Smart Agriculture:From experience & intuition to Internet of Everything. Megatrends, Business Drivers, Challenges , IoT Opportunities ,Business Models

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Consulting
Francisco Maroto francisco.maroto@oies.es;
19-20 May 2014 Blog: pacomaroto.wordpress.com
Smart Agriculture
From experience & intuition to Internet of Everything

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Timeline of agriculture and food technology
Neolithic
first
agricultural
revolution
12,000 BC
Natufians
in the Easter
Mediterranean
begin harvesting
wild grasses
7000 BC – agriculture
had reached southern
Europe with evidence
of emmer and einkorn
wheat, barley, sheep,
goats, and pigs
suggest that a food
producing economy is
adopted in Greece and
the Aegean.
2,600 BC
Antiquity
3500 BC –
Irrigation was
being used in
Mesopotamia
(Modern day Iraq)
1,700 BC Wind
powered machine
developed by
Babylonians
500 BC – Row
cultivation of crops
using intensive hoeing
to weed and conserve
moisture practised in
China
300 BC – Efficient trace
harness for plowing
invented in China
200 BC – Efficient collar
harness for plowing
invented in China
100 BC – Rotary
winnowing fan and
themulti-tube seed drill
invented in China
Arab
Agricultural
Revolution
800 AC
The Arab Empire
introduced agricultural
innovations such as new
forms of land tenure,
improvements in irrigation,
a variety of sophisticated
irrigation methods, the
introduction of fertilizers
and widespread artificial
irrigation systems, the
development of gravity-flow
irrigation systems from
rivers and springs, the use
of noria and chain pumps
for irrigation purposes the
establishment of the sugar
cane industry in the
Mediterranean, and
experimentation in sugar
cultivation
British
Agricultural
Revolution
1,700
AC
1,930
AC
1930 – First
use of aerial
photos in Earth
sciences and
agriculture
Refrigeration for
domestic and
commercial food
preservation
introduced in the
United States and
the UK
respectively
Green
Revolution
2005 – Lasers
used to replace
stickers by
writing on food
to "track and
trace" and
identify
individual
pieces of fresh
fruit
201X
AC
IoE
Revolution
2014 – IoE

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MEGA TRENDS IN AGRICULTURE

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Mega Trends in Agriculture
Growing World population
Increase demand for food
Decreasing amount of land per
capita
Increasing need for
alternative energy
feedstock's
Increasing demand for
biofuels and renewable
energy
Growing wealth
Increasing meat consumption,
need for feed
Decreasing stocks
Weather variability
Yield losses due to adverse
weather
Requirement to reduce
greenhouse gases
Mega Trends IOT Opportunities
There are already 14 million
“connected farms” in the US
and Europe,
By 2020 there will be 70
million connected devices
on farms.
Interest in the IoT technology
is increasing
Low-power wireless sensors
which do not need battery
replacement over their
lifetimes
Better and cheaper
connectivity
“Zero-touch” management &
analysis
Services for Farmers -Shift
from product to service based
offerings
Agriculture Data monetization
Increase the productivity of
agriculture in a sustainable
manner.
Increasing competition from new players in
global markets
The need for product differentiation
between expanding markets.
Diminishing availability of
natural resources for
agricultural production
Variable stringency of
legislation in various countries
Changing international priorities in areas
such and trade and the environment
Consumer demands for food
with particular attributes (e.g.
organic, heart health, no
pesticides, environmentally
friendly, treatment of animals).
Changing and possibly divergent
perception of GMO´s (“genetically modified
organisms“) and agrichemicals.
Challenges

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CLIMATE-SMART
AGRICULTURE
vs
URBAN
SMART AGRICULTURE

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Climate-Smart Agriculture
Food SecurityFood SecurityFood SecurityFood Security
sustainably increasing
agricultural
productivity and
incomes
AdaptationAdaptationAdaptationAdaptation
adapting and building
resilience to climate
change
MitigationMitigationMitigationMitigation
reducing and/or
removing
greenhouse gas
emissions
IOT solutions to improve practical
techniques, such as:
- Mulching
- Intercropping
- Conservation agriculture
- Crop rotation
- Integrated crop-livestock
management
- Agro-fore
- Improved grazing
• Improved water management
• Better weather forecasting
• Drought- and flood-tolerant crops
• Crop and livestock insurance
• Reduce pesticide, and fertilizer
Pillars Hurdles IoT Opportunities
• What effects will have data
collection, and the injection of
intelligence into devices on
privacy and personal autonomy?
• Power consumption can
constrain features, and security
measures can interfere with
latency and speed.
• What is the priority for each
situation ?
• How do we persuade
manufacturers to build standard
communication protocols into
agriculture objects?
• What data do we really want?;
How much can we trust the IoT?
• How can we guarantee a trust
relationship among the edges,
and between the edges and the
entity who is collecting and
analyzing the data.
• What do we need from
government?.
• How can we retrain workers and
move them to the new
opportunities without too much
disruption to their lives?

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Climate-Smart Agriculture – Some Examples
Smart Agriculture Applications (Some examples)
• Wine Quality Enhancing
• Monitoring soil moisture and trunk diameter in vineyards to control the amount of
sugar in grapes and grapevine health.
• Green Houses
• Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and
vegetables and its quality.
• Golf Courses - Selective irrigation in dry zones to reduce the water resources
required in the green
• Meteorological Station Network - Study of weather conditions in fields to forecast
ice formation, rain, drought, snow or wind changes.
• Compost
• Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to prevent
fungus and other microbial contaminants.
• Smart animal farming – Animal Health
• Livestock Tracking
• Smart Irrigation
• Integrated system collects data from sensors of soil, plant and climate.
• Farming equipment like harvester , combines aggregating and monitoring data.
• Protected horticulture.
• Connected Farm fleet.
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URBAN AGRICULTURE
ChallengesChallengesChallengesChallenges
Soil contaminants
Contamination of soil, plants
and food from lead, mercury
and other heavy metals.
Water availability
Finding reliable and safe water
sources can be difficult for
urban farmers
Changes in climate
and atmospheric and climate
conditions in cities compared to
rural areas can also be
obstacles for urban growers.
Regulation - Land access and
Urban livestock, Social Issues
Land use and animal control by
law. Health concern. Report early
signs of disease.
OpportunitiesOpportunitiesOpportunitiesOpportunities
Monitoring concentrations of
carbon dioxide, ozone,
temperature, humidity, wind,
and other factors.
Mitigation air pollution.
Cities are now reforming land-
use, livestock and health
policies to allow and even
encourage urban agriculture as
a money making enterprise.
Population
increases will soon
cause our farmers
to run out of land
The amount of
arable land per
person projected to
decline to about a
third of an acre by
2050
Irrigation now
claims some 70
percent of the fresh
water that we use
The developed
world must find
new agricultural
approaches before
the world’s
hungriest come
knocking on its
Technologies such as drip irrigation
that precisely deliver water where and
when it’s needed can help conserve
water. Reusing rainwater and
wastewater can provide additional
water, but those sources must be
monitored
Increased interest of urban
residents in agriculture.
Green economy: urban
agriculture for sustainable
consumption–production
networks
IOT SolutionsIOT SolutionsIOT SolutionsIOT SolutionsDriversDriversDriversDrivers
Source: Dickson Despommier in an article published in the New York Times in 2009 and other articles found in Internet
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IoT BUSINESS MODELS IN AGRICULTURE
ASSET
MONITORING
SCENARIO
CHARGING
FOR USE
of ASSET
Using the Asset to
Control Its
Surroundings
Providing Additional
Digital Information
or Services Through
an Asset
USAGE SCENARIOS

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Sensing as a Service Business Model in Agriculture
Sensor Owners Farmer Service Providers Sensor Data Consumers
ISV
Farmer
Applications
Sensor
Publishers
M2M
Network
Operators
Farmer
Service
Providers
Farmer
Marketplace
agriculturists,
spraying
contractors,
manufacturers
Sensor
Data
Consumers
Machinery,
Fertilizer,
Insurance
Agriculture,
Animal,
Machinery
Sensors
Sensor
Data
Consumers
Restaurant,
Supermarkets
, Consumers
Sensor
Publishers
SenaaS
Cloud
Platforms
Sensor Publishers
Sensor Data
Consumers
Farmers

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Enablers of a SenaaS Cloud Platform for Agriculture
IoT Process
Automation
- Exposure
- Semantic
- Template Handlers
Generic Enablers
IoT
Resources
Management
- Discovery and
Resolution of Things
- Services and Resources
Interaction
IoT
Communication
- Connectivity Mngt.
- Service Control
- Device Front End
IoT
Security,
Privacy,
Trust
IoT
Data
Handling
- Local Storage
- Data Pooling
- Data Access Policy
- Data Handling
Precision
Agriculture
Agriculture Specific Enablers
Urban
Agriculture
Farmer
Social
Collaboration
Animal
Monitoring
Machinery
Agriculture
Monitoring
Cloud Hosting
Interfaces to the Networks
Applications & Services Ecosystem Development and Delivery Framework

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Farmer Service Providers - Landscape Architecture
Sensor Data Source
Data Ingestion
Integration, Import, Format
Data Management
Transformation, Correlation, Enrichment, Retention
Data Analysis
Data Modeling, Metrics, Reports
Privacy,Security,andCompliance
DataExchangeServices
Complex Event Processing
Trigger, Alerts & Triggers
Batch
DataRepository
Structured,Unstructured,Semi-StructuredData
Water Management
Applications
Streaming
Agriculture Data Handling Platform
Precision Agriculture
Planting, Harvest Applications
Urban Agriculture
Applications
Smart animal farming
Applications
Other
Applications
Intelligent Gateway Platforms
Device, Asset,
SIM Mangt. &
Connectivity
Developer
Agent Protocols & Toolkits, APIs, Script APIS, Third Party APIs, NetworkSP APIS,
Mobile Client
IoT Resource
Management
BusinessProcessManagement
BusinessRulesManagement
Service Delivery Platforms
Revenue
Management
Provisioning
Product
&Service
Catalog
Customer & Partner Platforms
Customer
Information
Platforms
Partner
Information
Platforms
Order
Management
Agriculture Data Analytics Services
WSN
Access
Networks
IoTSecurityManagement
IdentityManagement
Content Management Platform
Browser Client
Other
Data Sources Alert Platform
eMail SMS OTT Wear
able
Business Services
ProtocolsNetworks
OTA Platform
SenaaS (Sensor-as-a-Service)

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Initiative launched by European Commission
Source Computers and Electronics in Agriculture journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compag- .

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Summary
MEGA TRENDS
Growing World population. Need for feed.
The world's climate is changing fast, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future.
IoT opportunities in Agriculture
Hurdles to the Internet of Things for Smart Agriculture
Smart Agriculture Applications vs Urban Agriculture Applications
1
CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE vs URBAN AGRICULTURE
Climate-Smart Agriculture Pillars.
Urban Smart Agriculture Global Goals
IoT Business Models in Agriculture
Usage Scenarios, Sensing as a Service; Share data, Direct Delivery.
Generic Enablers and Farmer Service Delivery Enablers, Landscape Architecture
Initiative European Commission for Farm Management System and the Future Internet
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3
4