This document provides an overview of a presentation about free libre open source software (FLOSS). The presentation discusses the ethics of software freedom, different software and development models, and various business models for FLOSS. It provides examples of successful FLOSS projects like Linux, Firefox, OpenOffice, Drupal, and others. The presentation addresses why FLOSS is not used more widely and argues that its total cost of ownership can be lower than closed source software.

1. Free Libre
Open Source Software
Prof. dr. Frederik Questier
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Guest Lecture for the course
Business Aspects
of Software Industry
19th of May 2011

2. This presentation can be found at
http://questier.com
http://www.slideshare.net/Frederik_Questier

4. Contents
➢ Ethics
➢ Software model
➢ Development model
➢ Business models
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 4 4

5. Our social responsibility:
how open is the future?
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 5 5

6. Early software days
➢ In the 1950s and into the 1960s almost all software
was produced by computer science academics and
corporate researchers working in collaboration.
➢ Source code was generally distributed with the
software
➢ IBM “SHARE” user group
➢ Digital Equipment Computer Users' Society (DECUS)
Source code: if encrypt(password) == encryptedpassword, then login=1, end
Compiled code: 00100101110101001100110000111101100011000111000110101

7. Open Letter to
Hobbyists:
“Your sharing is
stealing”
Bill Gates, 1976

8. "The most fundamental
way of helping other
people,
is to teach people
how to do things better
or how to better their
lives.
For people
who use computers,
this means sharing
the recipes
you use on your
computer,
in other words
the programs you run."
8

9. 1980's: RMS defined
“Free Software”
➢ The freedom to
➢ use
➢ study
➢ distribute
➢ improve
the program
9

10. Free Software Licenses
➢ The freedoms are guaranteed and enforced by licenses,
e.g.
➢ GNU GPL (General Public License)
➢ The 4 freedoms + copyleft (share alike)
➢ if binary offered, source code must be offered too
➢ (on request, at low cost)
➢ must stay GPL.
➢ BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)
➢ Attribution
➢ No copyleft requirements for distribution
➢ BSD code often in closed source software (MS, Mac, ...)
➢ Apple Public Source License v2
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 10 10

11. 1998: “Open Source” sounds
better as “Free Software”?

12. Different kinds of software
➢ Proprietary software (closed source – 'commercial')
➢ $$$
➢ Shareware
➢ x days for free, afterwards $
➢ Adware
➢ for free, with ads
➢ Freeware
➢ for free (small projects and often spyware!)
➢ Free Software / Open Source Software
➢ Free as in Freedom, not as in free beer
➢ OSS, FOSS, FLOSS (Free Libre Open Source Software)
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 12 12

13. 1991 comp sci
student
Usenet posting to the
newsgroup
"comp.os.minix.":
“I'm doing a (free)
operating system (just a
hobby, won't be big and
professional like gnu) for
386(486) AT clones.”

14. 6117 persons, 659 companies
have contributed to Linux kernel

15. Linus Torvalds
“Making Linux GPL'd
was definitely
the best thing I ever did.”
15

16. "Congratulations, you're on the winning team.
Linux has crossed the chasm to mainstream adoption."
➢ Jeffrey Hammond, principal analyst at Forrester Research,
LinuxCon, 2010
“Linux has come to dominate almost every category of
computing, with the exception of the desktop”
➢ Jim Zemlin, Linux Foundation Executive Director, 2011

17. Linux runs 92% of Top 500 Super Computers

18. Top 20 of 381 Linux Distributions
tracked by distrowatch.com

19. Copyleft Frederik Questier, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 19

21. Copyleft Frederik Questier, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 21

22. Copyleft Frederik Questier, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 22

23. Open Source
browsers
dominate!

24. ➢ Compatible with MS Office
➢ Cross-platform (Win, Linux, Mac, ...)
➢ Open document Format (ODF)
➢ XML based, OASIS & ISO standard
➢ PDF & Flash export
➢ Bibliographic manager
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 24 24

26. Drupal meeting
Antwerp 2005

27. Drupalcon DC 2009

28. Drupal
Content Management Platform
➢ Powers 2% of websites
➢ USA White House, MTV UK, Sony Music, Al Jazeera, ...
➢ 1111 themes
➢ 9732 modules
➢ 7815 developers
➢ 1M registered users on drupal.org
➢ 2M/month unique visitors on drupal.org

30. ➢ Founded 2007
➢ $23.5 million venture capital
➢ 700 enterprise customers
➢ 109 employees
➢ quarterly revenue increased 300 percent
between the first quarters of 2010 and 2011

31. My personal example
31

32. 1998: how it started
➢ In a Belgian University
➢ many people were frustrated
by the inflexible, non-free elearning systems
they had to use
➢ Prof. dr. Thomas Depraetere
➢ starts the Claroline e-learning platform
➢ publishes it as Free Software
➢ got grants for it
32

33. 2004: fork 1
original author wants to break free
➢ Growing number of users
➢ outside the university
➢ requesting professional services
➢ Prof. dr. Thomas Depraetere
➢ starts a company, Dokeos
➢ can't call it Claroline, cause university has trademark
➢ can reuse software code, as it is Free !!!
33

34. 2010: fork 2
the community wants to break free
34

35. Automated Chamilo analysis
by Ohloh.net
35

36. 36

37. Yes, there is a
huge world of FLOSS communities
37

38. Build and Manage
a Community?
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 38 38

39. Development
Linus Torvalds' style
release early and often
delegate everything you can
be open to the point of promiscuity
Linus' Law
"given enough eyeballs,
all bugs are shallow."
39

40. Book published under
Open Publication License
19 lessons for open source
development
Commercial development
= Cathedral style
Open Source development
= Bazaar style
40

41. The Cathedral and the Bazaar
about developers
1. Every good work of software
starts by scratching a developer's personal itch.
2. Good programmers know what to write.
Great ones know what to rewrite (and reuse).
41

42. The Cathedral and the Bazaar
about users
6. Treating your users as co-developers is your least-hassle
route to rapid code improvement and effective debugging.
7. Release early. Release often. And listen to your customers.
8. Given a large enough beta-tester and co-developer base,
almost every problem will be characterized quickly
and the fix obvious to someone.
11. The next best thing to having good ideas is
recognizing good ideas from your users.
Sometimes the latter is better.
42

43. The Cathedral and the Bazaar
about development
17. A security system is only as secure as its secret.
Beware of pseudo-secrets.
18. To solve an interesting problem,
start by finding a problem that is interesting to you.
19. Provided the development coordinator
has a medium at least as good as the Internet,
and knows how to lead without coercion,
many heads are inevitably better than one.
43

44. FLOSS characteristics
User friendly ← written by users for users
Cross-platform ← recompile source code
High development pace ← reuse of best modules
High quality ← peer review, reuse = survival of the fittest
High security ← peer review, Unix origin, modular, encryption
Copyleft Frederik Questier, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 44

45. 45

46. 46

47. Business ?
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 47 47

48. Gartner:
“24% of software market”
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 48 48

49. Study on Economic impact
Study on the Economic impact of open source software on innovation
and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU, 2006, R.A. Ghosh, UNU-MERIT, NL.
et al., 287 pp.
➢
FLOSS applications are 1st, 2nd, 3rd in many markets
➢ High market penetration
➢ 65% written by individuals, 15% companies, 20% other
institutions
➢ FLOSS code base = $12B
➢ FLOSS code base = 131000 programmers years
➢ FLOSS code base doubles every 18-24 months
➢ Proprietary software firms only responsible for 10% of
total software developers, so no cannibalisation fear
➢ FLOSS can save companies 36% on R&D costs
➢ Unique (European) opportunities to create new software
businesses
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 49 49

50. Study on Economic impact
Study on the Economic impact of open source software on innovation
and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU, 2006, R.A. Ghosh, UNU-MERIT, NL.
et al., 287 pp.
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 50 50

51. Study on Economic impact
Study on the Economic impact of open source software on innovation
and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU, 2006, R.A. Ghosh, UNU-MERIT, NL.
et al., 287 pp.
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 51 51

52. "Open Source: Why Freedom
Makes a Better Business Model"
Mårten Mickos, CEO MySQL, 2009
➢ FLOSS
➢ is
➢ not against ownership
➢ not anti-commercial
➢ not a business model
➢ but is
➢ a smarter way to produce the goods
➢ a smarter way to distribute the goods
➢ Differentiation!
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 52 52

53. Success in FLOSS requires you to serve
➢ those who spend time to save money
➢ those who spend money to save time
-- Mårten Mickos, CEO MySQL
53

54. "Open Source: Why Freedom
Makes a Better Business Model"
Mårten Mickos, CEO MySQL, 2009
➢ Software freedom allows you to tap
into innovation power and network effects
otherwise not available
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 54 54

55. Creating wealth by sharing
"Seven open source business strategies for competitive advantage”
John Koenig, IT Manager's Journal, 2004
“Companies continue to
waste their development
dollars on software
functionality that is
otherwise free and
available through Open
Source. They persist in
buying third-party
proprietary platforms or
creating their own
proprietary development
platforms that deliver
marginal product
differentiation and limited
value to customers”
Picture reproduced with permission
55

56. Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 56 56

57. Android

60. business models
www.flossmetrics.org/ 2009
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 60 60

61. The possible effects
Example: extremadura
➢ poorly developed region → economic revival
➢ based on FLOSS (customized GNU/LinEx)
➢ computer access for every student
➢ saved >18M € on initial 80,000 school computers
➢ total software cost: 1.08 Euro/PC/year
➢ bigger project
➢ stimuli for companies, centres for citizens
➢ economic revival -> European regional innovation award
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 61 61

62. Reflection task
➢ Why would you open source your (company) software?
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 62 62

63. Joachim
Henkel,
2004
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 63 63

64. What are problems with
closed source software?
➢ No (external) quality control on the source code
➢ Backdoors?
➢ Combined with secret formats → data lock-in
➢ Vendor lock-in
➢ Monopolies and abuse of it
➢ Security through obscurity does not work
➢ Worse ratio black hat / white hat security people
➢ Non-paying users are called “pirates”
➢ Slow bug fixing
➢ No shared efforts means wasted efforts
➢ Less incremental innovation
➢ Burden of
➢ license management
➢ anti-copy measures

65. Why is FLOSS
not used more?
➢ Anti-competitive behaviour of closed source companies
➢ Monopoly abuse
➢ Secret formats & protocols
➢ Data lock-in
➢ Vendor lock-in
➢ Not a lot of advertising
➢ Not a lot of teaching
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 65 65

66. Total Cost of Ownership
➢ Free Software is about freedom, not price
➢ In practice: zero cost acquisition
➢ Support is similar or cheaper because of competition
➢ No license management / procurement needed
➢ Cheaper hardware can be used
➢ Less administration work
➢ Bandwidth savings (local central update/software repository)
➢ Training
➢ Usability tests
➢ {MS Windows XP → Vista} = {MS Windows → Linux}
➢ {MS Office 2003 → 2007} > {MS Office 2003 → OpenOffice}
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 66 66

67. Where to find more
FLOSS?
➢ Use your software package manager
➢ if your are using a Free and Open Operating System!
➢ Sourceforge.net
➢ Hosting and tools for >240K Open Source projects
➢ >2M registered users (contributors)
➢ Freshmeat.net
➢ >40.000 projects, mostly Free Software
➢ Google: x AND GPL OR “open source”
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 67 67

68. Where to find more
FLOSS?
➢ http://livecdlist.com/
➢ If you want to test software without installing
➢ http://www.theopendisc.com/
➢ High Quality OSS for Windows: Firefox, Openoffice,
Inkscape, Scribus, Clamwin, GIMP, Audacity, Filezilla, 7-
zip, PDFCreator, Freemind, ...
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 68 68

69. Open Society?
➢ "How open is the future?
Future Economic, Social & Cultural Scenarios
based on Free & Open Source Software"
Book: Eds. M. Wynants & J. Cornelis (Crosstalks)
Open Courseware and
Open Scientific Publications
Chapter: F. Questier, W. Schreurs
Openly published under CCPL
See questier.com, crosstalks.vub.ac.be
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 69 69

70. DARE
TO SHARE
Copyleft Frederik Questier, Vrije Universiteit Brussel 70

71. Questions? Comments?
Thanks!
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 71 71

72. Credits
➢ Cartoon Open Source Fish by openssoft
➢ Photo Gears: Ralphbijker @ Flickr (CC-by)
➢ T-Shirt “Best things are life are free” by http://zazzle.com
➢ Photo Linus Torvalds: GFDL. Permission of Martin Streicher, Editor-in-
Chief, LINUXMAG.com
➢ Picture (open source business strategies) from IT Manager's Journal,
may 2004, with personal permission from John Koenig
➢ Drupalcon DC 2009 copyright by “Chris” (Flickr)
➢ Screenshot Acquia
➢ Screenshot http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/
➢ Screenshot https://developers.facebook.com/opensource/
Screenshot ohloh.net
➢ Screenshot Google
Frederik Questier
Werken met portfolio's May 2011
04/10/05 | pag. 72 72