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Superconducting Materials in
Power grid
MT 5009 – Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities
Superconducting Materials
Area of Applications

Source: International Superconductivity Industry Summit, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea, October 31, 2011
Discovery of
Superconductivity Materials
High Temperature
Superconductivity

Mid Temperature
Superconductivity

Low Temperature
Superconductivity

Source: http://www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/
Enabling Technologies for
Superconducting Power Grid
2G tapes/wire based on BSCCO and YBCO film
boosted a huge interest worldwide during the last
decade in the new opportunities to develop practical
power application.
Superconducting material can only exhibit
superconducting properties below characteristic
critical temperature, hence refrigeration is
important factor in superconductor.

Improvement in these technologies and
cost reduction will enable supercomputing
power application diffuse into the market
SUPERCONDUCTING CABLE
Superconducting Cable
Definition
How Does It Works?
Superconducting Cable
Advantages and Comparison
• BSCCO and YBCO offers excellent performance for all electrical device operating ranges.
• Superior performance in a magnetic field
• Superior mechanical properties and extremely robust
• High engineering current density; smaller, lighter and easier to site devices
• Improved efficiency, reliability and power quality
• Environmental friendly
• 5 (AC) to 10 (DC) times more capacity than comparable conventional cables
• Can be used in existing underground conduits, saves trenching costs
• Liquid nitrogen coolant is also dielectric medium (no oil)
• Greatly reduced right-of-way
• Minimal conversion on conventional equipment
• Critical current and production capacity key to advancement of Superconducting industry
• Achieved through technological progression in manufacturing advancement
Source: NY BEST Capture the Energy, Troy, NY, March 2012, SuperPower Inc, Symposium on Superconducting Devices for Wind Energy Barcelona,
Spain – February 2011 and Workshop on Present Status and Future Perspectives of HTS Power Applications, August 29, 2012, Paris, France
Superconducting Cable
Critical Current Improvement
• Progress of development of BSCCO and YBCO
superconducting wires/tapes.

Source: Physica C: Superconductivity Volume 484, 15 January 2013, Pages 1–5
Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS2011)
Cost Reduction & Projection
BSCCO & YBCO
Gradual transition, driven by cost and performance

Source: L. Martini-SOWiT WS, 24 Oct 2011. Rome, Italy
Superconducting Cable
Projected Improvement & Cost Reduction

Source: CIGRÉ SC D1 WG38 Workshop on High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) for Utility Applications
Beijing, China, 26 April 2013
Superconducting Cable
Large Increases in High Current Density

Current IC which is measured using the unit
Ampere per 4 mm width (A/4 mm)cc

Reduction in cost due to
economic of scale !!

Source: Source: SuperPower Inc, Symposium on Superconducting Devices for Wind Energy Barcelona, Spain –
25 February 2011
Superconducting Cable
Improvement in Length
• Using ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) MgO and associated buffer sputtering
processes, SuperPower has now exceeded piece lengths of 1000 m of fully buffered
tape reproducibly with excellent in-plane texture of 6–7 degrees and uniformity of
about 2%.

Source: Progress in second-generation HTS wire development and manufacturing V. Selvamanickam et. al,
SuperPower, Inc. and Superconductivity Web21, International Superconductivity Technology Centre, October 2011
Superconducting Cable
Potential For Further Improvement
• Increasing critical current density by enhancing
Flux Pinning
– Ion irradiation with controlled energy to introduce
defects in materials ( up to X5 improvement)
– Doping superconducting films with BaZrO3 (BZO)
nanoparticles ( X2.4 improvement)

• Improving YBCO grain alignment

Source: IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861. Volume
2, Issue 6 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 20-21 Critical Current Density Enhancement
in High Temperature Superconductors by Flux Pinning
Superconducting Cable
Potential IC Improvement
Road Map to Enhance In-Field Critical Current IC

Source: Magnet Technology 2013 (MT-23), Boston, MA, July 14-19 2013
Superconducting Cable
Projected Potential

Source: ANALYSIS OF FUTURE PRICES AND MARKETS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS, JOSEPH
MULHOLLAND, THOMAS P. SHEAHEN, AND BEN MCCONNELL
CRYOGENIC REFRIGERATION
Cryogenic Refrigeration
Cooling requirement for various power application
Component
Cable

Transformer
(5-100 MVA)
Generators
(10-500+ MWe)
SMES, magnetic
separation, MRI

BSCCO
Heat load, Top
3-5 kW/km
@ 70-80 K

YBCO
Heat load, Top
3-5 kW/km
@ 70-80 K

50-100’s watt
@ 25-45 K / 65-80 K
100-500 watt
@ 25-40 K
10’s of watts
@ 20-30 K

50-100’s watt
@ 60-80 K
100-500 watt
@ 50-65 K
10-100 watt
@ 50-65 K

Source: MJ Gouge talk at 2002 DOE wire workshop 22.1.02
Cryogenic Refrigeration
Challenges in Various Power Applications
Application
HTS generator

HTS transformer

HTS cable

SMES, magnetic
separation, MRI, flywheel
bearings

Current
Cryogenics

Future
Cryogenics

N/A

G-M single-stage
cryocoolers, pulse tube
cryocooler

G-M 2-stage cryocooler,
LN with sub-cooling

G-M single-stage and
pulse tube cryocoolers,
LN with sub-cooling

Open-cycle LN with
sub-cooling, Reverse
Brayton

Reverse Brayton,
Claude, large capacity
cryocooler

G-M 2-stage cryocooler

G-M single-stage
cryocoolers, pulse tube
cryocooler
Cryogenic Refrigeration
Performance Improvement
Time Series Development of
Pulse Tube Cooler:
 Invented in 1960
 First series of modern PTR developed in
1984 – reached 105 K
 Lowest single stage PTR is 10 K

 Development of 2 & 3 stage PTR with new
refrigerant He. – 2.1K & 1.73K
 1.2 K was reached by combining a PTR
with a superfluid vortex cooler
Cryogenic Refrigeration
Potential Cost Reduction
• Increase production based
- Economy of scale as number of units produced
increased.
- Depend on the development of HTS wire
• Use standardized components for all applications
-Expect the cost to drop by 80% of the cost

Source: Cryogenics Assessment Report M. J. Gouge, J. A. Demko and B. W. McConnell, ORNL
J. M. Pfotenhauer, University of Wisconsin
Cryogenic Refrigeration
Projected Market
• Projected Number of Cryogenic Units Required Each Year

Cost reduction through potential
economic of scale

• Projected Market for Cryogenic Refrigerators (Thousands of Dollars)

Source: ANALYSIS OF FUTURE PRICES AND MARKETS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS, JOSEPH MULHOLLAND,
THOMAS P. SHEAHEN, AND BEN MCCONNELL
SUPERCONDUCTING GENERATOR
Superconducting Generator
Schematic Drawing
YBCO & BSCCO
Superconducting Generator
HTS vs. Conventional: Size & Losses

80%
reduction
in size and
weight !!

50% reduction in
input power
losses !!
Source: High-Temperature Superconductors -contributions to future energy technology, Tabea
Arndt,Siemens AG, CT PS 3,Günther-Scharowsky-Str.1, D 91050 Erlangen Germany
Superconducting Generator
HTS vs. Conventional: Cost
• The conventional
technology costs
cheaper when dealing
with low power levels

• However, when talking
about high power, the
cost SC is much lower
and achievable
• Cost per power lesser
with SC
Source: Super Conducting Generators September 3rd, 2013
Superconducting Generator
HTS Improvement

Electrical power output (MV)

Superconducting Generator
Performance Improvement
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00

200.00
100.00
0.00

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Year

Power requirement for
power grid generator is
a few hundred MW !!
Superconducting Generator
Potential HTS Improvement

Using Pulse Tube Cooler
 Slowly replaces conventional Gifford-McMahon
coolers
 Made without moving parts in the low temperature
part of the device
- Longer life operation
- Higher reliability

Life cycle cost
reduction !!

 Able to take more vibration and shocks
 Simpler
 Lighter
Superconducting Generator
Entrepreneur Opportunities

More requirement for HTS wire and Coolers

Economic of scale !!
Superconducting Generator
Entrepreneur Opportunities – Wind Turbine
SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSFORMER
Superconducting Transformer
Characteristics
 Greater efficiency
 Compact, lighter and
quieter
 Can run indefinitely above
rated power without
affecting transformer life
 Do not require cooling oil
like conventional
transformers, thus
eliminating the possibility of
oil fires and environmental
hazards
 Do not Require Iron Hence,
Compact and Lighter

YBCO & BSCCO
Superconducting Transformer
HTS vs. Conventional Transformer
The impact of using HTS
transformers is expected to
depend upon their size
because losses tend to scale
nonlinearly with power
ratings.
Dependence on the Operating
Temperature of the Total Power
Dissipated by a 5 MVA HTS Transformer

Source: Development and Technology of HTS Transformers, Xiaoyuan Chen and Jianxun Jin
Center of Applied Superconductivity and Electrical Engineering
Superconducting Transformer
HTS vs. Conventional Transformer: Size
Superconducting Transformer
HTS Transformer improvement
Power capacity
is 100 MWA for
conventional
transformer

Source: 'CAST Report : The Future of Superconducting Applications' Jan. 31. 2011
Outline
Superconducting Cable
Cryogenic Refrigeration
Superconducting Generator

Superconducting Transformer
SMES (Energy Storage)
SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC
STORAGE SYSTEM (SMES)
Key Milestones of
SMES Technology

Discovery of HTS (copperoxide based ceramics) by
Bednorz and Mueller
1986
M. Ferrier invented
superconducting coils
to store magnetic
energy

1969

Significant size HTS-SMES
successfully constructed in
1997 by American
1997
Superconductor

2011
Construction of 3.3 kWh costing
$4.2 million SMES prototype by
US DOE, Swiss engineering firm
ABB and a handful of partners

1988
Large scale LTS Super-GM
project in Japan involving the
development of a 100MVA unit

1971
Construction of first SMES
device by University of
Wisconsin

YEAR OF DISCOVERY
Working Principle of SMES
3 Key Parts: Superconducting Coil, Cryogenically Cooled
Refrigerator & Power Conditioning System
Magnetic field created by
flow of DC over
superconducting coils,
cryogenically cooled

Charged superconducting
coil is charged and
discharged through a
solid state power
conditioning system

Conversion requires no
moving parts, although
charging and discharging
limited by power
conversion system

YBCO and BSCCO Wire

Source: Dynamic Modelling and Control Design of Advanced Energy
Storage for Power System Applications, Marcelo Gustavo Molina
SMES Key Performance
Energy Storage Key Performance Criteria
Amount of Energy Stored, kWh
• Magnetic energy stored is equals to half of
the inductance of the coil times the square
of the current

E = ½ LI2
• SMES has very high inductance (zero
electrical resistance), hence no loss due to
electrical transmission inefficiency
• Depends on the coil geometry and the
magnetic permeability of the material inside
and surrounding the coil

Discharge Rate , kW
• Superconducting material has no electrical
resistance, very large amounts of current
can be sent through these wires, up to a
factor or 100-500 greater than equivalently
sized copper wire
• Short discharge times in the order of 1second  offers quicker recharging and
discharging
• Ability to recharge sequences several times
without degradation of magnets
• Discharge time limited by high cost of
superconducting coils and cryocoolers

51
With Improvement in Current Density in new superconducting
materials, the magnetic Energy Stored Increases rapidly
SMES Technology Performance
Performance Summary and Technical Challenges
SMES Key Strengths

SMES Technical Challenges









 Mechanical Support
 Manufacturing techniques is still immature for
delicate ceramics
 Current superconductivity limited by “Critical
Current”
 Critical Magnetic Field

High energy storage density
Negligible resistive losses
Milliseconds energy discharge rate
High energy storage efficiency
Long application lifetime
Cleaner source of energy
Reliability and Controllability

SMES Characteristics
SMES capacity density

160 kW/m2

SMES energy density

Response rate < 1 cycle

Response rate

< 1 cycle (0.017 seconds)

Instantaneous system efficiency

96%-98%

Round trip efficiency

Up to 95%; Highly dependent on operating characteristics

Standby energy losses

1%/hr

Design lifetime

20 years

Source: E. Drury, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2009
SMES Technology Costs
Assessing the Cost Improvements
Capital Cost

SMES Installation Cost

With improvement of density (E ∝ I2),
Energy Storage will ↑ dramatically, which
will drive the cost ↓

1. Power Conditioning System (PCS)
represents 70% of the installation costs
2. Cost of PCS will ↓ with ↑ rated power
and ↓ bridging time

Source: SBC Energy Institute Analysis Based on Kyle Bradbury (2010), Energy Storage Technology Review
SMES Technology
Key Points
• Performance
 Clean + High Efficiency + High Reliability + Controllability
of SMES provides long term solution for power management
(smart grid) applications

• Costs
 Current SMES cost per unit capacity=US$50,000/kWh
 Forecasted to reduce to US$3500 by 2018
 Expect further reduction to US1000/kWh to bring SMES cost
to Competitive Levels

Source: Renewable Energy Technologies, Jean-Claude Sabonnadi,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/148085576/Renewable-Energy-Technologies
SUPERCONDUCTING TECHNOLOGY
MARKET PROJECTION
Superconducting Applications
Market Penetration Projection

Source: ANALYSIS OF FUTURE PRICES AND MARKETS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS, JOSEPH
MULHOLLAND, THOMAS P. SHEAHEN, AND BEN MCCONNELL
Superconducting Market
Potential Growth
Projected rapid growth in HTS based Superconducting
Materials between 2012 and 2017, reaching above the
US$ 400m landmark by 2018

Source: Superconductors Technologies & Global Markets, BCC Research, Oct 2012
Superconducting Technology
Potential Roadmap
CONCLUSION
Key Summary of Presentation
KEY APPLICATIONS
• Integrating Superconducting
Technology in various
applications. One example is
to create an extremely
efficient Power Grid System
by using:
 Wires
 Transformers
 Generators
 Magnetic Energy
Storage (SMES)

TECHNOLOGY & COST
• HTS wire (YBCO and
BSCCO) exhibits
tremendous rate of
improvement
• Projected cost reduction in
Superconducting Wire and
Cryogenic Cooling improves
Economics Feasibility of SC
• Energy storage capacity
improves rapidly with
current density

MARKET POTENTIAL
• Continuous R&D efforts
and investments by
established organizations,
the key drivers of this
technology
• Sustainable technology:

 Huge market potential
forecasted
 Progressive applications
of Superconducting
Technology  Broad
Applications
 Relatively early stage of
development, huge
opportunity for
technology breakthrough
59
CONCLUSION
Our Thoughts….
• In short to medium term, superconducting materials should see
increasing deployment in High Value Applications such as power
grid system
• In the longer term, discovery of more Cost-effective HTS Materials
will gradually see broader adoption of superconducting technology
• Co-evolution of Superconducting with new technologies
 Projections of future market potential of Superconducting device do not
reflect for Competition from other Emerging Technologies
 Diffusion of Other Technology can spur on the other and vice versa
 Require substantial Subsidies from government for Early Adopters

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Superconducting materials becoming economicaly feasible for energy applications

  • 1. Superconducting Materials in Power grid MT 5009 – Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities
  • 2. Superconducting Materials Area of Applications Source: International Superconductivity Industry Summit, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea, October 31, 2011
  • 3. Discovery of Superconductivity Materials High Temperature Superconductivity Mid Temperature Superconductivity Low Temperature Superconductivity Source: http://www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/
  • 4. Enabling Technologies for Superconducting Power Grid 2G tapes/wire based on BSCCO and YBCO film boosted a huge interest worldwide during the last decade in the new opportunities to develop practical power application. Superconducting material can only exhibit superconducting properties below characteristic critical temperature, hence refrigeration is important factor in superconductor. Improvement in these technologies and cost reduction will enable supercomputing power application diffuse into the market
  • 7. Superconducting Cable Advantages and Comparison • BSCCO and YBCO offers excellent performance for all electrical device operating ranges. • Superior performance in a magnetic field • Superior mechanical properties and extremely robust • High engineering current density; smaller, lighter and easier to site devices • Improved efficiency, reliability and power quality • Environmental friendly • 5 (AC) to 10 (DC) times more capacity than comparable conventional cables • Can be used in existing underground conduits, saves trenching costs • Liquid nitrogen coolant is also dielectric medium (no oil) • Greatly reduced right-of-way • Minimal conversion on conventional equipment • Critical current and production capacity key to advancement of Superconducting industry • Achieved through technological progression in manufacturing advancement Source: NY BEST Capture the Energy, Troy, NY, March 2012, SuperPower Inc, Symposium on Superconducting Devices for Wind Energy Barcelona, Spain – February 2011 and Workshop on Present Status and Future Perspectives of HTS Power Applications, August 29, 2012, Paris, France
  • 8. Superconducting Cable Critical Current Improvement • Progress of development of BSCCO and YBCO superconducting wires/tapes. Source: Physica C: Superconductivity Volume 484, 15 January 2013, Pages 1–5 Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS2011)
  • 9. Cost Reduction & Projection BSCCO & YBCO Gradual transition, driven by cost and performance Source: L. Martini-SOWiT WS, 24 Oct 2011. Rome, Italy
  • 10. Superconducting Cable Projected Improvement & Cost Reduction Source: CIGRÉ SC D1 WG38 Workshop on High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) for Utility Applications Beijing, China, 26 April 2013
  • 11. Superconducting Cable Large Increases in High Current Density Current IC which is measured using the unit Ampere per 4 mm width (A/4 mm)cc Reduction in cost due to economic of scale !! Source: Source: SuperPower Inc, Symposium on Superconducting Devices for Wind Energy Barcelona, Spain – 25 February 2011
  • 12. Superconducting Cable Improvement in Length • Using ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) MgO and associated buffer sputtering processes, SuperPower has now exceeded piece lengths of 1000 m of fully buffered tape reproducibly with excellent in-plane texture of 6–7 degrees and uniformity of about 2%. Source: Progress in second-generation HTS wire development and manufacturing V. Selvamanickam et. al, SuperPower, Inc. and Superconductivity Web21, International Superconductivity Technology Centre, October 2011
  • 13. Superconducting Cable Potential For Further Improvement • Increasing critical current density by enhancing Flux Pinning – Ion irradiation with controlled energy to introduce defects in materials ( up to X5 improvement) – Doping superconducting films with BaZrO3 (BZO) nanoparticles ( X2.4 improvement) • Improving YBCO grain alignment Source: IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861. Volume 2, Issue 6 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 20-21 Critical Current Density Enhancement in High Temperature Superconductors by Flux Pinning
  • 14. Superconducting Cable Potential IC Improvement Road Map to Enhance In-Field Critical Current IC Source: Magnet Technology 2013 (MT-23), Boston, MA, July 14-19 2013
  • 15. Superconducting Cable Projected Potential Source: ANALYSIS OF FUTURE PRICES AND MARKETS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS, JOSEPH MULHOLLAND, THOMAS P. SHEAHEN, AND BEN MCCONNELL
  • 17. Cryogenic Refrigeration Cooling requirement for various power application Component Cable Transformer (5-100 MVA) Generators (10-500+ MWe) SMES, magnetic separation, MRI BSCCO Heat load, Top 3-5 kW/km @ 70-80 K YBCO Heat load, Top 3-5 kW/km @ 70-80 K 50-100’s watt @ 25-45 K / 65-80 K 100-500 watt @ 25-40 K 10’s of watts @ 20-30 K 50-100’s watt @ 60-80 K 100-500 watt @ 50-65 K 10-100 watt @ 50-65 K Source: MJ Gouge talk at 2002 DOE wire workshop 22.1.02
  • 18. Cryogenic Refrigeration Challenges in Various Power Applications Application HTS generator HTS transformer HTS cable SMES, magnetic separation, MRI, flywheel bearings Current Cryogenics Future Cryogenics N/A G-M single-stage cryocoolers, pulse tube cryocooler G-M 2-stage cryocooler, LN with sub-cooling G-M single-stage and pulse tube cryocoolers, LN with sub-cooling Open-cycle LN with sub-cooling, Reverse Brayton Reverse Brayton, Claude, large capacity cryocooler G-M 2-stage cryocooler G-M single-stage cryocoolers, pulse tube cryocooler
  • 19. Cryogenic Refrigeration Performance Improvement Time Series Development of Pulse Tube Cooler:  Invented in 1960  First series of modern PTR developed in 1984 – reached 105 K  Lowest single stage PTR is 10 K  Development of 2 & 3 stage PTR with new refrigerant He. – 2.1K & 1.73K  1.2 K was reached by combining a PTR with a superfluid vortex cooler
  • 20. Cryogenic Refrigeration Potential Cost Reduction • Increase production based - Economy of scale as number of units produced increased. - Depend on the development of HTS wire • Use standardized components for all applications -Expect the cost to drop by 80% of the cost Source: Cryogenics Assessment Report M. J. Gouge, J. A. Demko and B. W. McConnell, ORNL J. M. Pfotenhauer, University of Wisconsin
  • 21. Cryogenic Refrigeration Projected Market • Projected Number of Cryogenic Units Required Each Year Cost reduction through potential economic of scale • Projected Market for Cryogenic Refrigerators (Thousands of Dollars) Source: ANALYSIS OF FUTURE PRICES AND MARKETS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS, JOSEPH MULHOLLAND, THOMAS P. SHEAHEN, AND BEN MCCONNELL
  • 24. Superconducting Generator HTS vs. Conventional: Size & Losses 80% reduction in size and weight !! 50% reduction in input power losses !! Source: High-Temperature Superconductors -contributions to future energy technology, Tabea Arndt,Siemens AG, CT PS 3,Günther-Scharowsky-Str.1, D 91050 Erlangen Germany
  • 25. Superconducting Generator HTS vs. Conventional: Cost • The conventional technology costs cheaper when dealing with low power levels • However, when talking about high power, the cost SC is much lower and achievable • Cost per power lesser with SC Source: Super Conducting Generators September 3rd, 2013
  • 26. Superconducting Generator HTS Improvement Electrical power output (MV) Superconducting Generator Performance Improvement 600.00 500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 0.00 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Year Power requirement for power grid generator is a few hundred MW !!
  • 27. Superconducting Generator Potential HTS Improvement Using Pulse Tube Cooler  Slowly replaces conventional Gifford-McMahon coolers  Made without moving parts in the low temperature part of the device - Longer life operation - Higher reliability Life cycle cost reduction !!  Able to take more vibration and shocks  Simpler  Lighter
  • 28. Superconducting Generator Entrepreneur Opportunities More requirement for HTS wire and Coolers Economic of scale !!
  • 31. Superconducting Transformer Characteristics  Greater efficiency  Compact, lighter and quieter  Can run indefinitely above rated power without affecting transformer life  Do not require cooling oil like conventional transformers, thus eliminating the possibility of oil fires and environmental hazards  Do not Require Iron Hence, Compact and Lighter YBCO & BSCCO
  • 32. Superconducting Transformer HTS vs. Conventional Transformer The impact of using HTS transformers is expected to depend upon their size because losses tend to scale nonlinearly with power ratings. Dependence on the Operating Temperature of the Total Power Dissipated by a 5 MVA HTS Transformer Source: Development and Technology of HTS Transformers, Xiaoyuan Chen and Jianxun Jin Center of Applied Superconductivity and Electrical Engineering
  • 33. Superconducting Transformer HTS vs. Conventional Transformer: Size
  • 34. Superconducting Transformer HTS Transformer improvement Power capacity is 100 MWA for conventional transformer Source: 'CAST Report : The Future of Superconducting Applications' Jan. 31. 2011
  • 35. Outline Superconducting Cable Cryogenic Refrigeration Superconducting Generator Superconducting Transformer SMES (Energy Storage)
  • 36. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC STORAGE SYSTEM (SMES) Key Milestones of SMES Technology Discovery of HTS (copperoxide based ceramics) by Bednorz and Mueller 1986 M. Ferrier invented superconducting coils to store magnetic energy 1969 Significant size HTS-SMES successfully constructed in 1997 by American 1997 Superconductor 2011 Construction of 3.3 kWh costing $4.2 million SMES prototype by US DOE, Swiss engineering firm ABB and a handful of partners 1988 Large scale LTS Super-GM project in Japan involving the development of a 100MVA unit 1971 Construction of first SMES device by University of Wisconsin YEAR OF DISCOVERY
  • 37. Working Principle of SMES 3 Key Parts: Superconducting Coil, Cryogenically Cooled Refrigerator & Power Conditioning System Magnetic field created by flow of DC over superconducting coils, cryogenically cooled Charged superconducting coil is charged and discharged through a solid state power conditioning system Conversion requires no moving parts, although charging and discharging limited by power conversion system YBCO and BSCCO Wire Source: Dynamic Modelling and Control Design of Advanced Energy Storage for Power System Applications, Marcelo Gustavo Molina
  • 38. SMES Key Performance Energy Storage Key Performance Criteria Amount of Energy Stored, kWh • Magnetic energy stored is equals to half of the inductance of the coil times the square of the current E = ½ LI2 • SMES has very high inductance (zero electrical resistance), hence no loss due to electrical transmission inefficiency • Depends on the coil geometry and the magnetic permeability of the material inside and surrounding the coil Discharge Rate , kW • Superconducting material has no electrical resistance, very large amounts of current can be sent through these wires, up to a factor or 100-500 greater than equivalently sized copper wire • Short discharge times in the order of 1second  offers quicker recharging and discharging • Ability to recharge sequences several times without degradation of magnets • Discharge time limited by high cost of superconducting coils and cryocoolers 51 With Improvement in Current Density in new superconducting materials, the magnetic Energy Stored Increases rapidly
  • 39. SMES Technology Performance Performance Summary and Technical Challenges SMES Key Strengths SMES Technical Challenges         Mechanical Support  Manufacturing techniques is still immature for delicate ceramics  Current superconductivity limited by “Critical Current”  Critical Magnetic Field High energy storage density Negligible resistive losses Milliseconds energy discharge rate High energy storage efficiency Long application lifetime Cleaner source of energy Reliability and Controllability SMES Characteristics SMES capacity density 160 kW/m2 SMES energy density Response rate < 1 cycle Response rate < 1 cycle (0.017 seconds) Instantaneous system efficiency 96%-98% Round trip efficiency Up to 95%; Highly dependent on operating characteristics Standby energy losses 1%/hr Design lifetime 20 years Source: E. Drury, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2009
  • 40. SMES Technology Costs Assessing the Cost Improvements Capital Cost SMES Installation Cost With improvement of density (E ∝ I2), Energy Storage will ↑ dramatically, which will drive the cost ↓ 1. Power Conditioning System (PCS) represents 70% of the installation costs 2. Cost of PCS will ↓ with ↑ rated power and ↓ bridging time Source: SBC Energy Institute Analysis Based on Kyle Bradbury (2010), Energy Storage Technology Review
  • 41. SMES Technology Key Points • Performance  Clean + High Efficiency + High Reliability + Controllability of SMES provides long term solution for power management (smart grid) applications • Costs  Current SMES cost per unit capacity=US$50,000/kWh  Forecasted to reduce to US$3500 by 2018  Expect further reduction to US1000/kWh to bring SMES cost to Competitive Levels Source: Renewable Energy Technologies, Jean-Claude Sabonnadi, http://www.scribd.com/doc/148085576/Renewable-Energy-Technologies
  • 43. Superconducting Applications Market Penetration Projection Source: ANALYSIS OF FUTURE PRICES AND MARKETS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS, JOSEPH MULHOLLAND, THOMAS P. SHEAHEN, AND BEN MCCONNELL
  • 44. Superconducting Market Potential Growth Projected rapid growth in HTS based Superconducting Materials between 2012 and 2017, reaching above the US$ 400m landmark by 2018 Source: Superconductors Technologies & Global Markets, BCC Research, Oct 2012
  • 46. CONCLUSION Key Summary of Presentation KEY APPLICATIONS • Integrating Superconducting Technology in various applications. One example is to create an extremely efficient Power Grid System by using:  Wires  Transformers  Generators  Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) TECHNOLOGY & COST • HTS wire (YBCO and BSCCO) exhibits tremendous rate of improvement • Projected cost reduction in Superconducting Wire and Cryogenic Cooling improves Economics Feasibility of SC • Energy storage capacity improves rapidly with current density MARKET POTENTIAL • Continuous R&D efforts and investments by established organizations, the key drivers of this technology • Sustainable technology:  Huge market potential forecasted  Progressive applications of Superconducting Technology  Broad Applications  Relatively early stage of development, huge opportunity for technology breakthrough 59
  • 47. CONCLUSION Our Thoughts…. • In short to medium term, superconducting materials should see increasing deployment in High Value Applications such as power grid system • In the longer term, discovery of more Cost-effective HTS Materials will gradually see broader adoption of superconducting technology • Co-evolution of Superconducting with new technologies  Projections of future market potential of Superconducting device do not reflect for Competition from other Emerging Technologies  Diffusion of Other Technology can spur on the other and vice versa  Require substantial Subsidies from government for Early Adopters