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Published by Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory                  ENT-133-09        September 2009



Gardening for Native Bees in Utah and Beyond
                         James H. Cane                                                           Linda Kervin
                Research Entomologist, USDA ARS                                                   Logan, UT
Pollinating Insect-Biology, Management, Systematics Research


  Do You Know?
   • 900 species of native bees reside
     in Utah.
   • Some wild bees are superb
     pollinators of Utah’s tree fruits,
     raspberries, squashes, melons and
     cucumbers.
   • Few of our native bees have
     much venom or any inclination to
     sting.
   • Our native bees use hundreds of
     varieties of garden flowers, many
     of them water-wise.
   • A garden plant need not be
     native to attract and feed native
     bees.




U    tah is home to more than 20 percent
     of the 4,000+ named species of wild
bees that are native to North America.
                                                   Fig. 1. Carder bee (Anthidium) foraging at lavender (Lavendula: Lamiaceae).1

Except for bumblebees and some sweat
bees, our native bees are solitary, not so-
cial, many with just one annual generation
that coincides with bloom by their favorite
floral hosts. In contrast, the familiar honey-
bee is highly social, has perennial colonies,
and was brought to North America by
settlers from Europe. Regardless of these
differences, however, all of our bees need
pollen and nectar from flowers. The sugars
in sweet nectar power their flight; mother
bees also imbibe some nectar to mix with
pollen that they gather. Pollen is fortified
with proteins, oils and minerals that are es-
sential for the diets of their grub-like larvae
back at the nest.

Our flower gardens can become valuable
cafeterias for local populations of diverse
native bees. In our cities and towns, native
plant communities have been displaced              Fig. 2. A pollinator garden can also be water-wise. Purple Penstemon strictus, front,
by pavement, buildings and lawns. In the           firecracker penstemon (P. eatonii), center, and blue flax (Linum perenne), background,
countryside, grain and hay crops likewise          combine to make a pleasing design. 1
offer our native bees little food. Because bees find their
    favorite flowers by their color or scent, a bee garden can
    also be appealing to the homeowner. Many of these
    flowering species are surprisingly easy to grow.

    Some people are fearful of being stung if they attract na-
    tive bees to their yard. In our 25 years of watching bees
    at flowers, we have yet to be stung by any species of
    non-social bees native to North America. We have been
    stung handling honey bees or bumble bees at their colo-
    nies. These social bees are the ones that deliver the most
    painful stings. But even then, we’ve never been stung
    when just watching them at flowers.

    The table of garden plants for native bees (page 4) can
    help guide home gardeners in Utah and across North
    America to genera of flowering plants whose species
    will please gardener and bee alike. In turn, pollination
    services by bees set bumper crops of all of our tree fruits
                                                                    Fig. 3. Nevada bee-plant (Cleome lutea) is a water-wise annual
    and some vegetables too. Native bees also give hours of         native to western U.S., providing pollen in summer to bees such
    pleasant entertainment and distraction as you follow their      as this Anthophora digger bee. 1
    foraging rounds or their amorous pursuits at your flowers.

    The list consists of plant genera, many of whose species
    both attract native bees and are available from standard
    or native seed companies or plant nurseries. In a few
    cases, particularly valuable plants for native bees are
    listed though not yet available commercially. If just be-
    ginning your Utah bee garden, consider species from the
    genera that are bolded in blue italics. These represent
    broadly available, adaptable, and dependable plant
    genera whose blooms reliably attract native bees. Many
    of the genera in the list will not be universally adaptable
    to all climates, soils, and irrigation regimes; you will need
    to make informed decisions from among the genera in
    the list for your local use. If you are trying water-wise (or
    xeriscape) plants from seed, autumn seeding is benefi-
    cial, as many need a cool wet period to elicit germina-         Fig. 4. Mason bees (Osmia) are very important pollinators, and
                                                                    are superior to honey bees in tree fruit orchards. They forage at
    tion. Note that the vast majority of choices are perenni-
                                                                    hundreds of different flowers, including sweetvetch (Hedysarum
    als, in contrast with the many traditional annual bedding       Fabaceae). 1
    plants. You will need to be patient during their first year
    of establishment, weed regularly, and provide occasional
    water as they develop their extensive root systems.

    Be aware of the invasive tendencies of some plant spe-
    cies in your locale. The bachelor’s button or cornflower
    (Centauria cyanus), for instance, is a well-behaved
    garden plant across much of the U.S., but in parts of the
    Pacific Northwest, it has become a naturalized, undesir-
    able weed. If in doubt, please check with your county
    Extension agent or the Utah Department of Agriculture,
    or visit one of the Web sites listed below for introductory
    weed information.
      invader.dbs.umt.edu/Noxious_Weeds, is a searchable
         listing of all U.S. weeds, by state
      www.invasive.org/weedus, “Invasive Plant Atlas of the
         US,” contains images
      wiki.bugwood.org/Invasipedia, lists close to 200 species      Fig. 5. Male Melissodes bees (with distinctive long antennae)
         with detailed information on each                          sleeping on a sunflower head (Helianthus: Asteraceae). 1



UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu                                                                            Page 2
Some popular garden flowers are missing from the list,             The list is a work in progress. If you find errors, oversights
   such as tulips, petunias and marigolds. These and some             or useful refinements, I will be happy to consider your
   other garden flowers have, through years of artificial             suggestions for modification so long as it retains its current
   breeding and selection, lost whatever attraction they              form. You may disseminate the list or modify your copy of
   may have had for bees. That’s no reason not to plant               it for local needs or your personal preferences as you see
   and enjoy them; they just won’t feed bees.                         fit. Happy bee-ing!!




   Fig. 6. The legume, western prairie clover (Dalea ornata), is an   Fig. 7. The native squash bee (Peponapis pruinosa) pollinates
   Intermountain West native, producing pollen for months for bees    most of Utah’s squashes and pumpkins (cucurbits), and is active
   like this bumblebee (Bombus).2                                     primarliy in the early morning hours. 1




   Fig. 8. Fernbush (Chamaebatiaria millefolium) is a native shrub    Fig. 9. Russian sage (Perovskia atriplicifolia) blooms for months,
   with aromatic foliage. 1                                           and is the authors’ favorite pollinator plant. 1




   Fig. 10. Blue hyssop (Agastache: Lamiaceae) blooms in mid to       Fig. 11. Design the pollinator garden with a succession of blooms
   late summer and is very hardy. 1                                   for season-long foraging. 1

UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu                                                                               Page 3
Garden Plant Recommendations for Wild Bees of North America
    This table contains nearly 200 garden plant genera with species whose flowers are sought by wild bees of North America.

     The Code column is useful for Utah gardeners. Some additional species not coded as G or U                Form tells whether the usable
     are suitable for Utah but only in the hot, southernmost climates (e.g. Larrea or creosote bush).         species in the genus are
       G - grows in Utah                                                                                        A - annual
       U - Utah native                                                                                          P - perennial
       W - water-wise                                                                                           S - shrub
       F - food product                                                                                         T - tree
    Plants in bold italic are great choices for Utah gardeners.



     Genus                    Family                    Common Name                       Code          Forms                      Notes
     Abelia                   CAPRIFOLIACEAE            abelia                                            S

     Acacia                   FABACEAE                  acacia                              W            ST

     Acer                     ACERACEAE                 maple                               GU            T

     Achillea                 ASTERACEAE                yarrow                             GUW            P          A. millefolium weedy

     Aconitum                 RANUNCULACEAE             monkshood                           GU            P

     Agastache                LAMIACEAE                 hyssop                              G             P          see Fig. 10

     Ajuga                    LAMIACEAE                 carpet bugle                        G             P

     Allium                   LILIACEAE                 ornamental onions                  GUW            P

     Althea                   MALVACEAE                 hollyhock                           G             P          not double-flowered

     Amelanchier              ROSACEAE                  serviceberry                        GU            S

     Amorpha                  FABACEAE                  false indigo                        G             S

     Anchusa                  BORAGINACEAE              wild forget-me-not                               AP

     Anethum                  APIACEAE                  dill                                G            A

     Aquilegia                RANUNCULACEAE             columbine                           GU            P          not double-flowered

     Arctostaphylos           ERICACEAE                 manzanita                          GUW            S

     Argemone                 PAPAVERACEAE              prickly poppy                      GUW            P

     Armeria                  PLUMBAGINACEAE            sea thrift                          G             P

     Aster                    ASTERACEAE                aster                              GUW            P          not double-flowered

     Astragalus               FABACEAE                  locoweed                           GUW            P

     Baileya                  ASTERACEAE                desert marigold                    GW             P

     Baptisia                 FABACEAE                  wild-indigo                         G             P

     Berberis                 BERBERIDACEAE             barberry                            G             S

     Borago                   BORAGINACEAE              borage                              G            A

     Brassica                 BRASSICACEAE              mustard                             G            A           B. kaber and B. nigra weedy

     Calamintha               LAMIACEAE                 calamint                            G             P

     Calliopsis               ASTERACEAE                annual coreopsis                    G            A           C. tinctoria

     Callirhoe                MALVACEAE                 wine cups                          GW             P

     Calluna                  ERICACEAE                 heather                                           S          needs acidic soils

     Camissonia               ONAGRACEAE                camissonia                          G             P

     Campanula                CAMPANULACEAE             bell flower                         G             P


UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu                                                                                   Page 4
Genus                   Family                 Common Name                 Code   Forms                Notes
     Caragena                FABACEAE               Siberian peashrub            G       S

     Carthamnus              ASTERACEAE             safflower                   GWF     A

     Caryopteris             LAMIACEAE              blue mist spirea            GW       S     esp. C. x clandonensis

     Cassia                  FABACEAE               many now Senna                       T

     Ceanothus               RHAMNACEAE             buckbrush                   GW       S     California species only

     Cercidium               FABACEAE               palo verde                   W       T

     Cercis                  FABACEAE               redbud                       G      ST

     Cercocarpus             ROSACEAE               mountain mahogany           GUW      S

     Chaenomeles             ROSACEAE               flowering quince             G       S

     Chamaebatiaria          ROSACEAE               fernbush                    GUW      S     see Fig. 8

     Chilopsis               BIGNONIACEAE           desert willow                        S

     Chrysothamnus           ASTERACEAE             rabbit brush, chamisa       GUW      S     = Ericameria

     Citrullus               CUCURBITACEAE          watermelon                   GF     A

     Citrus                  RUTACEAE               grapefruit, orange, lemon            T

     Clarkia                 ONAGRACEAE             clarkia                      G      A      not double-flowered

     Cleome                  CLEOMACEAE             bee-plant                   GUW     A      see Fig. 3

     Coreopsis               ASTERACEAE             coreopsis                   GW      AP

     Coriandrum              APIACEAE               coriander                    GF     A

     Coronilla               FABACEAE               crownvetch                   G       P

     Cosmos                  ASTERACEAE             cosmos                       G      AP

     Cucurbita               CUCURBITACEAE          squash, gourd, pumpkin       GF     A      see Fig. 7

     Cuphea                  LYTHRACEAE             false heather                G       S     C. hyssopifolia

     Cydonia                 ROSACEAE               fruiting quince              F       S

     Cynara                  ASTERACEAE             artichoke, cardoon           F       P

     Cynoglossum             BORAGINACEAE           hound's tongue               G       P     C. grande; shade

     Dalea                   FABACEAE               prairie clover              GUW      P     see Fig. 6

                                                    carrot, Queen Anne’s
     Daucus                  APIACEAE                                            GF      P     some weedy
                                                    lace

     Delphinium              RANUNCULACEAE          larkspur                     GU     AP     not double-flowered

     Delosperma              AIZOACEAE              ice plant                   GW       P

     Digitalis               SCROPHULARIACEAE       foxglove                     G       P

     Echinacea               ASTERACEAE             cone flower                  G       P

     Echium                  BORAGINACEAE           Pride of Madera                      P

     Ericameria              ASTERACEAE             rabbit brush, chamisa       GUW      S     E. nauseosa

     Erigeron                ASTERACEAE             fleabane                    GUW      P

     Eriodictyon             HYDROPHYLLACEAE        yerba santa                  W       P

     Eriogonum               POLYGONACEAE           wild buckwheat              GUW     SP

     Eryngium                APIACEAE               sea holly                    G      AP



UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu                                                             Page 5
Genus                   Family                 Common Name                   Code   Forms                Notes
     Erysimum                BRASSICACEAE           wallflower                     GU      P

     Escholzia               PAPAVERACEAE           California poppy              GW       P

     Eupatorium              ASTERACEAE             joe pye weed                   G       P     not E. capillifolium

     Ferocactus              CACTACEAE              barrel cactus                  W       P

     Foeniculum              APIACEAE               fennel                         GF      P     F. vulgare

     Fragaria                ROSACEAE               strawberry                     GF      P

     Fremontodendron         STERCULIACEAE          flannelbush                    W       S

     Gaillardia              ASTERACEAE             blanket flower                GW      AP

     Gaura                   ONAGRACEAE             gaura                         GW       P

     Gentiana                GENTIANACEAE           blue gentian                   GU      P

     Geraea                  ASTERACEAE             desert sunflower               W      A

     Geum                    ROSACEAE               avens, prairie smoke           G       P

     Gilia                   POLEMONIACEAE          gilia                         GUW      P     blue or violet

     Glycyrrhiza             FABACEAE               licorice                               P

                                                    sweetscent, mock
     Hedeoma                 LAMIACEAE                                                     P
                                                    pennyroyal

     Hedysarum               FABACEAE               sweet vetch                   GUW      P     H. boreale; see Fig. 4

     Helenium                ASTERACEAE             sneezeweed                    GW       P

     Helianthella            ASTERACEAE             sunflower                      GU      P

                                                                                                 not double-flowered or
     Helianthus              ASTERACEAE             sunflower                     GUW     AP
                                                                                                 pollen-free; see Fig. 5

     Heliotropium            BORAGINACEAE           heliotrope                     G       P     often grown as annual

     Hibiscus                MALVACEAE              rose-of-sharon, hollyhock      G       S     not double-flowered

     Holodiscus              ROSACEAE               cliff spirea, mountainspray    GU      S

     Hymenoxys               ASTERACEAE             alpine sunflower              GUW      P

     Hyptis                  LAMIACEAE              desert lavendar               GW       S

     Hyssopus                LAMIACEAE              hyssop                        GW       P

     Ilex                    AQUIFOLIACEAE          holly                                 ST     needs acidic soils

     Iliamna                 MALVACEAE              mountain hollyhock             GU      P

     Kallstroemia            ZYGOPHYLLACEAE         Arizona poppy                  W       P

     Keckiella               SCROPHULARIACEAE       bush penstemon                         S

     Lamium                  LAMIACEAE              deadnettle                     G       P     incl. Lamiastrum

     Larrea                  ZYGOPHYLLACEAE         creosote bush                  W       S

     Lathyrus                FABACEAE               sweet pea                      G      AP     a marginal bee plant

     Lavendula               LAMIACEAE              lavendar                      GW       S     see Fig. 1

     Layia                   ASTERACEAE             tidytips                              A

     Lespedeza               FABACEAE               bush clover                    W      PS     esp. L. cuneata

     Lesquerella             BRASSICACEAE           bladderpod                     W      A

     Liatris                 ASTERACEAE             gayfeather                     G       P

UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu                                                               Page 6
Genus                   Family                 Common Name                Code   Forms                Notes
                                                    meadowfoam, fried egg
     Limnanthes              LIMNANTHACEAE                                      G      A
                                                    flower

     Linanthus               POLEMONIACEAE          mountain phlox              W      A

     Linum                   LINACEAE               flax                       GUW     AP     see Fig. 2

     Lotus                   FABACEAE               birdsfoot trefoil, lotus    G       P     good in pastures

     Lycium                  SOLANACEAE             wolfberry                   W       S

     Mahonia                 BERBERIDACEAE          Oregon grape               GUW      S

     Malus                   ROSACEAE               apple, crabapple            GF      T

     Malva                   MALVACEAE              mallow                              P

     Medicago                FABACEAE               alfalfa, medic              G       P     good in pastures

     Melilotus               FABACEAE               sweet clover                G      AP     can be weedy

     Mentha                  LAMIACEAE              mint                        GF      P

     Mentzelia               LOASACEAE              blazing star               GUW      P

     Mertensia               BORAGINACEAE           bluebells                   GU      P

     Mimulus                 SCROPHULARIACEAE       monkey flower               GU      P

     Monarda                 LAMIACEAE              bee balm                    G       P     not red

     Myoporum                MYOPORACEAE            myoporum                    W      ST     M. laetum

     Nemophila               HYDROPHYLLACEAE        blue eyes                   G      A

     Nepeta                  LAMIACEAE              catmint                    GW       P     esp. N. x faassenii

     Ocimum                  LAMIACEAE              basil                       GF     A

     Oenothera               ONAGRACEAE             evening primrose           GUW      P

     Opuntia                 CACTACEAE              pear cactus                GUW      P

     Origanum                LAMIACEAE              oregano                     GF      P

     Oxydendrum              ERICACEAE              sourwood                            T

     Oxytropis               FABACEAE               locoweed                   GUW      P

     Parkinsonia             FABACEAE               Mexican palo verde          W       S

     Pedicularis             SCROPHULARIACEAE       lousewort                   GU      P

                                                                                              P. palmeri, P. strictus, P.
     Penstemon               SCROPHULARIACEAE       penstemon                  GUW      P
                                                                                              eatoni etc.; see Fig. 2

     Perovskia               LAMIACEAE              Russian sage               GW       S     P. atriplicifolia; see Fig. 9

     Petalostemon            FABACEAE               prairie clover             GUW      P     = Dalea

     Phacelia                HYDROPHYLLACEAE        bluebells, scorpionweed    GW      A

     Phyllodoce              ERICACEAE              mountain-heath                      S     needs acidic soil

     Physocarpus             ROSACEAE               ninebark                   GUW      S

     Physostegia             LAMIACEAE              obedient plant              G       P

     Pieris                  ERICACEAE              fetterbush                          S     needs acidic soil

     Platystemon             PAPAVERACEAE           creamcups                          A

     Polemonium              POLEMONEACEAE          Jacob's ladder              GU      P

     Pontederia              PONTEDERIACEAE         pickerelweed                        P     an aquatic plant

UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu                                                                  Page 7
Genus                  Family                  Common Name              Code   Forms              Notes
      Prosopis               FABACEAE                mesquite                  W      ST

      Prunella               LAMIACEAE               henbit                    G       P     some weedy

      Prunus                 ROSACEAE                cherry, plum, apricot    GUF     ST     not double-flowered

      Psorothamnus           FABACEAE                indigobush                W       S

      Purshia                ROSACEAE                cliff rose               GUW      S

      Pycnanthemum           LAMIACEAE               mountain mint             G       P

      Raphanus               BRASSICACEAE            mustard                          A

      Ratibida               ASTERACEAE              Mexican hat              GW       P

      Rhamnus                RHAMNACEAE              buckthorn                 G       S

      Rhus                   ANACARDIACEAE           sumac                    GUW      S

      Ribes                  GROSSULARIACEAE         currant                  GUF      S     esp. R. aureum

      Robinia                FABACEAE                black locust              G       T

      Romneya                PAPAVERACEAE            Matilija poppy                    P

                                                     rugosa-type and wild                    not double-flowered, some
      Rosa                   ROSACEAE                                          GU      P
                                                     roses                                   weedy

      Rosmarinus             LAMIACEAE               rosemary                  GF      S

                                                     raspberry, blackberry,
      Rubus                  ROSACEAE                                         GUF      P     some weedy
                                                     brambles

      Rudbeckia              ASTERACEAE              black-eyed susan          GU      P

                                                                                             pussywillow, not weeping
      Salix                  SALICACEAE              willow                    GU     ST
                                                                                             willow

      Salvia                 LAMIACEAE               sage                      G      PS     blue or violet

      Sambucus               CAPRIFOLIACEAE          elderberry                GU      S

      Scabiosa               DIPSACEAE               pincushion flower         G       P     not double-flowered

      Sedum                  CRASSULACEAE            sedum, stonecrop         GUW      P

      Senecio                ASTERACEAE              butterweed,               W       P

      Senna                  FABACEAE                senna                             S

      Sidalcea               MALVACEAE               checkermallow            GUW      P

      Solanum                SOLANACEAE              nightshade                G      PS     some weedy

      Solidago               ASTERACEAE              goldenrod                GUW      P

      Sphaeralcea            MALVACEAE               globemallow              GUW      P

      Spiraea                ROSACEAE                spirea                    G       S

      Stachys                LAMIACEAE               lamb's ear                GX      P

      Stanleya               BRASSICACEAE            prince's plume           GUW      P

      Sympytum               BORAGINACEAE            comfrey                   G       P     can be weedy

      Talinum                PORTULACACEAE           fameflower                        P

      Tanacetum              ASTERACEAE              tansy                     G       P

      Tecoma                 BIGNONIACEAE            yellow trumpet bush               S

      Teucrium               LAMIACEAE               germander                 G       P


UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu                                                             Page 8
Genus                            Family                            Common Name                                  Code           Forms                            Notes
      Thermopsis                       FABACEAE                          false lupine, golden pea                        GU               P

      Thymus                           LAMIACEAE                         thyme                                         GWF                P

      Tilia                            TILIACEAE                         basswood, linden                                 G               T

      Tithonia                         ASTERACEAE                        Mexican sunflower                                G              A

      Trichostema                      LAMIACEAE                         bluecurls                                       W                S

      Trifolium                        FABACEAE                          clover                                           G               P         good in pastures

                                                                         blueberry, cranberry,                                                      needs acidic soil; widely
      Vaccinium                        ERICACEAE                                                                          G               S
                                                                         huckleberry                                                                attractive

      Valeriana                        VALERIANACEAE                     valerian                                        GU               P

      Verbena                          VERBENACEAE                       verbena                                        GW                P         not red

      Verbesina                        ASTERACEAE                        golden crownbeard                             GUW                P

      Veronica                         SCROPHULARIACEAE                  speedwell, veronica                            GW                P

      Viburnum                         CAPRIFOLIACEAE                    arrowood, snowball bush                                          S

      Vicia                            FABACEAE                          vetch                                           GU               P         good in pastures

      Viguiera                         ASTERACEAE                        showy golden-eye                              GUW                P

      Viola                            VIOLACEAE                         violets                                         GU             AP          not pansies

      Wyethia                          ASTERACEAE                        mules ear                                     GUW                P

      Zinnia                           ASTERACEAE                        zinnia                                         GW              AP          not double-flowered




                                         resources for Utah and intermountain west
     Web sites                                                                                           Books
     Intermountain Native Plant Growers Association, with                                                Sunset Guide to Western Gardening, by Sunset Editors
     information on the program, “Utah’s Choice”: click here
                                                                                                         Weeds of the West, by Tom Whitson
     UC-Berkeley’s “Guide to Bee-Friendly Gardens”: click
     here                                                                                                Landscaping on the New Frontier: Waterwise Design for
                                                                                                         the Intermountain West, by Susan Meyer, Roger Kjelgren,
                                                                                                         Darrel Morrison, William Varga, and Bettina Schultz
     Places to Visit
     Pollinator Garden at USU Campus, Logan                                                              Waterwise: Native Plants for Intermountain Landscapes,
                                                                                                         by Richard Sutton, Craig Johnson, Wendy Mee, Jared
     Conservation Garden Park at Jordan Valley, West Jordan,                                             Barnes, Roger Kjelgren, Teresa Cerny
     UT, click here for Web site

     Red Butte Botanical Garden, SLC, click here for Web site

     Washington County Water Conservancy District demon-
     stration garden, 1851 Dixie Drive, St. George, UT



     James H. Cane                                                                                                                                       1
                                                                                                                                                             Images courtesy of Jim Cane
     Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Biology, USU                                                                                                            2
                                                                                                                                                             Image courtesy of Kevin Connors
     USDA-ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Lab
     Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
     www.ars.usda.gov/npa/beelab

     Utah State University is committed to providing an environment free from harassment and other forms of illegal discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age
     (40 and older), disability, and veteran’s status. USU’s policy also prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in employment and academic related practices and deci-
     sions. Utah State University employees and students cannot, because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or veteran’s status, refuse to hire; discharge; promote;
     demote; terminate; discriminate in compensation; or discriminate regarding terms, privileges, or conditions of employment, against any person otherwise qualified. Employees and
     students also cannot discriminate in the classroom, residence halls, or in on/off campus, USU-sponsored events and activities. This publication is issued in furtherance of Cooperative
     Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Dept. of Ag., Noelle E. Cockett, Vice President for Extension and Agriculture, Utah State University.

                                                                           Fact Sheet Series: Beneficial Insects
UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu               T: 435.797.2435 F: 435.797.8197                                                                                      Page 9

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Gardening for Native Bees in Utah and Beyond

  • 1. Published by Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory ENT-133-09 September 2009 Gardening for Native Bees in Utah and Beyond James H. Cane Linda Kervin Research Entomologist, USDA ARS Logan, UT Pollinating Insect-Biology, Management, Systematics Research Do You Know? • 900 species of native bees reside in Utah. • Some wild bees are superb pollinators of Utah’s tree fruits, raspberries, squashes, melons and cucumbers. • Few of our native bees have much venom or any inclination to sting. • Our native bees use hundreds of varieties of garden flowers, many of them water-wise. • A garden plant need not be native to attract and feed native bees. U tah is home to more than 20 percent of the 4,000+ named species of wild bees that are native to North America. Fig. 1. Carder bee (Anthidium) foraging at lavender (Lavendula: Lamiaceae).1 Except for bumblebees and some sweat bees, our native bees are solitary, not so- cial, many with just one annual generation that coincides with bloom by their favorite floral hosts. In contrast, the familiar honey- bee is highly social, has perennial colonies, and was brought to North America by settlers from Europe. Regardless of these differences, however, all of our bees need pollen and nectar from flowers. The sugars in sweet nectar power their flight; mother bees also imbibe some nectar to mix with pollen that they gather. Pollen is fortified with proteins, oils and minerals that are es- sential for the diets of their grub-like larvae back at the nest. Our flower gardens can become valuable cafeterias for local populations of diverse native bees. In our cities and towns, native plant communities have been displaced Fig. 2. A pollinator garden can also be water-wise. Purple Penstemon strictus, front, by pavement, buildings and lawns. In the firecracker penstemon (P. eatonii), center, and blue flax (Linum perenne), background, countryside, grain and hay crops likewise combine to make a pleasing design. 1
  • 2. offer our native bees little food. Because bees find their favorite flowers by their color or scent, a bee garden can also be appealing to the homeowner. Many of these flowering species are surprisingly easy to grow. Some people are fearful of being stung if they attract na- tive bees to their yard. In our 25 years of watching bees at flowers, we have yet to be stung by any species of non-social bees native to North America. We have been stung handling honey bees or bumble bees at their colo- nies. These social bees are the ones that deliver the most painful stings. But even then, we’ve never been stung when just watching them at flowers. The table of garden plants for native bees (page 4) can help guide home gardeners in Utah and across North America to genera of flowering plants whose species will please gardener and bee alike. In turn, pollination services by bees set bumper crops of all of our tree fruits Fig. 3. Nevada bee-plant (Cleome lutea) is a water-wise annual and some vegetables too. Native bees also give hours of native to western U.S., providing pollen in summer to bees such pleasant entertainment and distraction as you follow their as this Anthophora digger bee. 1 foraging rounds or their amorous pursuits at your flowers. The list consists of plant genera, many of whose species both attract native bees and are available from standard or native seed companies or plant nurseries. In a few cases, particularly valuable plants for native bees are listed though not yet available commercially. If just be- ginning your Utah bee garden, consider species from the genera that are bolded in blue italics. These represent broadly available, adaptable, and dependable plant genera whose blooms reliably attract native bees. Many of the genera in the list will not be universally adaptable to all climates, soils, and irrigation regimes; you will need to make informed decisions from among the genera in the list for your local use. If you are trying water-wise (or xeriscape) plants from seed, autumn seeding is benefi- cial, as many need a cool wet period to elicit germina- Fig. 4. Mason bees (Osmia) are very important pollinators, and are superior to honey bees in tree fruit orchards. They forage at tion. Note that the vast majority of choices are perenni- hundreds of different flowers, including sweetvetch (Hedysarum als, in contrast with the many traditional annual bedding Fabaceae). 1 plants. You will need to be patient during their first year of establishment, weed regularly, and provide occasional water as they develop their extensive root systems. Be aware of the invasive tendencies of some plant spe- cies in your locale. The bachelor’s button or cornflower (Centauria cyanus), for instance, is a well-behaved garden plant across much of the U.S., but in parts of the Pacific Northwest, it has become a naturalized, undesir- able weed. If in doubt, please check with your county Extension agent or the Utah Department of Agriculture, or visit one of the Web sites listed below for introductory weed information. invader.dbs.umt.edu/Noxious_Weeds, is a searchable listing of all U.S. weeds, by state www.invasive.org/weedus, “Invasive Plant Atlas of the US,” contains images wiki.bugwood.org/Invasipedia, lists close to 200 species Fig. 5. Male Melissodes bees (with distinctive long antennae) with detailed information on each sleeping on a sunflower head (Helianthus: Asteraceae). 1 UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu Page 2
  • 3. Some popular garden flowers are missing from the list, The list is a work in progress. If you find errors, oversights such as tulips, petunias and marigolds. These and some or useful refinements, I will be happy to consider your other garden flowers have, through years of artificial suggestions for modification so long as it retains its current breeding and selection, lost whatever attraction they form. You may disseminate the list or modify your copy of may have had for bees. That’s no reason not to plant it for local needs or your personal preferences as you see and enjoy them; they just won’t feed bees. fit. Happy bee-ing!! Fig. 6. The legume, western prairie clover (Dalea ornata), is an Fig. 7. The native squash bee (Peponapis pruinosa) pollinates Intermountain West native, producing pollen for months for bees most of Utah’s squashes and pumpkins (cucurbits), and is active like this bumblebee (Bombus).2 primarliy in the early morning hours. 1 Fig. 8. Fernbush (Chamaebatiaria millefolium) is a native shrub Fig. 9. Russian sage (Perovskia atriplicifolia) blooms for months, with aromatic foliage. 1 and is the authors’ favorite pollinator plant. 1 Fig. 10. Blue hyssop (Agastache: Lamiaceae) blooms in mid to Fig. 11. Design the pollinator garden with a succession of blooms late summer and is very hardy. 1 for season-long foraging. 1 UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu Page 3
  • 4. Garden Plant Recommendations for Wild Bees of North America This table contains nearly 200 garden plant genera with species whose flowers are sought by wild bees of North America. The Code column is useful for Utah gardeners. Some additional species not coded as G or U Form tells whether the usable are suitable for Utah but only in the hot, southernmost climates (e.g. Larrea or creosote bush). species in the genus are G - grows in Utah A - annual U - Utah native P - perennial W - water-wise S - shrub F - food product T - tree Plants in bold italic are great choices for Utah gardeners. Genus Family Common Name Code Forms Notes Abelia CAPRIFOLIACEAE abelia S Acacia FABACEAE acacia W ST Acer ACERACEAE maple GU T Achillea ASTERACEAE yarrow GUW P A. millefolium weedy Aconitum RANUNCULACEAE monkshood GU P Agastache LAMIACEAE hyssop G P see Fig. 10 Ajuga LAMIACEAE carpet bugle G P Allium LILIACEAE ornamental onions GUW P Althea MALVACEAE hollyhock G P not double-flowered Amelanchier ROSACEAE serviceberry GU S Amorpha FABACEAE false indigo G S Anchusa BORAGINACEAE wild forget-me-not AP Anethum APIACEAE dill G A Aquilegia RANUNCULACEAE columbine GU P not double-flowered Arctostaphylos ERICACEAE manzanita GUW S Argemone PAPAVERACEAE prickly poppy GUW P Armeria PLUMBAGINACEAE sea thrift G P Aster ASTERACEAE aster GUW P not double-flowered Astragalus FABACEAE locoweed GUW P Baileya ASTERACEAE desert marigold GW P Baptisia FABACEAE wild-indigo G P Berberis BERBERIDACEAE barberry G S Borago BORAGINACEAE borage G A Brassica BRASSICACEAE mustard G A B. kaber and B. nigra weedy Calamintha LAMIACEAE calamint G P Calliopsis ASTERACEAE annual coreopsis G A C. tinctoria Callirhoe MALVACEAE wine cups GW P Calluna ERICACEAE heather S needs acidic soils Camissonia ONAGRACEAE camissonia G P Campanula CAMPANULACEAE bell flower G P UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu Page 4
  • 5. Genus Family Common Name Code Forms Notes Caragena FABACEAE Siberian peashrub G S Carthamnus ASTERACEAE safflower GWF A Caryopteris LAMIACEAE blue mist spirea GW S esp. C. x clandonensis Cassia FABACEAE many now Senna T Ceanothus RHAMNACEAE buckbrush GW S California species only Cercidium FABACEAE palo verde W T Cercis FABACEAE redbud G ST Cercocarpus ROSACEAE mountain mahogany GUW S Chaenomeles ROSACEAE flowering quince G S Chamaebatiaria ROSACEAE fernbush GUW S see Fig. 8 Chilopsis BIGNONIACEAE desert willow S Chrysothamnus ASTERACEAE rabbit brush, chamisa GUW S = Ericameria Citrullus CUCURBITACEAE watermelon GF A Citrus RUTACEAE grapefruit, orange, lemon T Clarkia ONAGRACEAE clarkia G A not double-flowered Cleome CLEOMACEAE bee-plant GUW A see Fig. 3 Coreopsis ASTERACEAE coreopsis GW AP Coriandrum APIACEAE coriander GF A Coronilla FABACEAE crownvetch G P Cosmos ASTERACEAE cosmos G AP Cucurbita CUCURBITACEAE squash, gourd, pumpkin GF A see Fig. 7 Cuphea LYTHRACEAE false heather G S C. hyssopifolia Cydonia ROSACEAE fruiting quince F S Cynara ASTERACEAE artichoke, cardoon F P Cynoglossum BORAGINACEAE hound's tongue G P C. grande; shade Dalea FABACEAE prairie clover GUW P see Fig. 6 carrot, Queen Anne’s Daucus APIACEAE GF P some weedy lace Delphinium RANUNCULACEAE larkspur GU AP not double-flowered Delosperma AIZOACEAE ice plant GW P Digitalis SCROPHULARIACEAE foxglove G P Echinacea ASTERACEAE cone flower G P Echium BORAGINACEAE Pride of Madera P Ericameria ASTERACEAE rabbit brush, chamisa GUW S E. nauseosa Erigeron ASTERACEAE fleabane GUW P Eriodictyon HYDROPHYLLACEAE yerba santa W P Eriogonum POLYGONACEAE wild buckwheat GUW SP Eryngium APIACEAE sea holly G AP UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu Page 5
  • 6. Genus Family Common Name Code Forms Notes Erysimum BRASSICACEAE wallflower GU P Escholzia PAPAVERACEAE California poppy GW P Eupatorium ASTERACEAE joe pye weed G P not E. capillifolium Ferocactus CACTACEAE barrel cactus W P Foeniculum APIACEAE fennel GF P F. vulgare Fragaria ROSACEAE strawberry GF P Fremontodendron STERCULIACEAE flannelbush W S Gaillardia ASTERACEAE blanket flower GW AP Gaura ONAGRACEAE gaura GW P Gentiana GENTIANACEAE blue gentian GU P Geraea ASTERACEAE desert sunflower W A Geum ROSACEAE avens, prairie smoke G P Gilia POLEMONIACEAE gilia GUW P blue or violet Glycyrrhiza FABACEAE licorice P sweetscent, mock Hedeoma LAMIACEAE P pennyroyal Hedysarum FABACEAE sweet vetch GUW P H. boreale; see Fig. 4 Helenium ASTERACEAE sneezeweed GW P Helianthella ASTERACEAE sunflower GU P not double-flowered or Helianthus ASTERACEAE sunflower GUW AP pollen-free; see Fig. 5 Heliotropium BORAGINACEAE heliotrope G P often grown as annual Hibiscus MALVACEAE rose-of-sharon, hollyhock G S not double-flowered Holodiscus ROSACEAE cliff spirea, mountainspray GU S Hymenoxys ASTERACEAE alpine sunflower GUW P Hyptis LAMIACEAE desert lavendar GW S Hyssopus LAMIACEAE hyssop GW P Ilex AQUIFOLIACEAE holly ST needs acidic soils Iliamna MALVACEAE mountain hollyhock GU P Kallstroemia ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Arizona poppy W P Keckiella SCROPHULARIACEAE bush penstemon S Lamium LAMIACEAE deadnettle G P incl. Lamiastrum Larrea ZYGOPHYLLACEAE creosote bush W S Lathyrus FABACEAE sweet pea G AP a marginal bee plant Lavendula LAMIACEAE lavendar GW S see Fig. 1 Layia ASTERACEAE tidytips A Lespedeza FABACEAE bush clover W PS esp. L. cuneata Lesquerella BRASSICACEAE bladderpod W A Liatris ASTERACEAE gayfeather G P UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu Page 6
  • 7. Genus Family Common Name Code Forms Notes meadowfoam, fried egg Limnanthes LIMNANTHACEAE G A flower Linanthus POLEMONIACEAE mountain phlox W A Linum LINACEAE flax GUW AP see Fig. 2 Lotus FABACEAE birdsfoot trefoil, lotus G P good in pastures Lycium SOLANACEAE wolfberry W S Mahonia BERBERIDACEAE Oregon grape GUW S Malus ROSACEAE apple, crabapple GF T Malva MALVACEAE mallow P Medicago FABACEAE alfalfa, medic G P good in pastures Melilotus FABACEAE sweet clover G AP can be weedy Mentha LAMIACEAE mint GF P Mentzelia LOASACEAE blazing star GUW P Mertensia BORAGINACEAE bluebells GU P Mimulus SCROPHULARIACEAE monkey flower GU P Monarda LAMIACEAE bee balm G P not red Myoporum MYOPORACEAE myoporum W ST M. laetum Nemophila HYDROPHYLLACEAE blue eyes G A Nepeta LAMIACEAE catmint GW P esp. N. x faassenii Ocimum LAMIACEAE basil GF A Oenothera ONAGRACEAE evening primrose GUW P Opuntia CACTACEAE pear cactus GUW P Origanum LAMIACEAE oregano GF P Oxydendrum ERICACEAE sourwood T Oxytropis FABACEAE locoweed GUW P Parkinsonia FABACEAE Mexican palo verde W S Pedicularis SCROPHULARIACEAE lousewort GU P P. palmeri, P. strictus, P. Penstemon SCROPHULARIACEAE penstemon GUW P eatoni etc.; see Fig. 2 Perovskia LAMIACEAE Russian sage GW S P. atriplicifolia; see Fig. 9 Petalostemon FABACEAE prairie clover GUW P = Dalea Phacelia HYDROPHYLLACEAE bluebells, scorpionweed GW A Phyllodoce ERICACEAE mountain-heath S needs acidic soil Physocarpus ROSACEAE ninebark GUW S Physostegia LAMIACEAE obedient plant G P Pieris ERICACEAE fetterbush S needs acidic soil Platystemon PAPAVERACEAE creamcups A Polemonium POLEMONEACEAE Jacob's ladder GU P Pontederia PONTEDERIACEAE pickerelweed P an aquatic plant UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu Page 7
  • 8. Genus Family Common Name Code Forms Notes Prosopis FABACEAE mesquite W ST Prunella LAMIACEAE henbit G P some weedy Prunus ROSACEAE cherry, plum, apricot GUF ST not double-flowered Psorothamnus FABACEAE indigobush W S Purshia ROSACEAE cliff rose GUW S Pycnanthemum LAMIACEAE mountain mint G P Raphanus BRASSICACEAE mustard A Ratibida ASTERACEAE Mexican hat GW P Rhamnus RHAMNACEAE buckthorn G S Rhus ANACARDIACEAE sumac GUW S Ribes GROSSULARIACEAE currant GUF S esp. R. aureum Robinia FABACEAE black locust G T Romneya PAPAVERACEAE Matilija poppy P rugosa-type and wild not double-flowered, some Rosa ROSACEAE GU P roses weedy Rosmarinus LAMIACEAE rosemary GF S raspberry, blackberry, Rubus ROSACEAE GUF P some weedy brambles Rudbeckia ASTERACEAE black-eyed susan GU P pussywillow, not weeping Salix SALICACEAE willow GU ST willow Salvia LAMIACEAE sage G PS blue or violet Sambucus CAPRIFOLIACEAE elderberry GU S Scabiosa DIPSACEAE pincushion flower G P not double-flowered Sedum CRASSULACEAE sedum, stonecrop GUW P Senecio ASTERACEAE butterweed, W P Senna FABACEAE senna S Sidalcea MALVACEAE checkermallow GUW P Solanum SOLANACEAE nightshade G PS some weedy Solidago ASTERACEAE goldenrod GUW P Sphaeralcea MALVACEAE globemallow GUW P Spiraea ROSACEAE spirea G S Stachys LAMIACEAE lamb's ear GX P Stanleya BRASSICACEAE prince's plume GUW P Sympytum BORAGINACEAE comfrey G P can be weedy Talinum PORTULACACEAE fameflower P Tanacetum ASTERACEAE tansy G P Tecoma BIGNONIACEAE yellow trumpet bush S Teucrium LAMIACEAE germander G P UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu Page 8
  • 9. Genus Family Common Name Code Forms Notes Thermopsis FABACEAE false lupine, golden pea GU P Thymus LAMIACEAE thyme GWF P Tilia TILIACEAE basswood, linden G T Tithonia ASTERACEAE Mexican sunflower G A Trichostema LAMIACEAE bluecurls W S Trifolium FABACEAE clover G P good in pastures blueberry, cranberry, needs acidic soil; widely Vaccinium ERICACEAE G S huckleberry attractive Valeriana VALERIANACEAE valerian GU P Verbena VERBENACEAE verbena GW P not red Verbesina ASTERACEAE golden crownbeard GUW P Veronica SCROPHULARIACEAE speedwell, veronica GW P Viburnum CAPRIFOLIACEAE arrowood, snowball bush S Vicia FABACEAE vetch GU P good in pastures Viguiera ASTERACEAE showy golden-eye GUW P Viola VIOLACEAE violets GU AP not pansies Wyethia ASTERACEAE mules ear GUW P Zinnia ASTERACEAE zinnia GW AP not double-flowered resources for Utah and intermountain west Web sites Books Intermountain Native Plant Growers Association, with Sunset Guide to Western Gardening, by Sunset Editors information on the program, “Utah’s Choice”: click here Weeds of the West, by Tom Whitson UC-Berkeley’s “Guide to Bee-Friendly Gardens”: click here Landscaping on the New Frontier: Waterwise Design for the Intermountain West, by Susan Meyer, Roger Kjelgren, Darrel Morrison, William Varga, and Bettina Schultz Places to Visit Pollinator Garden at USU Campus, Logan Waterwise: Native Plants for Intermountain Landscapes, by Richard Sutton, Craig Johnson, Wendy Mee, Jared Conservation Garden Park at Jordan Valley, West Jordan, Barnes, Roger Kjelgren, Teresa Cerny UT, click here for Web site Red Butte Botanical Garden, SLC, click here for Web site Washington County Water Conservancy District demon- stration garden, 1851 Dixie Drive, St. George, UT James H. Cane 1 Images courtesy of Jim Cane Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Biology, USU 2 Image courtesy of Kevin Connors USDA-ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Lab Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA www.ars.usda.gov/npa/beelab Utah State University is committed to providing an environment free from harassment and other forms of illegal discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age (40 and older), disability, and veteran’s status. USU’s policy also prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in employment and academic related practices and deci- sions. Utah State University employees and students cannot, because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or veteran’s status, refuse to hire; discharge; promote; demote; terminate; discriminate in compensation; or discriminate regarding terms, privileges, or conditions of employment, against any person otherwise qualified. Employees and students also cannot discriminate in the classroom, residence halls, or in on/off campus, USU-sponsored events and activities. This publication is issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Dept. of Ag., Noelle E. Cockett, Vice President for Extension and Agriculture, Utah State University. Fact Sheet Series: Beneficial Insects UPPDL, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT 84322, utahpests.usu.edu T: 435.797.2435 F: 435.797.8197 Page 9