified,
understood and assimilated through their use.
xiii. Realism: the use of audiovisual technologies provides a
touch of reality to the learning situation. By seeing a movie
show exhibiting the life of the people of the South Africa,
students learn it more effectively in about 1 hour than by
spending weeks by reading.
xiv. Vividness: Audiovisual technology gives vividness to the
the learning situation. An historic film provides a vivid
picture of the story.
jharun@utm.my
17

18. Cont…
xv. Meeting individual differences: There are wide individual
differences among learners. Some are ear-oriented, some
can be helped through visual demonstrations, while others
learn better by doing. The use of variety of Audiovisual
technology helps in meeting the needs of different types of
students.
xvi. Encouragement to healthy classroom interaction:
Audiovisual technology through their wide variety of stimuli,
provision of active participation of the students, and
vicarious experiences encourages healthy classroom
interaction for the effective realization of teaching –learning
objectives.
xvii. Spread of education on a mass scale: Audiovisual
technology like radio, television and internet help in
providing opportunities for education to people living in
remote areas. They also help in promoting adult education.
jharun@utm.my
18

19. Cont…
xviii. Promotion of scientific temper: In place of listening to
facts, students observe demonstrations and phenomena
and thus cultivate scientific temper.
xix. Development of higher faculties: verbatim promotes
imagination. Use of audiovisual technology helps stirs the
imagination thinking process reasoning power of the
students, and calls for creativity, and inventiveness and
other higher mental activities on the parts of students and
thus helps the development of higher faculties among the
students.
xx. Reinforcement to Learners: Audiovisual technology prove
effective reinforcers by increasing the probability of reoccurrence of the responses associated with them and thus
render valuable help in the teaching-learning process.
jharun@utm.my
19

20. Cont…
xxi. Positive transfer of learning and training: Use of
audiovisual technology helps in the learning of other
concepts, principles and solving real problems of life by
making possible the appropriate positive transfer of
learning and training received in the classroom.
xxii. Positive environment for creative discipline: A balanced
rational and scientific use of Audiovisual technology
develop motivation, attracts the attention and interests of
the students and provides a variety of creative outlets for
the utilization of their tremendous energy and thus keeps
them busy in the classroom work. In this way, the overall
classroom environment becomes conducive to creative
discipline.
jharun@utm.my
20

21. 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF
GOOD AUDIOVISUAL
TECHNOLOGY

22. 5.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
jharun@utm.my
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
AUDIOVISUAL TECHNOLOGY
They should be meaningful and purposeful
They should be accurate in every respect
They should be simple
They should be cheap
They should be improvised as far as possible
They should be large enough to be properly seen by
the students for whom they are meant
They should be up to date
They should be easily portable
They should be according to the mental level of the
students
They should motivate the learners
22

23. 6. PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF
AUDIOVISUAL TECHNOLOGY

24. 6.
PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF
AUDIOVISUAL TECHNOLOGY
 (i) Principle of selection: Audiovisual technology prove
effective only when they suit the teaching objectives and
unique characteristics of the special group of learners.
Following points may be kept in view in this regard:
(a)
They should suit the age-level, grade-level and other
characteristics of the learners.
(b)
They should have specific educational value besides
being interesting and motivating
(c)
They should be the true representatives of the real
things
(d)
They should help in the realization of desired learning
objectives
jharun@utm.my
24

25. Cont…
 (ii) Principle of preparation: This principle requires that
following points should be attended to:
(a)
As far as possible locally available material should be
used in the preparation of audiovisual technology
(b)
The teachers should receive some training in the
preparation of audiovisual technology
(c)
The teachers themselves should prepare some of the
audiovisual technology devices
(d)
Students may be associated in the preparation of
audiovisual technology devices
jharun@utm.my
25

26. Cont…
 (iii) Principle of physical control: This principle relating to
the arrangement of keeping audiovisual technology
devices safely and also to facilitate their lending to the
teachers for use
jharun@utm.my
26

27. Cont…
 (iv) Principle of proper presentation: This principle implies the
following points:
(a)
Teachers should carefully visualize the use of
audiovisual technology before their actual presentation
(b)
They should fully acquaint themselves with the use and
manipulation of the audiovisual technology devices to be
shown in the classroom
(c)
Adequate care should be taken to handle an audiovisual
technology devices in such a way as no damage is done
to it.
(d)
The audiovisual technology should be displayed properly
so that all the students are able to see it, observe it and
derive maximum benefit out of it.
(e)
As far as possible, distraction of all kinds should be
eliminated so that full attention may be paid to the AVT.
jharun@utm.my
27

28. Cont…
(v) Principle of response: This principle demands that the
teachers guide the students to respond actively to the
audiovisual stimuli so that they derive the maximum benefit
in learning
(vi) Principle of evaluation: This principle stipulate that there
should be continuous evaluation of both the audiovisual
material and accompanying technique in the light of the
realization of the desired objectives.
jharun@utm.my
28

29. 7. PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES IN
THE USE OF AUDIOVISUAL
TECHNOLOGY

30. 7.
PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES IN THE USE OF
AUDIOVISUAL TECHNOLOGY
(i) Apathy of the teachers: Teachers in general are yet to be
convinced that teaching with words alone is very tedious,
wasteful and ineffective.
(ii) indifference of students: The judicious use of Audiovisual
technology arouses interest but when use without a definite
purpose they lose ther significance and importance.
(iii) Ineffectiveness of the technology: Due to the absence of
proper planning and the lethargy of the teacher and
without proper preparation, correct presentation,
appropriate application and discussion and the essential
follow-up work, the Audiovisual technology do not prove
their full usefulness. A film like a good lesson has various
steps- Preparation, Presentation, Application and
Discussion.
jharun@utm.my
30

31. Cont…
(iv) Financial hurdles: financial difficulty from government can
affects the use of audiovisual technology.
(v) Absence of electricity: Most of the projectors, Radio and TV
cannot work without the electric current which is not
available in large number of schools.
(vi) Lack of facilities for training: training colleges or
specialized agencies should make special provision to train
teachers and workers in the use of audiovisual
technologies.
(vii) Coordination between centre and states: Good film,
libraries, museums of Audiovisual technology education,
fixed and mobile exhibitions and educational training
should be organized both by governments and supporting
agencies.
jharun@utm.my
31

32. Cont…
(viii) Language difficulty: Most educational films are in English
language.
(ix) Not catering to local needs: Little attention is paid in the
production of Audiovisual technology to local sociological,
psychological and pedagogical factors.
(x) Improper selection of films: Films are not selected
according to the classroom needs.
jharun@utm.my
32