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Hot Issues in Copyright
Ebooks, orphans,
first sale …

Graduate School of Library and Information Science
Dominican University October 30, 2013

Presented by
Mary Minow, J.D., A.M.L.S.
LibraryLaw.com
Legal Disclaimer
• Legal information
• Not legal advice!
Agenda
Ebooks
Lending content
Litigation:
Google Books, Hathi Trust

Other issues
E-reserves
Streaming videos UCLA, YouTube
Changing formats
International developments
Lending Content
Copyright v. Licenses
Specific Copyright
Exception:
FIRST SALE
Lending Content
Copyright v. Licenses
Specific Copyright
Exception:
FIRST SALE
PART OF
PUBLIC LAW
Lending Content
Copyright v. Licenses
PRIVATE CONTRACT
Specific Copyright
overrides copyright
Exception: law
(almost always)
FIRST SALE
What is Copyright FIRST SALE?
Loan books
Sell used books

Copyright Law
17 U.S.C. Sect. 109
Digital First Sale?
Outdated law.
Rights triggered when
copy is made, even
if original is deleted.*

*may make INCIDENTAL OR FAIR USE argument, depending on circumstances
Digital First Sale?
Outdated law.
Rights triggered when
copy is made, even
if original is deleted.*

*may make INCIDENTAL OR FAIR USE argument, depending on circumstances
Digital First Sale?
Outdated law.
Rights triggered when
copy is made, even
if original is deleted.*

*may make INCIDENTAL OR FAIR USE argument, depending on circumstances
Don’t take for granted!
First Sale Doctrine in United States
• Public Lending Right

Not true everywhere!
Public Lending Right =
authors paid
when books are loaned

Euros © Will Spaetzel 2004. Some Rights Reserved.
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic
www.flickr.com/photos/redune/5073664/
First Sale: Sell Used e-files?
A right to sell used digital
music?
https://www.redigi.com/
March 2013 Partial summary
judgment for plaintiff
new copy made,
even if old was deleted

Redigi 2.0 direct from iTunes to
locker
https://www.redigi.com/

Neew!
N w!

2014

Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc., No. 12 Civ. 95 (RJS), 2013 WL 1286134 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30,
2013)

RSS feed at

http://dockets.justia.com/docket/newyork/nysdce/1:2012cv00095/390216/
First Sale: Supreme Court
2013
Are copies printed abroad subject to First Sale?
Yes.
Library Copyright Alliance cited in opinion.

Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley& Sons, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 1351 (2013); See also First Sale Fast Facts for
Libraries / Library Copyright Alliance http://www.librarycopyrightalliance.org/bm~doc/lca-tpfirstsale18jan13.pdf
First Sale: Supreme Court
2013
Are copies printed abroad subject to First Sale?
Yes.

PTO : :impacts right to
PTO impacts right to
sell abroad
sell abroad
Reexamine legislatively
Reexamine legislatively

Library Copyright Alliance cited in opinion.

Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley& Sons, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 1351 (2013); See also First Sale Fast Facts for
Libraries / Library Copyright Alliance http://www.librarycopyrightalliance.org/bm~doc/lca-tpfirstsale18jan13.pdf
LENDING CONTENT
Copyright Safe

OK:
• Public Domain
• Creative Commons
• Permission
(e.g. local author)
New rights models
unglue.it – creative commons
Rights holders set
dollar mount, readers
pledge $ to “unglue”
Success =
Creative Commons
License
Licenses
Licenses
understand
understand
default copyright
default copyright
rights before signing
rights before signing
Douglas County Libraries and Califa:
Statement of Common Understanding
Uses copyright
law, not license
Describes how
copyright law
applies
One userOne loan
LITIGATION: Hathi Trust
Book Scans as FAIR USE
OK for
preservation
searching
text mining
print disabled users
Now on appeal.
Orphan works program suspended,
not currently at issue
Authors Guild v. HathiTrust
LITIGATION: Google Books
Scanned over 20 million books
with library partners
Search “snippets”
2005 Authors and publishers sued Google
Proposed settlement:
BOOKS RIGHTS REGISTRY (sell orphans)
Court REJECTED
Current status:

publishers settled
authors have not

Not at issue:
2 million public domain books
2 million previews with publisher agreements

Authors Guild v. Google
http://www.librarycopyrightalliance.org/bm~doc/googlebookslitigation-familytree.pdf
Google Books
For tes
dandex.org
upublici
p
the

Authors Guild v. Google
Institute for Information Law and Policy at New York Law School.
Opportunity for Public Comment
Deadline: November 13
•

Benefits of First Sale? Experience in Digital Market?

•

Possible to share books with friends? Second hand texts for students?

•

Alternatives to incorporate into digital market?

•

Technology updates since Copyright Office First Sale study in 2001?

•

Markets or users that warrant particularized treatment?
Department of Commerce’s Internet Policy Task Force

Public Meeting Dec. 12th Ronald Reagan Building, Washington, DC

http://www.ntia.doc.gov/federal-registernotice/2013/request-comments-departmentcommerce-green-paper-copyright-policy-creat
Federal Register Docket 130927852-3852-01
Agenda
Other issues
E-reserves
Streaming videos UCLA, YouTube
Changing formats
E-Reserves
COURT (May 2012):
26 not registered or de minimus
44 FAIR USE
5 Infringing
Look to amount and market harm
Rejected CLASSROOM GUIDELINES
Reasonable limits:
One chapter of book with 10+ chapters
10 % of book less than 10 chapters
See ARL Issue Brief by
Brandon C. Butler
http://www.arl.org/bm7Edoc/gsu_is
suebrief_15may12.pdf

Appeal arguments week of Nov. 18, 2013 in Atlanta

Cambridge University Press v. Becker
Streaming Videos:
UCLA Case
UCLA converted DVDs to streaming
for in course management system
November 2012: Court found it could
be FAIR USE – the streaming did
not substitute for purchase and did
not cause market harm.

Assn for Information Media & Equipment v. University of California
http://www.nacua.org/documents/UCLAStreamingMediaCopyright2012.pdf
http://dockets.justia.com/docket/california/cacdce/2:2010cv09378/489296/
May We Show YouTube Video?
Copyright and YouTube Terms of Service
Copyright Law – Specific exception
OR MAKE FAIR USE CASE

Performance by instructors or pupils in faceto-face teaching activities of nonprofit
educational institution in classroom or
similar place devoted to instruction
See also TEACH Act for distance ed
17 U.S.C. Sect. 110(1)and (2)
YouTube Terms

http://www.youtube.com/t/contentid
YouTube Terms of Service
4. General Use of the Service—Permissions and Restrictions
YouTube hereby grants you permission to access and use the Service as set forth in these Terms of Service, provided that:
A. You agree not to distribute in any medium any part of the Service or the Content without YouTube's prior written
authorization, unless YouTube makes available the means for such distribution through functionality offered by the
Service (such as the Embeddable Player).
B.
You agree not to alter or modify any part of the Service.
C. You agree not to access Content through any technology or means other than the video playback pages of the
Service itself, the Embeddable Player, or other explicitly authorized means YouTube may designate.
D. You agree not to use the Service for any of the following commercial uses unless you obtain YouTube's prior written
approval:
the sale of access to the Service;
the sale of advertising, sponsorships, or promotions placed on or within the Service or Content; or
the sale of advertising, sponsorships, or promotions on any page of an ad-enabled blog or website containing
Content delivered via the Service, unless other material not obtained from YouTube appears on the same page
and
is of sufficient value to be the basis for such sales.

E. Prohibited commercial uses do not include:
uploading an original video to YouTube, or maintaining an original channel on YouTube, to promote your business
or artistic enterprise;

showing YouTube videos through the Embeddable Player on an adenabled blog or website, subject to the advertising restrictions set forth above in Section 4.D; or
any use that YouTube expressly authorizes in writing.
(For more information about what constitutes a prohibited commercial use, see our FAQ.)

http://www.youtube.com/t/terms?hl=en
International Developments

http://www.librarycopyrightalliance.org/bm~doc/user-guide-marrakesh-treaty1013final.pdf
International Library Copyright
Treaty Discussions

http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=29944
Agenda
Ebooks
Lending content
Litigation:
Google Books, Hathi Trust

Other issues
E-reserves
Streaming videos UCLA, YouTube
Changing formats
International developments

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Hot issues in copyright

  • 1. Hot Issues in Copyright Ebooks, orphans, first sale … Graduate School of Library and Information Science Dominican University October 30, 2013 Presented by Mary Minow, J.D., A.M.L.S. LibraryLaw.com
  • 2. Legal Disclaimer • Legal information • Not legal advice!
  • 3. Agenda Ebooks Lending content Litigation: Google Books, Hathi Trust Other issues E-reserves Streaming videos UCLA, YouTube Changing formats International developments
  • 4. Lending Content Copyright v. Licenses Specific Copyright Exception: FIRST SALE
  • 5. Lending Content Copyright v. Licenses Specific Copyright Exception: FIRST SALE PART OF PUBLIC LAW
  • 6. Lending Content Copyright v. Licenses PRIVATE CONTRACT Specific Copyright overrides copyright Exception: law (almost always) FIRST SALE
  • 7. What is Copyright FIRST SALE? Loan books Sell used books Copyright Law 17 U.S.C. Sect. 109
  • 8. Digital First Sale? Outdated law. Rights triggered when copy is made, even if original is deleted.* *may make INCIDENTAL OR FAIR USE argument, depending on circumstances
  • 9. Digital First Sale? Outdated law. Rights triggered when copy is made, even if original is deleted.* *may make INCIDENTAL OR FAIR USE argument, depending on circumstances
  • 10. Digital First Sale? Outdated law. Rights triggered when copy is made, even if original is deleted.* *may make INCIDENTAL OR FAIR USE argument, depending on circumstances
  • 11. Don’t take for granted! First Sale Doctrine in United States • Public Lending Right Not true everywhere! Public Lending Right = authors paid when books are loaned Euros © Will Spaetzel 2004. Some Rights Reserved. Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic www.flickr.com/photos/redune/5073664/
  • 12. First Sale: Sell Used e-files? A right to sell used digital music? https://www.redigi.com/ March 2013 Partial summary judgment for plaintiff new copy made, even if old was deleted Redigi 2.0 direct from iTunes to locker https://www.redigi.com/ Neew! N w! 2014 Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc., No. 12 Civ. 95 (RJS), 2013 WL 1286134 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2013) RSS feed at http://dockets.justia.com/docket/newyork/nysdce/1:2012cv00095/390216/
  • 13. First Sale: Supreme Court 2013 Are copies printed abroad subject to First Sale? Yes. Library Copyright Alliance cited in opinion. Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley& Sons, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 1351 (2013); See also First Sale Fast Facts for Libraries / Library Copyright Alliance http://www.librarycopyrightalliance.org/bm~doc/lca-tpfirstsale18jan13.pdf
  • 14. First Sale: Supreme Court 2013 Are copies printed abroad subject to First Sale? Yes. PTO : :impacts right to PTO impacts right to sell abroad sell abroad Reexamine legislatively Reexamine legislatively Library Copyright Alliance cited in opinion. Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley& Sons, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 1351 (2013); See also First Sale Fast Facts for Libraries / Library Copyright Alliance http://www.librarycopyrightalliance.org/bm~doc/lca-tpfirstsale18jan13.pdf
  • 15. LENDING CONTENT Copyright Safe OK: • Public Domain • Creative Commons • Permission (e.g. local author)
  • 16. New rights models unglue.it – creative commons Rights holders set dollar mount, readers pledge $ to “unglue” Success = Creative Commons License
  • 19. Douglas County Libraries and Califa: Statement of Common Understanding Uses copyright law, not license Describes how copyright law applies One userOne loan
  • 20. LITIGATION: Hathi Trust Book Scans as FAIR USE OK for preservation searching text mining print disabled users Now on appeal. Orphan works program suspended, not currently at issue Authors Guild v. HathiTrust
  • 21. LITIGATION: Google Books Scanned over 20 million books with library partners Search “snippets” 2005 Authors and publishers sued Google Proposed settlement: BOOKS RIGHTS REGISTRY (sell orphans) Court REJECTED Current status: publishers settled authors have not Not at issue: 2 million public domain books 2 million previews with publisher agreements Authors Guild v. Google
  • 23. Google Books For tes dandex.org upublici p the Authors Guild v. Google Institute for Information Law and Policy at New York Law School.
  • 24. Opportunity for Public Comment Deadline: November 13 • Benefits of First Sale? Experience in Digital Market? • Possible to share books with friends? Second hand texts for students? • Alternatives to incorporate into digital market? • Technology updates since Copyright Office First Sale study in 2001? • Markets or users that warrant particularized treatment? Department of Commerce’s Internet Policy Task Force Public Meeting Dec. 12th Ronald Reagan Building, Washington, DC http://www.ntia.doc.gov/federal-registernotice/2013/request-comments-departmentcommerce-green-paper-copyright-policy-creat Federal Register Docket 130927852-3852-01
  • 25. Agenda Other issues E-reserves Streaming videos UCLA, YouTube Changing formats
  • 26. E-Reserves COURT (May 2012): 26 not registered or de minimus 44 FAIR USE 5 Infringing Look to amount and market harm Rejected CLASSROOM GUIDELINES Reasonable limits: One chapter of book with 10+ chapters 10 % of book less than 10 chapters See ARL Issue Brief by Brandon C. Butler http://www.arl.org/bm7Edoc/gsu_is suebrief_15may12.pdf Appeal arguments week of Nov. 18, 2013 in Atlanta Cambridge University Press v. Becker
  • 27. Streaming Videos: UCLA Case UCLA converted DVDs to streaming for in course management system November 2012: Court found it could be FAIR USE – the streaming did not substitute for purchase and did not cause market harm. Assn for Information Media & Equipment v. University of California http://www.nacua.org/documents/UCLAStreamingMediaCopyright2012.pdf http://dockets.justia.com/docket/california/cacdce/2:2010cv09378/489296/
  • 28. May We Show YouTube Video? Copyright and YouTube Terms of Service Copyright Law – Specific exception OR MAKE FAIR USE CASE Performance by instructors or pupils in faceto-face teaching activities of nonprofit educational institution in classroom or similar place devoted to instruction See also TEACH Act for distance ed 17 U.S.C. Sect. 110(1)and (2)
  • 30. YouTube Terms of Service 4. General Use of the Service—Permissions and Restrictions YouTube hereby grants you permission to access and use the Service as set forth in these Terms of Service, provided that: A. You agree not to distribute in any medium any part of the Service or the Content without YouTube's prior written authorization, unless YouTube makes available the means for such distribution through functionality offered by the Service (such as the Embeddable Player). B. You agree not to alter or modify any part of the Service. C. You agree not to access Content through any technology or means other than the video playback pages of the Service itself, the Embeddable Player, or other explicitly authorized means YouTube may designate. D. You agree not to use the Service for any of the following commercial uses unless you obtain YouTube's prior written approval: the sale of access to the Service; the sale of advertising, sponsorships, or promotions placed on or within the Service or Content; or the sale of advertising, sponsorships, or promotions on any page of an ad-enabled blog or website containing Content delivered via the Service, unless other material not obtained from YouTube appears on the same page and is of sufficient value to be the basis for such sales. E. Prohibited commercial uses do not include: uploading an original video to YouTube, or maintaining an original channel on YouTube, to promote your business or artistic enterprise; showing YouTube videos through the Embeddable Player on an adenabled blog or website, subject to the advertising restrictions set forth above in Section 4.D; or any use that YouTube expressly authorizes in writing. (For more information about what constitutes a prohibited commercial use, see our FAQ.) http://www.youtube.com/t/terms?hl=en
  • 32. International Library Copyright Treaty Discussions http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=29944
  • 33. Agenda Ebooks Lending content Litigation: Google Books, Hathi Trust Other issues E-reserves Streaming videos UCLA, YouTube Changing formats International developments

Notas do Editor

  1. http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MEDIA/stelprdb5172915.jpg
  2. http://www.ca.sandia.gov/casite/images/handshake.gif
  3. http://blog.law.cornell.edu/blog/2012/06/13/lii-releases-first-ebook-for-kindle-and-nook-u-s-code-title-17/
  4. http://blog.law.cornell.edu/blog/2012/06/13/lii-releases-first-ebook-for-kindle-and-nook-u-s-code-title-17/
  5. http://blog.law.cornell.edu/blog/2012/06/13/lii-releases-first-ebook-for-kindle-and-nook-u-s-code-title-17/ http://www.csc.noaa.gov/idiq/
  6. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/share/image/circ_desk.jpg
  7. The two main methods of ◊calculation are as follows: (a) payment on the basis of how often an author’s works are lent out; and (b) payment per copy of an author’s work held in libraries
  8. The two main methods of ◊calculation are as follows: (a) payment on the basis of how often an author’s works are lent out; and (b) payment per copy of an author’s work held in libraries
  9. The two main methods of ◊calculation are as follows: (a) payment on the basis of how often an author’s works are lent out; and (b) payment per copy of an author’s work held in libraries
  10. The two main methods of ◊calculation are as follows: (a) payment on the basis of how often an author’s works are lent out; and (b) payment per copy of an author’s work held in libraries
  11. not new, persistent copies, but incidental copying to a lawful use.
  12. In the context of cross border transactions, the relationship between the fi rst sale doctrine and the importation right of U.S. law (defined in the Copyright Act as part of the distribution right) has been the subject of litigation Differing interpretations in the courts were recently resolved by the Supreme Court in a holding that goods lawfully made and purchased with the authorization of the copyright owner anywhere in the world can be resold within the United States . PTO Green Paper: While the case did not directly raise the issue of online application of the first sale doctrine, the Court’s decision could have an impact on the ability of right holders to offer their works at different prices and different times in different countries , 198 and may result in legislative reexamination of the doctrine as a whole
  13. In the context of cross border transactions, the relationship between the fi rst sale doctrine and the importation right of U.S. law (defined in the Copyright Act as part of the distribution right) has been the subject of litigation Differing interpretations in the courts were recently resolved by the Supreme Court in a holding that goods lawfully made and purchased with the authorization of the copyright owner anywhere in the world can be resold within the United States . PTO Green Paper: While the case did not directly raise the issue of online application of the first sale doctrine, the Court’s decision could have an impact on the ability of right holders to offer their works at different prices and different times in different countries , 198 and may result in legislative reexamination of the doctrine as a whole
  14. http://photos.state.gov/galleries/singapore/6771/eDevices/  
  15. What are the benefits of the first sale doctrine? And to what extent are those benefits currently being experienced in the digital marketplace? To what extent does the online market today provide opportunities to engage in actions made possible by the first sale doctrine in the analog world, such as sharing favorite books with friends, or enabling the availability of less-than-full-price versions to students? If the market does not currently provide such opportunities, will it do so in the near future? If not, are there alternative means to incorporate the benefits of the first sale doctrine in the digital marketplace? How would adoption of those alternatives impact the markets for copyrighted works? Are there any changes in technological capabilities since the Copyright Office’s 2001 conclusions that should be considered? If so, what are they? For example, could some 9 Id. at 36 10 Id. 8 technologies ensure that the original copy of a work no longer exists after it has been redistributed? To what extent are there particular market segments or categories of users that may warrant particularized legal treatment? How will the Supreme Court’s decision in Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 133 S.Ct. 1351 (2013), impact the ability of right holders to offer their works at different prices and different times in different online markets? How will any such changes impact the availability of and access to creative content in the United States and elsewhere http://notice.usa.gov