2. 2
Stepwise exploitation of genetic resources
- do the easy things first
- exploit existing gene pool genetic variation
Coordinated and relevant field based phenotyping
- local, national & international levels
- trait validation across the target environment
Maximised benefits from global public goods breeding
- CGIAR centres and affiliates have access to diversity
- CGIAR centres a mandate to “tame” diversity
- National strategies to “squeeze” the most out of international germplasm
Three efficiencies to delivering drought tolerant
cultivars
3. 3
Stepwise exploitation of genetic resources
Adapted cultivars
Landraces
Related species
(crossable)
Alien species
4. Genetics of wheat yield in the northwestern NSW
Chromosome Number of significant
markers linked to
yield
1A 3
1B 1
1D 4
2A 6
5A 2
5B 4
6A 12
6D 3
7A 20
7D 6
4
Association analysis of a commercial wheat breeding program
Atta et al 2013
Based on 300
parents & derived
progeny tested in
multi-environment
trials over 3 years
5. Better breeding strategies to improve WUE:
targeting crown rot resistance in NSW
Crown rot in wheat
Complex inheritance of resistance
Plenty of genetic variation in the gene pool
Low heritability
Symptoms exacerbated under moisture stress
Little progress over the past twenty years
Marker assisted recurrent selection
Combine resistance QTLs in each population
Yield testing in paired plots (+/- inoculation)
Off season symptom testing
5
GRDC supported
7. T. dicoccum or
durum
A. tauschii
AABBDD
DD
+
AABB
Synthetic wheat: the next step
Yield of a synthetic derivative compared to
the best local check in 30 environments
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
Average yield of SAWYT at site (t/Ha)
Yieldofline(t/Ha)
Local Check
Vorobey
Lage & Trethowan, 2008
8. Improving wheat WUE at Narrabri, NSW
Genotype Water use (mm) WUE kg ha-1 mm -1
D67.2/P66.270//AE.SQUARRO
SA (320)/3/Cunningham
273 18.0
Cunningham 261 13.9
Crusader 254 16.2
Envoy 283 12.0
Spitfire 258 14.6
8
Atta et al., 2013
13. Indicates differences in soil texture & moisture content
Managing soil heterogeneity: EM38 assessment
at Narrabri
14. More drought tolerant wheat: national Managed
Environment Facility (GRDC supported)
Screening large numbers in
the field with an accurate
water balance
- define year type
- identify subsets
- estimate trait value
Rain shelters used to:
- evaluate subsets
- test population tails etc
Narrabri
Yanco
Merredin
15. Extended impact: global network of field based
managed environment facilities?
Australia (GRDC) India (GCP) China (GCP)
Narrabri New Delhi Beijing
Yanco Pune Hebei
Merredin Powarkheda Shanxi
Ludhiana Xinjiang
16. Genotype x tillage practice trials on two soil types at Narrabri: evaluation of a mapping population
Keeping screening relevant: selection for adaptation
to moisture conserving farming practices
17. The yield difference between zero-tillage and
conventional tillage: 2 sites x 2 years.
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Genotype
Yielddifferencekg/ha(ZT-CT)
Krichauff
Berkut
18. Significant QTL effects for yield under contrasting tillage
regimes on two soil types in 2 years
Chr Interval Treatment Soil type Additive
effect %
Allele
1B gwm268/wPt-3475 CT Grey v 8 K
1B wPt-1313/gmw140 CT Grey v 10 K
1D cdf19/wmc216 CT Red k 10 K
2D wPt-3728/cfd44 ZT Grey v 9 K
2D gmw484/wmc27 ZT Red k 9 B
5A cfa2155/wPt1370 ZT Grey v 25 B
5A cfa2115/wPt1370 CT Grey v 14 B
5A cfa2115/wPt1370 CT Red k 9 B
5B wmc99/wPt2373 ZT Grey v 12 B
Trethowan et al. 2012.
20. 20
The CGIAR has:
Multiple crop focus
Access to genetic diversity
Resources to introduce this diversity into adapted materials
The network to distribute materials globally
21. Global distribution of CIMMYT International Wheat
Nurseries, 1994-2004
ESWYT
HRWYT
SAWYT
IAT
(Elite Spring Wheat Yield Trial (ESWYT), High Rainfall Wheat Yield Trial
(HRWYT) and Semi-Arid Wheat Yield Trial (SAWYT)) and the
International Adaptation Trial, 2001-2004
Matthews et al. 2008
22. Probe genotypes for soil borne constraints
(International Adaptation Trial)
Probe genotypes are:
Genetically similar (either near-isogenic or same background)
Similar yield in the absence of the stress
Differentiate in the presence of the stress
Thirty seven different probe genotype comparisons in the IAT
including soil borne diseases and abiotic constraints:
Matthews et al., 2011
GRDC supported
24. Root Lesion Nematode_Isoline (Pratylencas thorneii)
NA
No Difference
Significant negative
Significant positive
Genotypes
Gatcher GS50A > Gatcher
30
o
S
30
o
S
0
o
0
o
30
o
N
30
o
N
60
o
N
60
o
N
25. The average genetic correlation of IATs at Roseworthy
(2001-2004), with global IATs
Matthews et al. 2011
26. CIMMYT Australia ICARDA Germplasm Evaluation
(CAIGE)
Improved access to (and exploitation of) CIMMYT and ICARDA
germplasm by Australian wheat breeders
Co-ordinated germplasm introduction, quarantine, evaluation &
data management
Two-way flow of information between Australia and the CGIAR
centres (CAIGE website)
Supported by the GRDC
27. Locations where CAIGE yield trials are grown
CAIGE Yield Trial
approx 200 entries
4 organisations
9 locations
In addition, materials are screened for resistance to:
Rust
Septoria
Tan spot
Crown rot
28. Site groupings based on germplasm performance
Site grouping
1. Narrabri, North Star, Wongan
Hills
2. Toodyay, Junee
3. Roseworthy, Horsham
4. Esperance, Merredin
28
29. 1.Overall the SAWYT tends to have the
highest yield potential and ICARDA
materials the lowest.
2.The SAWYT best in Group 1
environments – Narrabri, NorthStar
and Wongan Hills – while the
ESWYT most suited to Group 2
environments – Junee and Toodyay.
3.ICARDA nurseries best adapted in
southern and western areas (i.e.
Group 3 and 4 environments)
4. Lines with high yield potential could
be identified from both CIMMYT &
ICARDA nurseries in all regions
29
Grain yield of CAIGE gemplasm in Australia
30. Acknowledgements
Funding:
GRDC, ACIAR, Generation Challenge Program & the Wheat
Research Foundation
Collaboration:
Australia’s wheat breeding groups & companies
CIMMYT, ICARDA, ICAR (India) & CAAS (China)
30