Presentation by Flavia Mori Sarti at the symposium, "Innovative ways for conserving the ecosystem services provided by bushmeat" in the 51th Annual Meeting ATBC 2014 in Cairns, Australia.

1. Beyond protein intake: Bushmeat as
source of micronutrients in the tri-
frontier region
Flavia Mori Sarti

2. Protein availability in tropical forests
 Local sources of protein
 Wild animals and insects
 Seasonal scarcity
 Complemented by staple foods
 Manioc
 Sweet potatoes
 Plaintains
 Low dietary intake as limitation for size and
permanence of pre-contact Amazonian settlements

3. Bushmeat consumption
 Central role in the diets of urban and rural
populations in tropical forests
 Primary source of protein
 Few evidences on micronutrients contribution
 Diets in the Amazonian region
 Lack of variety
 Nutritional deficiencies
 Low caloric content

4. Methods
 Household (Hh) food intake study
 Part of wider survey on bushmeat (BM) in Amazon region
 Sample selection of households according to country,
location, income, and bushmeat consumption based on
 Interviews among schoolchildren (16 schools)
 875 interviews during dry season (September to October, 2012)
 1,043 interviews during rainy season (February to March, 2013)
 3 consecutive days collection of 24-hour recall (Sun-Tue)
with food items weighting in June and July, 2013

5. Methods
 Household (Hh) food intake study
 Household members converted into adult equivalent units
 According to age and sex
 Food intake converted into
 Calories
 Macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, lipids)
 Micronutrients (fiber, cholesterol, vitamin C, iron, sodium,
calcium)
 Nutrient intake per adult equivalent compared with
nutritional requirements for evaluation of populations

6. Household sample characteristics
Characteristics
Total
Hh without BM
Cons
Hh with BM Cons
n % n % n %
Country
Brazil 20 57% 17 57% 3 60%
Bolivia 15 43% 13 43% 2 40%
Income
High 8 23% 7 23% 1 20%
Low 27 77% 23 77% 4 80%
Avg SD Avg SD Avg SD
Hh members
Individuals 6.5 3.1 6.4 3.3 7.0 2.3
AE Units 5.1 2.3 5.1 2.4 5.5 1.6
Obs.: Hh = household; BM Cons = bushmeat consumption; Hh members = household members; AE Units =
adult equivalent units; Avg = average; SD = standard deviation.

7. Results
 Nutrient consumption
 Caloric intake per adult barely achieves recommendations
 Iron deficiency in the diets registered
 Low intake of fiber, calcium, and vitamin C
 Markers of healthy diets
 Low consumption of fruits and vegetables
 Excessive intake of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids
 Nutrients related to unhealthy diets
 Households that consumed bushmeat presented intake
marginally higher (+20% and +25%)

8. Nutrient intake per day per adult (1/2)
Nutrient
Total Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq
Calories (Kcal) 1,762.62 656.26 -39.2% 1,727.85 654.63 -40.4% 1,971.25 700.22 -32.0% 2,900.00
Fiber (g) 14.75 8.94 -61.2% 15.10 9.06 -60.3% 12.66 8.77 -66.7% 38.00
Calcium (mg) 410.61 207.74 -68.4% 408.70 191.45 -68.6% 422.09 317.63 -67.5% 1,300.00
Iron (mg) 8.00 6.13 -55.5% 6.59 3.02 -63.4% 16.51 12.17 -8.3% 18.00
Sodium (mg) 3,712.46 2,039.93 642.5% 3,672.46 1,955.06 634.5% 3,952.46 2,752.37 690.5% 500.00
Vitamin C (mg) 20.12 20.02 -77.6% 20.77 21.20 -76.9% 16.26 11.23 -81.9% 90.00
Cholesterol (mg) 374.65 175.19 24.9% 364.11 155.87 21.4% 437.88 280.90 46.0% 300.00

9. Nutrient intake per day per adult (1/2)
Nutrient
Total Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq
Calories (Kcal) 1,762.62 656.26 -39.2% 1,727.85 654.63 -40.4% 1,971.25 700.22 -32.0% 2,900.00
Fiber (g) 14.75 8.94 -61.2% 15.10 9.06 -60.3% 12.66 8.77 -66.7% 38.00
Calcium (mg) 410.61 207.74 -68.4% 408.70 191.45 -68.6% 422.09 317.63 -67.5% 1,300.00
Iron (mg) 8.00 6.13 -55.5% 6.59 3.02 -63.4% 16.51 12.17 -8.3% 18.00
Sodium (mg) 3,712.46 2,039.93 642.5% 3,672.46 1,955.06 634.5% 3,952.46 2,752.37 690.5% 500.00
Vitamin C (mg) 20.12 20.02 -77.6% 20.77 21.20 -76.9% 16.26 11.23 -81.9% 90.00
Cholesterol (mg) 374.65 175.19 24.9% 364.11 155.87 21.4% 437.88 280.90 46.0% 300.00

10. Nutrient intake per day per adult (1/2)
Nutrient
Total Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq Avg SD Adeq
Calories (Kcal) 1,762.62 656.26 -39.2% 1,727.85 654.63 -40.4% 1,971.25 700.22 -32.0% 2,900.00
Fiber (g) 14.75 8.94 -61.2% 15.10 9.06 -60.3% 12.66 8.77 -66.7% 38.00
Calcium (mg) 410.61 207.74 -68.4% 408.70 191.45 -68.6% 422.09 317.63 -67.5% 1,300.00
Iron (mg) 8.00 6.13 -55.5% 6.59 3.02 -63.4% 16.51 12.17 -8.3% 18.00
Sodium (mg) 3,712.46 2,039.93 642.5% 3,672.46 1,955.06 634.5% 3,952.46 2,752.37 690.5% 500.00
Vitamin C (mg) 20.12 20.02 -77.6% 20.77 21.20 -76.9% 16.26 11.23 -81.9% 90.00
Cholesterol (mg) 374.65 175.19 24.9% 364.11 155.87 21.4% 437.88 280.90 46.0% 300.00

11. Nutrient intake per day per adult (2/2)
Nutrient
Total Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD % Avg SD % Avg SD %
Protein (g) 95.93 50.61 21.8% 89.97 41.43 20.8% 131.72 86.38 26.7% 10-15%
Lipids (g) 60.22 31.01 30.7% 57.75 31.93 30.1% 75.01 21.53 34.2% 15-30%
Carbohydrates (g) 206.51 102.65 46.9% 209.59 104.40 48.5% 188.00 100.20 38.1% 55-75%
Saturated FA (g) 15.96 7.82 8.2% 15.41 7.84 8.0% 19.28 7.57 8.8% <10%
Monounsaturated FA (g) 18.97 10.44
18.2%
18.44 10.88
17.7%
22.18 7.30
20.5% >6%
Polyunsaturated FA (g) 16.62 9.57 15.62 9.53 22.64 8.17
Obs.: BM Cons = bushmeat consumption; Avg = average intake; SD = standard deviation;Adeq = adequacy in relation to nutritional
recommendations; DRI = Dietary Reference Intakes; FA = fatty acids.

12. Nutrient intake per day per adult (2/2)
Nutrient
Total Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD % Avg SD % Avg SD %
Protein (g) 95.93 50.61 21.8% 89.97 41.43 20.8% 131.72 86.38 26.7% 10-15%
Lipids (g) 60.22 31.01 30.7% 57.75 31.93 30.1% 75.01 21.53 34.2% 15-30%
Carbohydrates (g) 206.51 102.65 46.9% 209.59 104.40 48.5% 188.00 100.20 38.1% 55-75%
Saturated FA (g) 15.96 7.82 8.2% 15.41 7.84 8.0% 19.28 7.57 8.8% <10%
Monounsaturated FA (g) 18.97 10.44
18.2%
18.44 10.88
17.7%
22.18 7.30
20.5% >6%
Polyunsaturated FA (g) 16.62 9.57 15.62 9.53 22.64 8.17
Obs.: BM Cons = bushmeat consumption; Avg = average intake; SD = standard deviation;Adeq = adequacy in relation to nutritional
recommendations; DRI = Dietary Reference Intakes; FA = fatty acids.

13. Nutrient intake per day per adult (2/2)
Nutrient
Total Hh without BM Cons Hh with BM Cons
DRI
Avg SD % Avg SD % Avg SD %
Protein (g) 95.93 50.61 21.8% 89.97 41.43 20.8% 131.72 86.38 26.7% 10-15%
Lipids (g) 60.22 31.01 30.7% 57.75 31.93 30.1% 75.01 21.53 34.2% 15-30%
Carbohydrates (g) 206.51 102.65 46.9% 209.59 104.40 48.5% 188.00 100.20 38.1% 55-75%
Saturated FA (g) 15.96 7.82 8.2% 15.41 7.84 8.0% 19.28 7.57 8.8% <10%
Monounsaturated FA (g) 18.97 10.44
18.2%
18.44 10.88
17.7%
22.18 7.30
20.5% >6%
Polyunsaturated FA (g) 16.62 9.57 15.62 9.53 22.64 8.17
Obs.: BM Cons = bushmeat consumption; Avg = average intake; SD = standard deviation;Adeq = adequacy in relation to nutritional
recommendations; DRI = Dietary Reference Intakes; FA = fatty acids.

14. Results
 Nutrient consumption
 Carbohydrate, protein and iron in households that did not
consume bushmeat
 Higher intake of carbohydrates (+12%)
 Lower intake of protein (-32%) and iron (-60%)
 Food consumption
 Manioc flour reported in 69 of the 302 meals registered
 Protein sources in households without BM consumption
 Chicken (40), fish (39), eggs (34), and processed meat (32)
 Meat (18) and pork (6) were the least mentioned

15. Results
 Bushmeat consumption
 Registered in seven meals at five households
 Represents
 32% of usual caloric intake
 72% of protein intake
 Main food source of iron
 73% of cholesterol
 38% of saturated fatty acids

16. Contribution from bushmeat (1/2)
Nutrient
Hh without BM Cons BM Cons Nutr value of BM in
Avg SD Avg SD Day 3 Day Avg
Calories (Kcal) 1,971.25 700.22 628.25 571.34 28.5% 31.8%
Fiber (g) 12.66 8.77 0.00 0.00 0.0% 0.0%
Calcium (mg) 422.09 317.63 55.49 62.80 18.4% 19.5%
Iron (mg) 16.51 12.17 25.65 28.32 74.1% 139.9%
Sodium (mg) 3,952.46 2,752.37 175.86 164.63 6.1% 5.1%
Vitamin C (mg) 16.26 11.23 6.01 9.47 30.8% 41.1%
Cholesterol (mg) 437.88 280.90 317.94 323.98 59.6% 72.8%

17. Contribution from bushmeat (1/2)
Nutrient
Hh without BM Cons BM Cons Nutr value of BM in
Avg SD Avg SD Day 3 Day Avg
Calories (Kcal) 1,971.25 700.22 628.25 571.34 28.5% 31.8%
Fiber (g) 12.66 8.77 0.00 0.00 0.0% 0.0%
Calcium (mg) 422.09 317.63 55.49 62.80 18.4% 19.5%
Iron (mg) 16.51 12.17 25.65 28.32 74.1% 139.9%
Sodium (mg) 3,952.46 2,752.37 175.86 164.63 6.1% 5.1%
Vitamin C (mg) 16.26 11.23 6.01 9.47 30.8% 41.1%
Cholesterol (mg) 437.88 280.90 317.94 323.98 59.6% 72.8%

18. Contribution from bushmeat (2/2)
Nutrient
Hh without BM Cons BM Cons Nutr value of BM in
Avg SD Avg SD Day 3 Day Avg
Protein (g) 131.72 86.38 96.22 94.51 59.5% 71.4%
Lipids (g) 75.01 21.53 24.04 20.63 30.6% 34.0%
Carbohydrates (g) 188.00 100.20 0.22 0.59 0.2% 0.1%
Saturated FA (g) 19.28 7.57 6.86 6.20 35.0% 38.4%
Monounsaturated FA (g) 22.18 7.30 7.44 6.52 32.8% 35.5%
Polyunsaturated FA (g) 22.64 8.17 3.99 3.97 16.7% 20.9%

19. Contribution from bushmeat (2/2)
Nutrient
Hh without BM Cons BM Cons Nutr value of BM in
Avg SD Avg SD Day 3 Day Avg
Protein (g) 131.72 86.38 96.22 94.51 59.5% 71.4%
Lipids (g) 75.01 21.53 24.04 20.63 30.6% 34.0%
Carbohydrates (g) 188.00 100.20 0.22 0.59 0.2% 0.1%
Saturated FA (g) 19.28 7.57 6.86 6.20 35.0% 38.4%
Monounsaturated FA (g) 22.18 7.30 7.44 6.52 32.8% 35.5%
Polyunsaturated FA (g) 22.64 8.17 3.99 3.97 16.7% 20.9%

20. Discussion
 Bushmeat consumption seems to be gradually
substituted by
 Other protein sources
 Food items that present lower protein and iron contents
 Evidences supported by results of other studies
 Manioc flour continues as staple food
 Nutrition transition in Amazon region
 Poorer diets
 Susceptible to anaemia and chronic health problems

21. Thank you!
flamori@usp.br