1. MORPHOLOGY
DERIVATION

2. English Languange and Literature Program
Class 3B
Group 3
- Audrey Yusi Anggraeni (0909053)
- Fira Nursya’bani (0906856)
- Iis Ismawati (0902546)
- Luciyana Dwiningrum (0902428)
- Mayang Setrawulan
(0906259)
- Riestia Handayani (0902434)

3. Derivation
English at Work Complex
Derivationa
Derivation
l Affixes
DERIVATION
Two
Constraints
Classes
on
Derivationa
Derivation
l Affixes Conclusio
n

4. Derivation
Derivation is the formation of a new
word or inflectable stem from another
word. It typically occurs by the
addition of an affix.
The derived word is often of a
different word class from the
original. It may thus take the
inflectional affixes of the new word
class.

5. English Derivational Affixes
Derivational are used to make new
words in the language and are often
used to make words of a different
grammatical category from the stem.
A derivational affixes usually applies
to words of one syntactic category
and changes them into words of
another syntactic category.

6. There are 4 types of change in
derivational affixes:
1.Syntactic Category
2.Semantic Category
3.Syntactic and Semantic Category
4.Zero Derivation or Conversion

7. Some English derivational affixes
Affix Change Examples
Suffixes
-able V→A fix-able, do-able
-(at)ion V→N realiz-ation
-ing V→N the shoot-ing, the
-ing danc-ing
V→A
the sleep-ing giant
-ive V→A assert-ive
-al V→N refusal
-ment V→N treat-ment
-ful N→A hope-ful

8. Some English derivational affixes
Affix Change Examples
Prefixes
anti- N→N anti-abortion
de- V→V de-activate
dis- V→V dis-continue
ex- N →N ex-boyfriend
in- A→A in-complete
mis- V →V mis-place
un- A→A un-happy
un- V→V un-lock
re- V→V re-charge

9. Derivation at Work
As we know, in morphology in
linguistics context, bound morphemes
are divided into two categories; there
are inflectional morphemes and
derivational morphemes.
These morphemes are used to make
new words from a particular base
roots or lexical morphemes.

10. The Difference between Inflectional and
Derivational Morphemes
• Inflectional Morphemes
No Affix Change Base Roots New Words
1.
Continuous
-ing Walk Walking
Tense
2. Singular -
-s Book Books
Plural
3.
-ed Past Tense Walk Walked

11. • Derivational Morphemes
No Affix Change Base Roots and Its New words and Its Meaning
Meaning
1. -ment V;N Govern; to control government; group of people who
something control something/ country
2. -ful N;A Cheer; shout of praise Cheerful; feeling happy
3. -ly V; Adv Cheer; give shouts of Cheerily; with happy feeling
praise
4. -ness A;N Sad; unhappy looking Sadness; the state of being
unhappy
5. -en N;V Fright; feels fear Frighten; making somebody feels
fear
6. -able V;A Laugh; make the Laughable; causing people to laugh
sounds that express
amusement

12. Complex Derivation
Complex derivation creates multiple levels of word structure and can
change the grammatical category of a word. It can convert a V into
an A, an A into a V, a V into a N, or the same word class like a N
into a N.
Example:
• Activation
act ive ate ion
V Af Af Af
A
V
N
The affix –ive combines with the V base act to give an A (active).
Then the affix –ate combines with this A and converts it into a V
(activate). After that the affix –ion is added, converting the V into a N
and giving the different word (activation).
So activation converts V – A – V – N

13. • Prepositional
pre position al
Af N/V Af
N
A
The affix pre- combines with the N base position to give a N also
(preposition), or position can be a V and if it combines with affix pre-, it
becomes a N (preposition). It doesn’t change the word class. Then
the affix –al combines with this N and converts the N into an A
(prepositional).
So prepositional converts N/V – N – A

14. • Unhappiness
Un happy ness Un happy ness
Af A Af Af A Af
A N
N N
The first unhappiness converts A – A – N and the second unhappiness
converts A – N – N.
The important point to remember here is that even in the case of
quite complex words, derivation involves the same steps found in
simpler words. In all cases, a derivational affix combiness with the
appropriate type of base and yields a new word of a particular type.

15. Constraints on Derivation
Derivation often does not apply freely to the members of a given
category. For instance, the suffix –ant can combine only with
Latinate bases (i.e. bases borrowed from Latin or Romance
languages which are traceable back to Latin) – as in defendant,
assailant, contestant, servant and so forth. This is why it cannot
occur with bases such as fight and teach (*fightant , *teachant )
which are of native English origin.
Sometimes, a derivational affix is able to attach only to bases with
particular phonological properties. A good example of this involves
the English suffix –en, which combine with adjective to create verbs
with a causative meaning (‘cause to become x’) as Table 4.15
illustrates, however, there are many adjectives with which –en
cannot combine.
Table 4.15 Restriction on the use of –en

16. Acceptable Unacceptable
Whiten *abstracten
Soften *bluen
Madden *angryen
Quicken *slowen
Liven *greenen
The suffix –en is subject to this phonological constrain: it
can only combine with a monosyllabic base that ends in an
obstruent but not to abstract, which is both monosyllabic
and in an obstruent, but not to abstract, which has two
syllables, or to blue, which does not end
in an obstruent.

17. Two Classes Derivational
Affixes between two sets
In English it is common to distinguish of
derivational affixes which we will call class 1 and class 2. Class 1
affixes (most of which are Latinate) normally trigger changes in the
consonant or vowel segments of the base with which they occur. In
addition, they usually also affect the assignment of stress.
Typical effects of class 1
Affix Sample Word
-ity Public-ity
-y Democrac-y
-ive Product-ive
-(i)al Part-ial
-ize Public-ize
-ious Audac-ious
-ion Nat-ion

18. Typical class 2 affixes
Affixes Sample Word
-ness Prompt-ness
-less Hair-less
-ful Hope-ful
-ly Quiet-ly
-er Defend-er
-ish Self-ish
-able Commend-able
In contrast, class 2 affixes (which are mostly native) tend to be
phonological neutral, having no effect on the segmental make up of the
base or on stress assignment. When class 1 and class 2 affixes appear in
the same word. The former type of morpheme normally occurs closer to
the root than the latter. Thus, while a class 1 affix can follow another class
1 affix and while a class 2 affix can follow a class 1 or another class 2 affix,
a class 2 affix does not normally come before a class 1 affix.

19. Conclusion
• Derivation is the formation of a new word or
inflectable stem from another word. It typically
occurs by the addition of an affix.
• English Derivational Affixes are used to
make new words in the language and are often
used to make words of a different grammatical
category from the stem, in many cases,
derivational affixes change both the syntactic
category and the meaning (semantic). But
sometimes derivational affixes do not
necessarily modify the syntactic category, they
modify the meaning of the base.

20. • Bound morpheme are divided into two
categories; there are inflectional
morphemes and derivational morphemes.
The inflectional morphemes did not
change the word class, but the
derivational morphemes change the
word class with or without the meaning
(semantic).
• Complex Derivation creates multiple
levels of word structure and it can change
the grammatical category of a word.

21. • There are some constraints in adding
the affixes in derivation. For the example
in suffix –ant can combine only with
Latinate bases as in defendant,
assailant, contestant, servant and so
forth. So, it can not occur with bases such
as fight and teach (*fightant,
*teachant) which are of native English
origin.

22. • There are two classes in derivational
affixes, class 1 and class 2. Class 1
affixes (most of which are Latinate)
normally trigger changes in the consonant
or vowel segments of the base with which
they occur. In addition, they usually also
affect the assignment of stress. Class 2
affixes (which are mostly native) tend to
be phonological neutral, having no effect
on the segmental make up of the base or
on stress assignment.