64. And a whole lot of scientists and
other people....
The Dutch wealth was based on
international trade.
In 1648, The United Provinces
offcially became an independent
Republic, which they had been
unofficialy already since 1579
77. WW II in NL
• German invasion may 10,1940
• first 4 years relative quiet: Dutch
“accomodated” to occupation
78. WW II in NL
• German invasion may 10,1940
• first 4 years relative quiet: Dutch
“accomodated” to occupation
• jewish population largely “removed”
79. WW II in NL
• German invasion may 10,1940
• first 4 years relative quiet: Dutch
“accomodated” to occupation
• jewish population largely “removed”
• end may 5, 1945
80. February 22, 1944
• American bombers bomb the 2000+
year old inner city of Nijmgen
84. A Mistake...
• The bombing squad is called back: bad weather in
England! The crew sees good weather. Discussion
between officers ensues: false German message?
85. A Mistake...
• The bombing squad is called back: bad weather in
England! The crew sees good weather. Discussion
between officers ensues: false German message?
• while turning, crew looks for a target of
opportunity: the train station and shunting yards of
some German city
86. A Mistake...
• The bombing squad is called back: bad weather in
England! The crew sees good weather. Discussion
between officers ensues: false German message?
• while turning, crew looks for a target of
opportunity: the train station and shunting yards of
some German city
• there is not enough time to aim accurately, bombs
fall all over city centre
87. A Mistake...
• The bombing squad is called back: bad weather in
England! The crew sees good weather. Discussion
between officers ensues: false German message?
• while turning, crew looks for a target of
opportunity: the train station and shunting yards of
some German city
• there is not enough time to aim accurately, bombs
fall all over city centre
• All this time, crew is not aware they are flying
above Netherlands
105. Operation Market Garden
• Commences sep 17, 1944. Aim: capture all
bridges over Rhine and its branches by
airborne US, Canadian and British forces
106. Operation Market Garden
• Commences sep 17, 1944. Aim: capture all
bridges over Rhine and its branches by
airborne US, Canadian and British forces
• On the run, Germans set fire to remains of
inner city, including the town hall
107. Operation Market Garden
• Commences sep 17, 1944. Aim: capture all
bridges over Rhine and its branches by
airborne US, Canadian and British forces
• On the run, Germans set fire to remains of
inner city, including the town hall
• after sep 20, German shelling of Nijmegen
continues for 6 months.
109. One Bridge too far
• Arnhem is “a bridge too far”, British cannot
hold the bridge,
110. One Bridge too far
• Arnhem is “a bridge too far”, British cannot
hold the bridge,
• German forces much stronger than
anticipated
111. One Bridge too far
• Arnhem is “a bridge too far”, British cannot
hold the bridge,
• German forces much stronger than
anticipated
• Area between Arnhem and Nijmegen
becomes frontline zone: inundated!
112. One Bridge too far
• Arnhem is “a bridge too far”, British cannot
hold the bridge,
• German forces much stronger than
anticipated
• Area between Arnhem and Nijmegen
becomes frontline zone: inundated!
• War in Europe lasts 6 months longer.