These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of superconductors is becoming better for energy applications through improvements in critical currents, magnetic fields, and temperatures. These applications include fault current limiters, motors, generators, transformers, and transmission lines. These improvements are being achieved through changes in process design and the chemical composition of the superconducting materials. With rates of improvement exceeding 30% a year, it is likely that superconducting materials should be an important part of our energy policy and will contribute towards the diffusion of solar cells and electric vehicles.
2. Superconducting Materials
Area of Applications
Source: International Superconductivity Industry Summit, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea, October 31, 2011
3. Discovery of
Superconductivity Materials
High Temperature
Superconductivity
Mid Temperature
Superconductivity
Low Temperature
Superconductivity
Source: http://www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/
4. Enabling Technologies for
Superconducting Power Grid
2G tapes/wire based on BSCCO and YBCO film
boosted a huge interest worldwide during the last
decade in the new opportunities to develop practical
power application.
Superconducting material can only exhibit
superconducting properties below characteristic
critical temperature, hence refrigeration is
important factor in superconductor.
Improvement in these technologies and
cost reduction will enable supercomputing
power application diffuse into the market
7. Superconducting Cable
Advantages and Comparison
• BSCCO and YBCO offers excellent performance for all electrical device operating ranges.
• Superior performance in a magnetic field
• Superior mechanical properties and extremely robust
• High engineering current density; smaller, lighter and easier to site devices
• Improved efficiency, reliability and power quality
• Environmental friendly
• 5 (AC) to 10 (DC) times more capacity than comparable conventional cables
• Can be used in existing underground conduits, saves trenching costs
• Liquid nitrogen coolant is also dielectric medium (no oil)
• Greatly reduced right-of-way
• Minimal conversion on conventional equipment
• Critical current and production capacity key to advancement of Superconducting industry
• Achieved through technological progression in manufacturing advancement
Source: NY BEST Capture the Energy, Troy, NY, March 2012, SuperPower Inc, Symposium on Superconducting Devices for Wind Energy Barcelona,
Spain – February 2011 and Workshop on Present Status and Future Perspectives of HTS Power Applications, August 29, 2012, Paris, France
8. Superconducting Cable
Critical Current Improvement
• Progress of development of BSCCO and YBCO
superconducting wires/tapes.
Source: Physica C: Superconductivity Volume 484, 15 January 2013, Pages 1–5
Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS2011)
9. Cost Reduction & Projection
BSCCO & YBCO
Gradual transition, driven by cost and performance
Source: L. Martini-SOWiT WS, 24 Oct 2011. Rome, Italy
10. Superconducting Cable
Projected Improvement & Cost Reduction
Source: CIGRÉ SC D1 WG38 Workshop on High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) for Utility Applications
Beijing, China, 26 April 2013
11. Superconducting Cable
Large Increases in High Current Density
Current IC which is measured using the unit
Ampere per 4 mm width (A/4 mm)cc
Reduction in cost due to
economic of scale !!
Source: Source: SuperPower Inc, Symposium on Superconducting Devices for Wind Energy Barcelona, Spain –
25 February 2011
12. Superconducting Cable
Improvement in Length
• Using ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) MgO and associated buffer sputtering
processes, SuperPower has now exceeded piece lengths of 1000 m of fully buffered
tape reproducibly with excellent in-plane texture of 6–7 degrees and uniformity of
about 2%.
Source: Progress in second-generation HTS wire development and manufacturing V. Selvamanickam et. al,
SuperPower, Inc. and Superconductivity Web21, International Superconductivity Technology Centre, October 2011
13. Superconducting Cable
Potential For Further Improvement
• Increasing critical current density by enhancing
Flux Pinning
– Ion irradiation with controlled energy to introduce
defects in materials ( up to X5 improvement)
– Doping superconducting films with BaZrO3 (BZO)
nanoparticles ( X2.4 improvement)
• Improving YBCO grain alignment
Source: IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861. Volume
2, Issue 6 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 20-21 Critical Current Density Enhancement
in High Temperature Superconductors by Flux Pinning
14. Superconducting Cable
Potential IC Improvement
Road Map to Enhance In-Field Critical Current IC
Source: Magnet Technology 2013 (MT-23), Boston, MA, July 14-19 2013
17. Cryogenic Refrigeration
Cooling requirement for various power application
Component
Cable
Transformer
(5-100 MVA)
Generators
(10-500+ MWe)
SMES, magnetic
separation, MRI
BSCCO
Heat load, Top
3-5 kW/km
@ 70-80 K
YBCO
Heat load, Top
3-5 kW/km
@ 70-80 K
50-100’s watt
@ 25-45 K / 65-80 K
100-500 watt
@ 25-40 K
10’s of watts
@ 20-30 K
50-100’s watt
@ 60-80 K
100-500 watt
@ 50-65 K
10-100 watt
@ 50-65 K
Source: MJ Gouge talk at 2002 DOE wire workshop 22.1.02
18. Cryogenic Refrigeration
Challenges in Various Power Applications
Application
HTS generator
HTS transformer
HTS cable
SMES, magnetic
separation, MRI, flywheel
bearings
Current
Cryogenics
Future
Cryogenics
N/A
G-M single-stage
cryocoolers, pulse tube
cryocooler
G-M 2-stage cryocooler,
LN with sub-cooling
G-M single-stage and
pulse tube cryocoolers,
LN with sub-cooling
Open-cycle LN with
sub-cooling, Reverse
Brayton
Reverse Brayton,
Claude, large capacity
cryocooler
G-M 2-stage cryocooler
G-M single-stage
cryocoolers, pulse tube
cryocooler
19. Cryogenic Refrigeration
Performance Improvement
Time Series Development of
Pulse Tube Cooler:
Invented in 1960
First series of modern PTR developed in
1984 – reached 105 K
Lowest single stage PTR is 10 K
Development of 2 & 3 stage PTR with new
refrigerant He. – 2.1K & 1.73K
1.2 K was reached by combining a PTR
with a superfluid vortex cooler
20. Cryogenic Refrigeration
Potential Cost Reduction
• Increase production based
- Economy of scale as number of units produced
increased.
- Depend on the development of HTS wire
• Use standardized components for all applications
-Expect the cost to drop by 80% of the cost
Source: Cryogenics Assessment Report M. J. Gouge, J. A. Demko and B. W. McConnell, ORNL
J. M. Pfotenhauer, University of Wisconsin
21. Cryogenic Refrigeration
Projected Market
• Projected Number of Cryogenic Units Required Each Year
Cost reduction through potential
economic of scale
• Projected Market for Cryogenic Refrigerators (Thousands of Dollars)
Source: ANALYSIS OF FUTURE PRICES AND MARKETS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS, JOSEPH MULHOLLAND,
THOMAS P. SHEAHEN, AND BEN MCCONNELL
24. Superconducting Generator
HTS vs. Conventional: Size & Losses
80%
reduction
in size and
weight !!
50% reduction in
input power
losses !!
Source: High-Temperature Superconductors -contributions to future energy technology, Tabea
Arndt,Siemens AG, CT PS 3,Günther-Scharowsky-Str.1, D 91050 Erlangen Germany
25. Superconducting Generator
HTS vs. Conventional: Cost
• The conventional
technology costs
cheaper when dealing
with low power levels
• However, when talking
about high power, the
cost SC is much lower
and achievable
• Cost per power lesser
with SC
Source: Super Conducting Generators September 3rd, 2013
26. Superconducting Generator
HTS Improvement
Electrical power output (MV)
Superconducting Generator
Performance Improvement
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Year
Power requirement for
power grid generator is
a few hundred MW !!
27. Superconducting Generator
Potential HTS Improvement
Using Pulse Tube Cooler
Slowly replaces conventional Gifford-McMahon
coolers
Made without moving parts in the low temperature
part of the device
- Longer life operation
- Higher reliability
Life cycle cost
reduction !!
Able to take more vibration and shocks
Simpler
Lighter
31. Superconducting Transformer
Characteristics
Greater efficiency
Compact, lighter and
quieter
Can run indefinitely above
rated power without
affecting transformer life
Do not require cooling oil
like conventional
transformers, thus
eliminating the possibility of
oil fires and environmental
hazards
Do not Require Iron Hence,
Compact and Lighter
YBCO & BSCCO
32. Superconducting Transformer
HTS vs. Conventional Transformer
The impact of using HTS
transformers is expected to
depend upon their size
because losses tend to scale
nonlinearly with power
ratings.
Dependence on the Operating
Temperature of the Total Power
Dissipated by a 5 MVA HTS Transformer
Source: Development and Technology of HTS Transformers, Xiaoyuan Chen and Jianxun Jin
Center of Applied Superconductivity and Electrical Engineering
34. Superconducting Transformer
HTS Transformer improvement
Power capacity
is 100 MWA for
conventional
transformer
Source: 'CAST Report : The Future of Superconducting Applications' Jan. 31. 2011
36. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC
STORAGE SYSTEM (SMES)
Key Milestones of
SMES Technology
Discovery of HTS (copperoxide based ceramics) by
Bednorz and Mueller
1986
M. Ferrier invented
superconducting coils
to store magnetic
energy
1969
Significant size HTS-SMES
successfully constructed in
1997 by American
1997
Superconductor
2011
Construction of 3.3 kWh costing
$4.2 million SMES prototype by
US DOE, Swiss engineering firm
ABB and a handful of partners
1988
Large scale LTS Super-GM
project in Japan involving the
development of a 100MVA unit
1971
Construction of first SMES
device by University of
Wisconsin
YEAR OF DISCOVERY
37. Working Principle of SMES
3 Key Parts: Superconducting Coil, Cryogenically Cooled
Refrigerator & Power Conditioning System
Magnetic field created by
flow of DC over
superconducting coils,
cryogenically cooled
Charged superconducting
coil is charged and
discharged through a
solid state power
conditioning system
Conversion requires no
moving parts, although
charging and discharging
limited by power
conversion system
YBCO and BSCCO Wire
Source: Dynamic Modelling and Control Design of Advanced Energy
Storage for Power System Applications, Marcelo Gustavo Molina
38. SMES Key Performance
Energy Storage Key Performance Criteria
Amount of Energy Stored, kWh
• Magnetic energy stored is equals to half of
the inductance of the coil times the square
of the current
E = ½ LI2
• SMES has very high inductance (zero
electrical resistance), hence no loss due to
electrical transmission inefficiency
• Depends on the coil geometry and the
magnetic permeability of the material inside
and surrounding the coil
Discharge Rate , kW
• Superconducting material has no electrical
resistance, very large amounts of current
can be sent through these wires, up to a
factor or 100-500 greater than equivalently
sized copper wire
• Short discharge times in the order of 1second offers quicker recharging and
discharging
• Ability to recharge sequences several times
without degradation of magnets
• Discharge time limited by high cost of
superconducting coils and cryocoolers
51
With Improvement in Current Density in new superconducting
materials, the magnetic Energy Stored Increases rapidly
39. SMES Technology Performance
Performance Summary and Technical Challenges
SMES Key Strengths
SMES Technical Challenges
Mechanical Support
Manufacturing techniques is still immature for
delicate ceramics
Current superconductivity limited by “Critical
Current”
Critical Magnetic Field
High energy storage density
Negligible resistive losses
Milliseconds energy discharge rate
High energy storage efficiency
Long application lifetime
Cleaner source of energy
Reliability and Controllability
SMES Characteristics
SMES capacity density
160 kW/m2
SMES energy density
Response rate < 1 cycle
Response rate
< 1 cycle (0.017 seconds)
Instantaneous system efficiency
96%-98%
Round trip efficiency
Up to 95%; Highly dependent on operating characteristics
Standby energy losses
1%/hr
Design lifetime
20 years
Source: E. Drury, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2009
40. SMES Technology Costs
Assessing the Cost Improvements
Capital Cost
SMES Installation Cost
With improvement of density (E ∝ I2),
Energy Storage will ↑ dramatically, which
will drive the cost ↓
1. Power Conditioning System (PCS)
represents 70% of the installation costs
2. Cost of PCS will ↓ with ↑ rated power
and ↓ bridging time
Source: SBC Energy Institute Analysis Based on Kyle Bradbury (2010), Energy Storage Technology Review
41. SMES Technology
Key Points
• Performance
Clean + High Efficiency + High Reliability + Controllability
of SMES provides long term solution for power management
(smart grid) applications
• Costs
Current SMES cost per unit capacity=US$50,000/kWh
Forecasted to reduce to US$3500 by 2018
Expect further reduction to US1000/kWh to bring SMES cost
to Competitive Levels
Source: Renewable Energy Technologies, Jean-Claude Sabonnadi,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/148085576/Renewable-Energy-Technologies
43. Superconducting Applications
Market Penetration Projection
Source: ANALYSIS OF FUTURE PRICES AND MARKETS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS, JOSEPH
MULHOLLAND, THOMAS P. SHEAHEN, AND BEN MCCONNELL
44. Superconducting Market
Potential Growth
Projected rapid growth in HTS based Superconducting
Materials between 2012 and 2017, reaching above the
US$ 400m landmark by 2018
Source: Superconductors Technologies & Global Markets, BCC Research, Oct 2012
46. CONCLUSION
Key Summary of Presentation
KEY APPLICATIONS
• Integrating Superconducting
Technology in various
applications. One example is
to create an extremely
efficient Power Grid System
by using:
Wires
Transformers
Generators
Magnetic Energy
Storage (SMES)
TECHNOLOGY & COST
• HTS wire (YBCO and
BSCCO) exhibits
tremendous rate of
improvement
• Projected cost reduction in
Superconducting Wire and
Cryogenic Cooling improves
Economics Feasibility of SC
• Energy storage capacity
improves rapidly with
current density
MARKET POTENTIAL
• Continuous R&D efforts
and investments by
established organizations,
the key drivers of this
technology
• Sustainable technology:
Huge market potential
forecasted
Progressive applications
of Superconducting
Technology Broad
Applications
Relatively early stage of
development, huge
opportunity for
technology breakthrough
59
47. CONCLUSION
Our Thoughts….
• In short to medium term, superconducting materials should see
increasing deployment in High Value Applications such as power
grid system
• In the longer term, discovery of more Cost-effective HTS Materials
will gradually see broader adoption of superconducting technology
• Co-evolution of Superconducting with new technologies
Projections of future market potential of Superconducting device do not
reflect for Competition from other Emerging Technologies
Diffusion of Other Technology can spur on the other and vice versa
Require substantial Subsidies from government for Early Adopters