Fernando Gil's master thesis: "The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activities."

The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical
Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation
activities.
The case of Ferbritas Cadastre Information System.
Fernando José Pereira Gil

ii
Information System to support Cadastre and
Expropriation activities.
Project Report supervised by
Professor Doutor Marco Octávio Trindade Painho
July 2014

iii
Credits
I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my supervisor, Professor Doutor Marco
Painho, for his comments, suggestions, support and guidance during the development of the
thesis.
Sincere thanks to ProSistemas, SA which provided me the initial means to accomplish this
Masters Course, and particularly on behalf of Eng. João Lopes da Fonseca for its formal
support, personal interest and initial encouragement.
I would like to thank Ferbritas, SA on behalf of Eng. Luis Mata, for his formal support,
leadership and vision that made possible FBSIC.
I would like to thank REFER Património, SA board for grant me the permissions needed to
attend the last part of this Masters Course.
I would like to thank everyone who somehow supported and/or encouraged this work,
particularly to Rui Roda, Nuno Leite, Rui Sabino, and all development team for their support
and fellowship during all project.
Finally, my deep gratitude to my family and particularly my wife Tina and my son and
daughter, Guilherme and Catarina, for all the time that I was absent during this course and
dissertation.

iv
Abstract
The processes of mobilization of land for infrastructures of public and private domain are
developed according to proper legal frameworks and systematically confronted with the
impoverished national situation as regards the cadastral identification and regularization,
which leads to big inefficiencies, sometimes with very negative impact to the overall
effectiveness.
This project report describes Ferbritas Cadastre Information System (FBSIC) project and
tools, which in conjunction with other applications, allow managing the entire life-cycle of
Land Acquisition and Cadastre, including support to field activities with the integration of
information collected in the field, the development of multi-criteria analysis information,
monitoring all information in the exploration stage, and the automated generation of outputs.
The benefits are evident at the level of operational efficiency, including tools that enable
process integration and standardization of procedures, facilitate analysis and quality control
and maximize performance in the acquisition, maintenance and management of registration
information and expropriation (expropriation projects). Therefore, the implemented system
achieves levels of robustness, comprehensiveness, openness, scalability and reliability
suitable for a structural platform.
The resultant solution, FBSIC, is a fit-for-purpose cadastre information system rooted in the
field of railway infrastructures.
FBSIC integrating nature of allows: to accomplish present needs and scale to meet future
services; to collect, maintain, manage and share all information in one common platform,
and transform it into knowledge; to relate with other platforms; to increase accuracy and
productivity of business processes related with land property management.

v
Resumo
Os processos de mobilização de terrenos para infra-estruturas do domínio público e privado
são desenvolvidos de acordo com quadros legais próprios e confrontam-se
sistematicamente com uma situação nacional insuficiente no que se refere à identificação e
regularização cadastral, o que acarreta penalizantes ineficiências, com impacte muito
negativo para a eficiência e produtividade global.
Este relatório descreve o projecto e ferramentas do FBSIC que, em conjunto com outras
aplicações, permitem gerir todo o ciclo de vida de Aquisição de Terra e Cadastro, incluindo
suporte para actividades de campo com a integração de informações recolhidas, o
desenvolvimento de análises de informação multicritério, acompanhamento de todas as
informações na fase de exploração, e a geração automática de relatórios e mapas.
Os benefícios são patentes ao nível da eficiência operacional, com a inclusão de
ferramentas que possibilitam a integração de processos e a normalização de
procedimentos, facilitam a análise e controlo de qualidade e maximizam a performance na
aquisição, manutenção e gestão de informação de cadastro e expropriações. Desta forma, o
sistema implementado atinge níveis de robustez, abrangência, abertura, escalabilidade e
fiabilidade adequados a uma plataforma estruturante.
A solução resultante, FBSIC, é um sistema de informação cadastral ajustado à finalidade
para que foi desenvolvido enraizado na temática das infra-estruturas ferroviárias.
A natureza integradora do SIC permite: suporte às necessidades presentes e possibilidade
de expansão para atender à evolução natural das necessidades de negócio; integração de
informação proveniente de outros sistemas; recolher, manter e gerir a informação numa
única plataforma; e aumentar a eficiência e produtividade dos processos de negócio.

vi
Keywords
Ferbritas, Cadastre Information System, FBSIC, Land, Land Administration, Land
Administration System, Land Information System, Land Management Paradigm, Land
Administration Domain Model, LADM, Social Tenure Domain Model, STDM, Crowdsourcing,
Cadastre, Expropriations, Railway Public Domain, Inspire Directive, Geographic Information
Systems, GIS, Web Mapping, ArcGIS Server, Flex, .Net (C#), SOA, GIScience, CyberGIS,
Information Integration, Project Management, CyberLand.
Palavras-chave
Ferbritas, Sistema de Informação Cadastral, FBSIC, Território, Administração do Território,
Sistema de Administração do Território, Sistema de Informação do Território, Paradigma de
Administração do Território, Modelo Dominial de Administração do Território, LADM, Modelo
Dominial Social de Posse da Terra, STDM, Crowdsourcing, Cadastro, Expropriações,
Domínio Público Ferroviário, Directiva Inspire, Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, SIG,
Cartografia na Web, ArcGIS Server, Flex, .Net (C#), Arquitectura Orientada a Serviços
(SOA), Ciência e SIG, CiberSIG, Integração de Informação, Gestão de Projectos,
CiberTerritório.

vii
Acronyms
BIM Building Information Modelling
CAD Computer Aided Design
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CFO Chief Financial Officer
CI Cyberinfrastructure
CIO Chief Information Officer
CORS Cross-Origin Resource Sharing
CPO Chief Project Officer
CyberGIS Cyberinfrastructure-based Geographic Information Systems
DBMS Database Management System
DGT Directorate General for Land
DMS Document Management System
DUP Public Use Declaration
EC European Commission
Esri Environmental Systems Research Institute
EU European Union
EuroGeographics European National Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registry Authorities
Organization
EXP Expropriations Department
ExtCons External Consultant

viii
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FB Ferbritas S. A.
FBSIC Ferbritas Cadastre Information System
FGDC Federal Geographic Data Committee
FIG International Federation of Surveyors
Gb Giga Byte
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIO Geographic Information Officer
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GIScience Geographic Information Systems Science
GLTN Global Land Tool Network
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS Global Positioning System
GUI Graphical User Interface
HRSI High resolution satellite imagery
ICT Information and Communication Technologies
IGP Portuguese Geographic Institute
ILC International Land Coalition
INSPIRE Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Union
ISSO International Organization for Standardization
IT Information Technologies
KP Kilometric Point

ix
LA Land Administration
LADM Land Administration Domain Model
LAN Local Area Network
LARSI Low altitude remotely sensed imagery
LAS Land administration system
LCDM Legal Cadastral Domain Model
LGAF Land Governance Assessment Framework
LINZ Land Information New Zealand
LIS Land Information System
MAOT Ministry for Environment and Spatial Planning
MAOTDR Ministry for Environment, Spatial Planning and Rural Development
MFP Ministry for Public Finances
MIG Geographic Information Metadata Editor
MPAT Ministry for Planning and Land Administration
MS Microsoft, Inc.
NIP Parcel Identification Number
NLIS National Land Information Systems
NMCA National Mapping and Cartography Agencies
NRC National Research Council
PCC Permanent Committee on Cadastre in the European Union
PCM Ministries Council Presidency
PDF Portable document Format

x
PM Project Management
PMI Project Management Institute
PPGIS Public Participation GIS
PRJ Railway Projects Department
R&D Research and Development
REFER Portuguese National Railway Infrastructure Manager
REFER DCC Portuguese National Railway Infrastructure Manager Construction and
Coordination Department
REFER DPI Portuguese National Railway Infrastructure Manager Real Estate
Department
REFER DSTI Portuguese National Railway Infrastructure Manager Information
Technologies and Systems Department
RFP Request for Proposal
SAAS Software as a Service
SAM Spatial Analysis and Modelling
SDI Spatial Data Infrastructure
SICE Expropriations and Cadastre Integrated System
SiNErGIC Cadastre Information Management and Development National System
SNIG National System for Geographic Information
SOLA Solutions for Open Land Administration
STDM Social Tenure Domain Model
TOP Survey Team
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations

xi
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UN-GGIM United Nations Initiative on Global Geospatial Information Management
UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme
USD United States Dollar
USN Ubiquitous Sensor Network
WAN Wide Area Network
Web ADF Web Application Developer Framework
WFS Web Feature Service
WMS Web Map Service
WSN Wireless Sensor Network

xii
Text Index
CREDITS................................................................................................................................. III
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................IV
RESUMO..................................................................................................................................V
KEYWORDS ...........................................................................................................................VI
PALAVRAS-CHAVE...............................................................................................................VI
ACRONYMS ..........................................................................................................................VII
TEXT INDEX ..........................................................................................................................XII
TABLE INDEX ...................................................................................................................... XX
FIGURE INDEX.................................................................................................................... XXI
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1
1.1. FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1. WHY A CADASTRE INFORMATION SYSTEM?.................................................................. 1
1.1.2. FBSIC PLANNING STAGE............................................................................................. 2
1.1.3. FBSIC IMPLEMENTATION STAGE.................................................................................. 3
1.1.4. BENEFITS OF FBSIC PROJECT .................................................................................... 4
1.2. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. REPORT ORGANIZATION .................................................................................................. 5
1.4. MAIN PERSONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO CADASTRE INFORMATION SYSTEM............................ 5
1.4.1. MAIN ACTIVITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES....................................................................... 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 7
2.1. LAND ADMINISTRATION ................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1. LAND ......................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2. LAND ADMINISTRATION ............................................................................................... 9
2.1.3. LAND MANAGEMENT PARADIGM................................................................................. 13
2.1.4. LAND ADMINISTRATION DOMAIN MODEL..................................................................... 14

xiii
2.1.4.1. Goals and Basic Features ...................................................................... 14
2.1.4.2. Portugal Country Model.......................................................................... 15
2.1.5. THE GLOBAL LAND TOOL NETWORK (GLTN) ............................................................. 16
2.1.6. SOCIAL TENURE DOMAIN MODEL (STDM) ................................................................. 17
2.1.7. SOLUTIONS FOR OPEN LAND ADMINISTRATION (SOLA).............................................. 18
2.1.8. CROWDSOURCING LAND ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION............................................. 18
2.2. CADASTRE ................................................................................................................... 19
2.2.1. CADASTRE DEFINITION .............................................................................................. 19
2.2.1.1. Before 1995 FIG Statement ................................................................... 19
2.2.1.2. FIG Statement on the Cadastre ............................................................. 20
2.2.1.3. A wider inclusive view ............................................................................ 20
2.2.2. CADASTRE AS THE ENGINE OF LAS............................................................................ 22
2.2.3. DELIVERING A SPATIALLY ENABLED LAS..................................................................... 23
2.2.4. THE BENEFITS OF A MODERN CADASTRE..................................................................... 25
2.2.5. CADASTRE IN THE WORLD. BRIEF STATUS. ................................................................. 27
2.2.6. CADASTRE IN EUROPE.............................................................................................. 30
2.2.7. CADASTRE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ...................................................................... 32
2.2.8. CADASTRE IN PORTUGAL. ......................................................................................... 34
2.2.8.1. Brief overview......................................................................................... 34
2.2.8.2. Portuguese cadastre legislation references ........................................... 35
2.3. THE INSPIRE DIRECTIVE.............................................................................................. 35
2.3.1. OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................... 35
2.3.2. CADASTRAL PARCELS DATA THEME............................................................................ 38
2.4. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS).................................................................. 40
2.4.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 40
2.4.2. GIS FROM THE EARLY DAYS TILL TODAY ..................................................................... 40
2.4.3. GIS DEFINITION ........................................................................................................ 42
2.4.4. GISCIENCE .............................................................................................................. 43
2.4.5. CYBERGIS............................................................................................................... 43

xiv
2.5. CADASTRE, GIS, GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION INTEGRATION AND RAILWAYS. .................... 44
2.5.1. CADASTRE, GIS AND GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION INTEGRATION................................... 44
2.5.2. CADASTRE AND RAILWAYS ........................................................................................ 45
2.5.3. GIS AND RAILWAYS .................................................................................................. 47
2.6. INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES .................................................................................................. 48
2.7. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS .............................................................................................. 49
3. METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................... 51
3.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 51
3.2. BASE METHODOLOGIES................................................................................................. 53
3.2.1. INTRODUCTION. ........................................................................................................ 53
3.2.2. FBSIC SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTS MODELS. BRIEF REVIEW....................................... 53
3.2.2.1. Prototype development model................................................................ 53
3.2.2.2. Waterfall development model................................................................. 53
3.2.3. PROJECT MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................... 54
3.2.3.1. Introduction............................................................................................. 54
3.2.3.1.1. Overall Development Processes............................................................ 55
3.2.3.1.2. Overall Production Processes................................................................ 56
3.2.3.2. Change Control System ......................................................................... 57
3.2.3.3. Communication Plan .............................................................................. 57
3.2.3.4. Final notes.............................................................................................. 57
3.3. PRELIMINARY STAGE..................................................................................................... 58
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 58
3.3.2. THE GIS TEAM MISSION ............................................................................................ 59
3.3.3. INITIATING PROCESS. ................................................................................................ 59
3.3.3.1. Project Scoping ...................................................................................... 60
3.3.3.2. Initial Project Scoping Meetings ............................................................. 60
3.3.3.3. Approaches to Gathering Initial Requirements ...................................... 60
3.3.3.4. Gaining Approval to Plan the Project ..................................................... 62
3.3.4. PLANNING PROCESS................................................................................................. 62

xv
3.3.4.1. Procurement Management Life Cycle.................................................... 63
3.3.4.1.1. Contractor Solicitation ............................................................................ 63
3.3.4.1.2. Contractor Evaluation............................................................................. 64
3.3.4.1.3. Contractor Selection............................................................................... 64
3.3.4.1.4. Gaining Approval to Launch the Project................................................. 64
3.3.4.1.5. Contractor Contracting ........................................................................... 65
3.3.4.1.6. Contractor Management......................................................................... 65
3.4. EXECUTING STAGE........................................................................................................ 65
3.4.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 65
3.4.2. FBSIC PROJECT PHASE 1 - FBSIC PROTOTYPE......................................................... 66
3.4.2.1. Kick-off meeting...................................................................................... 66
3.4.2.2. GIS Infrastructure (hardware and software)........................................... 66
3.4.2.3. Prototype Requirements......................................................................... 67
3.4.2.4. Prototype Software Analysis and Design ............................................... 68
3.4.2.5. Prototype Developing ............................................................................. 68
3.4.2.6. Prototype Acceptance Testing ............................................................... 68
3.4.2.7. Prototype Final deploy............................................................................ 68
3.4.2.8. FBSIC solution phase 2 requirements ................................................... 68
3.4.2.9. Meetings ................................................................................................. 72
3.4.2.10. Closing.................................................................................................... 72
3.4.3. FBSIC PROJECT PHASE 2 (FBSIC WEB ADF)........................................................... 73
3.4.3.1. Procurement procedures........................................................................ 73
3.4.3.2. Main features.......................................................................................... 74
3.4.3.3. Kick-off meeting...................................................................................... 74
3.4.3.4. Software Analysis and Design................................................................ 74
3.4.3.5. Developing.............................................................................................. 75
3.4.3.6. Global Acceptance Testing .................................................................... 75
3.4.3.7. Final deploy ............................................................................................ 76
3.4.3.8. FBSIC project Phase 3 requirements..................................................... 76

xvi
3.4.3.9. Meetings ................................................................................................. 77
3.4.3.10. Closing.................................................................................................... 77
3.5. FBSIC SOLUTION UPGRADING AND CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCES .................................. 77
3.5.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 77
3.5.2. FBSIC SOLUTION UPGRADE AND CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCES MAIN FEATURES ........... 78
3.5.2.1. FBSIC/FBX integration software developing services............................ 78
3.5.2.2. REFER Domain Module and Final expropriation parcels drawings
generation ................................................................................................................ 79
3.5.2.3. 2011 FBSIC upgrading and corrective maintenance ............................. 79
3.5.2.4. GIS Infrastructure and FBSIC ArcGIS 10 (SP2) migration .................... 79
3.5.2.5. FBSIC production support tools and procedures ................................... 80
3.5.2.6. 2012 FBSIC upgrading and corrective maintenance ............................. 81
3.6. OVERALL CLOSING OF FBSIC PROJECTS....................................................................... 81
4. RESULTS................................................................................................................... 81
4.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 81
4.2. FBSIC V3.0.3 IMPLEMENTATION AND PRODUCTION PHASES............................................ 82
4.2.1. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE SOLUTION’S MAIN FEATURES ................................................ 82
4.2.1.1. Introduction............................................................................................. 82
4.2.1.2. FBSIC v3.0.3 Main features ................................................................... 83
4.2.1.2.1. FBSIC v3.0.3 Layers Diagram................................................................ 83
4.2.1.2.2. FBSIC v3.0.3 Conceptual and Physical Architectures ........................... 84
4.2.1.3. FBSIC v3.0.3 modules .......................................................................... 85
4.2.1.3.1. Data Migration Module ........................................................................... 85
4.2.1.3.2. Field Module........................................................................................... 85
4.2.1.3.3. Information Processing Module.............................................................. 86
4.2.1.3.4. Central Module ....................................................................................... 86
4.2.1.3.5. Approval Module..................................................................................... 86
4.2.1.3.6. Domain Management Module ................................................................ 87
4.2.1.3.7. Backoffice Module .................................................................................. 87

xvii
4.2.1.4. Technical documentation ....................................................................... 87
4.2.2. PRODUCTION PHASE ................................................................................................. 87
4.3. PRESENTATIONS, POSTERS AND ARTICLE ....................................................................... 89
4.4. AWARDS ...................................................................................................................... 89
5. CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................... 90
5.1. SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 90
5.2. MAIN CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................... 92
5.3. PRESENT LIMITATIONS .................................................................................................. 92
5.4. FUTURE WORKS............................................................................................................ 92
6. REFERENCES........................................................................................................... 94
ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................ 114
ANNEX 1 - SPATIALLY ENABLED GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY ............................... 114
ANNEX 2 - CYBERLAND, TOWARDS AN UBIQUITOUS INTELLIGENT LAND ............. 116
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 116
UBIQUITOUS POSITIONING APPLIED TO CADASTRE........................................................ 118
FINAL NOTES .............................................................................................................. 120
ANNEX 3 - INITIAL REQUIREMENTS OVERVIEW ........................................................... 122
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 122
CADASTRAL SURVEY AND EXPROPRIATIONS PROJECTS – GIS PROJECTS DIAGNOSIS. ... 122
3.2.1 Railway Public Domain Macro Process ................................................... 122
3.2.2 Defining priorities...................................................................................... 123
3.2.3 Identification phase initial characterization............................................... 123
Sub-step 1.1: Cadastral survey preparation ................................................ 123
Sub-step 1.2: Cadastral field survey ............................................................ 124
Step 2: Expropriations Project...................................................................... 125
ANNEX 4 - FBSIC PROJECT’S OVERVIEW...................................................................... 127
ANNEX 5 - FBSIC PROJECT PHASE 2 DIAGRAMS ........................................................ 132
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 132
FBSIC PHASES DESCRIPTION...................................................................................... 132

xviii
ANNEX 6 - FBSIC UPGRADING AND CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCES (2011-2012) ... 139
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 139
FBSIC INTEGRATION WITH FERBRITAS ENTERPRISE SERVICE BUS (FBX) ..................... 139
REFER DOMAIN MODULE AND FINAL EXPROPRIATION PARCELS DRAWINGS GENERATION
COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION................................................................................................ 139
2011 FBSIC UPGRADING AND CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE ........................................... 140
FERBRITAS GIS INFRASTRUCTURE AND FBSIC ARCGIS 10 (SP2) MIGRATION .............. 141
6.5.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 141
6.5.2 Esri components migration....................................................................... 141
6.5.3 GIS infrastructure applicational migration ................................................ 141
6.5.4 Testing...................................................................................................... 142
6.5.5 Production GIS infrastructure upgrading.................................................. 142
FBSIC PRODUCTION SUPPORT TOOLS AND PROCEDURES............................................. 143
6.6.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 143
6.6.2 Geographic database compress automatic daily procedure implementation
(production): ............................................................................................................. 143
6.6.3 Interface for process / service delivery creation development................. 143
6.6.4 Interface for map index information creation and loading........................ 144
6.6.5 Interface for parcels grouping................................................................... 144
6.6.6 Geographical and alphanumeric features linking automation.................. 144
6.6.7 Cadastral parcels, Expropriation parcels and Entities delete feature
availability (Central Module - Flex)........................................................................... 144
6.6.8 Geographic feature editing Flex availability ............................................. 144
6.6.9 Central Module Flex migration, including multi language support structure ..
.................................................................................................................. 144
6.6.10 Expropriation parcels automatic numbering............................................. 144
2012 FBSIC UPGRADING AND CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE ........................................... 144
6.7.1 Auditing and information quality check tool.............................................. 145
6.7.2 Operation Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) calculation tool................ 145

xix
6.7.3 Quick reference map tip tool, including analysis, implementation, testing
and deployment of quick reference map tip pop-up................................................. 146
6.7.4 Objects identification within project validation.......................................... 146
6.7.5 Global Improvements ............................................................................... 146
6.7.6 Legend lateralization ................................................................................ 146
ANNEX 7 - FBSIC V3.0.3 FUNCTIONALITIES MATRIX.................................................... 147
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 147
DATA MIGRATION MODULE.......................................................................................... 148
FIELD MODULE ........................................................................................................... 149
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODULE........................................................................... 151
CENTRAL MODULE...................................................................................................... 153
APPROVAL MODULE.................................................................................................... 162
DOMAIN MANAGEMENT MODULE ................................................................................. 165
BACKOFFICE MODULE................................................................................................. 168
SOLUTION DETAILED FUNCTIONALITIES........................................................................ 168
SOLUTION GLOBAL FEATURES..................................................................................... 180
ANNEX 8 - FBSIC CENTRAL MODULE 2011 AND 2012 VERSIONS LOG ..................... 182
ANNEX 9 - FBSIC MAIN RESULTS COMPLEMENTS ...................................................... 186
MAIN PRESENTATIONS LIST......................................................................................... 186
FBSIC POSTER EXAMPLE............................................................................................ 187

xx
Table Index
Table 1 - Land Registration & Cadastral Systems Worldwide (Williamson, et al., 2010) ...... 27
Table 2 - Urban and rural areas, developed / developing countries vision (Lemmens, 2010)
................................................................................................................................................ 32
Table 3 - FBSIC upgrade and corrective maintenance projects main dates. ........................ 78
Table 4 - FBSIC Production teams total and railway line work volume (July 27, 2013) ........ 88
Table 4.1 - FBSIC projects and production stages main activities global overview……….. 131
Table 5.1 - FBSIC Phases Diagrams. Cadastral Survey Preparation (Ferbritas, 2010a)….133
Table 5.2 - FBSIC Phases Diagrams. Cadastral Survey (Ferbritas, 2010a) ....................... 134
Table 5.3 - FBSIC Phases Diagrams. Cadastral Survey Internal Validation (Ferbritas, 2010a)
.............................................................................................................................................. 135
Table 5.4 - FBSIC Phases Diagrams. Expropriations Project (Ferbritas, 2010a)................ 136
Table 5.5 - FBSIC Phases Diagrams. Expropriations Project Internal Validation (Ferbritas,
2010a) .................................................................................................................................. 137
Table 5.6 - FBSIC Phases Diagrams. REFER validation (Ferbritas, 2010a)....................... 138
Table 7.1 - Data Migration Module main features………………………………………………148
Table 7.2 - Field Module ...................................................................................................... 150
Table 7.3 - Information Processing Module ......................................................................... 152
Table 7.4 - Central Module................................................................................................... 156
Table 7.5 - Approval Module................................................................................................ 163
Table 7.6 - Domain Management Module............................................................................ 166
Table 7.7 - Backoffice Module.............................................................................................. 168
Table 7.8 - Tools listing and description............................................................................... 174
Table 7.9 - Solution Global Features listing and description................................................ 181
Table 8.1 - FBSIC Central Module 2011 and 2012 versions log (Ferbritas, 2013a)……… 185

xxi
Figure Index
Figure 1 – Availability of site for construction (Gil & Mata, 2011c) .......................................... 2
Figure 2 - Cadastre Information System (v1.0) (Gil & Mata, 2011e) ....................................... 3
Figure 3 - FBSIC modules overview (Gil, 2010b) .................................................................... 4
Figure 4 - Perspectives on land (United Nations, 2004) .......................................................... 7
Figure 5 - A comprehensive representation of the land sector (Magel, Klaus and Espinoza,
2009), based on Enemark, 2006 cited by (Antonio, et al., 2014)............................................. 8
Figure 6 - Evolution of people to land relationship (Ting and others, 1999) cit. by (Williamson,
2008) ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 7 - A global land administration perspective (Enemark, 2004)................................... 11
Figure 8 - Benefits of Good Land Administration (Mclaren & Stanley, 2011) ........................ 12
Figure 9 – The land management paradigm (Enemark, 2004) cit. by (Williamson, et al.,
2010) ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 10 - Land administration in relation to sustainable development (Zeeuw, et al., 2013)
................................................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 11 - Overview of LADM packages (with their respective classes) (Seifert, 2012)...... 15
Figure 12 - Further alignment with LADM developments is needed (Hespanha, et al., 2013)
................................................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 13 - GLTN Diagram Tools (GLTN, 2012a).................................................................. 16
Figure 14 - A fit-for-purpose approach (Enemark, 2012)....................................................... 21
Figure 15 – The Continuum Paradigm (Teo, 2012) ............................................................... 22
Figure 16 - The cadastre as an engine of LAS (Williamson, et al., 2010) ............................. 23
Figure 17 - A global land management perspective (Williamson, et al., 2010) cit. by
(Enemark, 2014)..................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 18 - Countries where property rights are most secure in 2013 (Di Lorenzo, 2013b).. 25
Figure 19 – National coverage of the cadastre (Konecny, 2013) .......................................... 28
Figure 20 – 2013 Property Rights Index: from top 20% (purple) to bottom 20% (red) (Di
Lorenzo, 2013) ....................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 21 – 2013 Property Rights Index. Region Rankings (Di Lorenzo, 2013a).................. 29
Figure 22 - Cadastre / land registration overlap (United Nations, 2004) ............................... 29

xxii
Figure 23 - Evolution of Western Cadastral System (Enemark, 2012).................................. 29
Figure 24 - National coverage of cadastre in European Union (EuroGeographics; PCC,
2007) ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 25 - Green represents European cadastral and national mapping organizations using
Esri technology (Esri, 2011)................................................................................................... 31
Figure 26 - The web of organizational interaction of various European entities and initiatives
(Grimsley & Roll, 2014) .......................................................................................................... 31
Figure 27 - Sustainable development needs both urban and rural inputs (Mclaren & Stanley,
2011) ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 28 - Paradigm shift: from tax purpose to multipurpose (Julião, et al., 2010a) ............ 35
Figure 29 - INSPIRE competencies (Cipriano, et al., 2013) .................................................. 36
Figure 30 - Knowledge of INSPIRE (Cipriano, et al., 2013)................................................... 37
Figure 31 - INSPIRE UML data model for cadastral parcels (Seifert, 2012) ......................... 39
Figure 32 - The EuroGeographics vision on geospatial reference data (Jakobsson, 2012).. 40
Figure 33 – Evolution of Geographic Information (Kim & Jang, 2012) .................................. 41
Figure 34 – Cloud GIS enables pervasive access, integrating traditional GIS with a whole
new world of applications (Dangermond, 2012)..................................................................... 42
Figure 35 - Parts of a GIS (Tomlinson, 2011) ........................................................................ 42
Figure 36 - CyberGIS Component Architecture (Wang, et al., 2013) .................................... 43
Figure 37 - Evolution of ICT in Land Administration (Mclaren & Stanley, 2011) ................... 44
Figure 38 - GIS - The platform for Land Administration (Jones, 2013).................................. 45
Figure 39 – Cadastre Control (Ferbritas, 2012c) ................................................................... 46
Figure 40 - Why a Cadastre Information System? (Gil & Mata, 2011a) ................................ 46
Figure 41 - GIS and Railways (Bills, 2013) ............................................................................ 47
Figure 42 - GIS and Railway Management (Koeppel & Engstrom, 2012) ............................. 47
Figure 43 - Augmented reality view of right and restriction boundaries in 3D (LINZ, 2014).. 49
Figure 44 – FBSIC global calendar........................................................................................ 52
Figure 45 – Prototyping life cycle (CMS, 2008) ..................................................................... 53
Figure 46 – Waterfall model life cycle (CMS, 2008)............................................................... 54
Figure 47 – FBSIC project team............................................................................................. 58

xxiii
Figure 48 – High level workflow of Ferbritas Expropriations Projects and Processes
(Ferbritas, 2010)..................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 49 – Physical architecture (FBSIC phase 1) (Ferbritas, 2009)................................... 67
Figure 50 – FBSIC v1.0 main stages (Ferbritas, 2010a) ....................................................... 69
Figure 51 – FBSIC v1.0 Physical Architecture (Ferbritas, 2010a) ......................................... 71
Figure 52 – FBSIC v1.0 Conceptual Architecture (Ferbritas, 2010a) .................................... 72
Figure 53 – FBSIC project phase 1 (FBSIC prototype) final calendar (Ferbritas, 2010a) ..... 73
Figure 54 – Load and Stress Tests: asynchronous mode example (Ferbritas, 2010a)......... 76
Figure 55 – FBSIC Central module web application initial screen (Ferbritas, 2010a)........... 76
Figure 56 – FBSIC phase 2 final calendar (Ferbritas, 2010a) ............................................... 77
Figure 57 - FBSIC Central Module screen shot example (Ferbritas, 2012c)......................... 82
Figure 58 - FBSIC map output example (Gil & Mata, 2012a) ................................................ 82
Figure 59 – FBSIC v3.0.3 Layers Diagram (Ferbritas, 2011a) .............................................. 83
Figure 60 – FBSIC v3.0.3 Conceptual Architecture (Gil & Mata, 2012a)............................... 84
Figure 61 – FBSIC v3.0.3 Physical Architecture (Gil & Mata, 2012a) ................................... 84
Figure 62 – FBCADASTRO Entity-Relation diagram............................................................. 85
Figure 63 – FBSIC Production teams work volume (September 30, 2010)........................... 88
Figure 64 – FBSIC Production teams work volume (July 27, 2013) ...................................... 88
Figure 65 – Special Achievement in GIS awarded by Esri Inc. to Ferbritas on July 13, 2011
................................................................................................................................................ 89
Figure 1.1 - Locate, connect and deliver spatial information (Rajabifard, 2009)……….….. 114
Figure 1.2 - From Data to Informed Decisions and Sustainable Actions (Teo, 2013) ......... 115
Figure 1.3 - Place as an important factor to improve information manageability (Wallace
2007) cit. by (Rajabifard, et al., 2010).................................................................................. 115
Figure 2.1 – Schematic Layers of a Ubiquitous Sensor Network (ITU, 2008)……………… 117
Figure 2.2 – Ubiquitous positioning for cadastral boundary mark system architecture
(Musliman, et al., 2012)........................................................................................................ 119
Figure 3.1 - Railway Public Domain Acquisition and Delimitation Macro Process………….122
Figure 3.2 - Cadastral survey preparation workflow ............................................................ 123
Figure 3.3 - Cadastral Survey support map. ........................................................................ 124

xxiv
Figure 3.4 - Cadastral Survey workflow ............................................................................... 124
Figure 3.5 - Cadastral Survey Map ...................................................................................... 125
Figure 3.6 - Cadastral GIS workflow .................................................................................... 125
Figure 3.7 - Expropriations Project workflow. ...................................................................... 126
Figure 3.8 - Example of an Expropriations Project Map ...................................................... 126
Figure 5.1 - Cadastre Information System Phases Workflow (Ferbritas, 2010a)………….. 132
Figure 7.1 - Data Migration Module toolbars interfaces (Ferbritas, 2012d)………………….149
Figure 7.2 - Import structure toolbar: cartography mapping table interface (Ferbritas, 2012d)
.............................................................................................................................................. 149
Figure 7.3 - Field module interface (user authentication and cadastral parcel section)
(Ferbritas, 2012d)................................................................................................................. 151
Figure 7.4 - Field module’s operation cycle (Ferbritas, 2012d) ........................................... 151
Figure 7.5 - Information processing module interface (Ferbritas, 2012d)............................ 152
Figure 7.6 - FBSIC initial screen (Ferbritas, 2012d) ............................................................ 157
Figure 7.7 - Cadastral parcels report ................................................................................... 157
Figure 7.8 - Land Property registry document ..................................................................... 158
Figure 7.9 - Tax registry document ...................................................................................... 158
Figure 7.10 - Cadastral parcels map.................................................................................... 159
Figure 7.11 - Expropriations Project map............................................................................. 159
Figure 7.12 - Expropriations Project single parcel map (A4 format).................................... 160
Figure 7.13 - Expropriations Project single parcel map (A3 format).................................... 160
Figure 7.14 - Expropriations parcels area report ................................................................. 161
Figure 7.15 - Easy print map................................................................................................ 161
Figure 7.16 - Approval module initial screen........................................................................ 164
Figure 7.17 - Approval module operation life cycle (Ferbritas, 2012d)................................ 164
Figure 7.18 - Domain management module search screen (Ferbritas, 2012d)................... 167
Figure 7.19 - Central Module interface main features.......................................................... 174
Figure 7.20 - FBSIC Search Tool theme navigation flows (a: alphanumeric; g: geographic;
a/g: alphanumeric and geographic)..................................................................................... 179
Figure 9.1 - FBSIC Poster (2012) (Ferbritas, 2012b)………………………………………… 187

1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Framework
The project object of this report, Ferbritas Cadastre Information System (FBSIC), was
developed between October 1, 2008 and October 12, 2012 in Ferbritas SA (FB) a
Portuguese consultancy company owned by REFER (Portuguese National Railway
Infrastructure Manager) known as REFER Engineering, SA since February 2013. The
company is currently dedicated to the transport sector and in particular the railway (light,
heavy, conventional and high speed).
The concepts of integration, complementarity and coordination are particularly important
especially in the field of railway infrastructures. The requirements of the associated
interventions are very technical in nature and involve multiple specialties and technologies,
and the final result is only guaranteed if the various components of this interwoven puzzle
are compatible and properly joined together. Moreover, linear infrastructures such as roads,
rail, energy, etc. are long lasting, and with long lifecycles. Starting at the planning stage,
these infrastructures can last for several decades, during which information is produced by
multiple generations and organizations, running the risk of not being used at present, or
future, or even get lost in time, if not properly organized and maintained. The resulting
information and knowledge have high economic value and significance for organizations,
making it vital to preserve.
Although the immediate reason for the development of this information system stems from
the need to provide a complete answer to the dynamic control of the registration and real
estate status of the national rail infrastructure, the results obtained are of relevance to
individuals, companies and public administration. Land asset management is a cross cutting
societal topic which is the basis for many economic and control activities. These results are
very important since the opportunity and return on investment on, for instances, ownership
transfers, land use and taxation cannot be based on inadequate or wrong information.
For these reasons, from the beginning, Cadastre Information System (FBSIC) was designed
to meet the needs of the rail sector and beyond. It also is applicable to the activities of
entities or organizations to which it is important to ensure the dynamic control of cadastral
and real estate property.
FBSIC project framing presented in the next points is based on the 2011 article “Cadastre
Information System for Rail in Portugal” (Gil & Mata, 2011e).
1.1.1. Why a Cadastre Information System?
Ferbritas decided to move forward with FBSIC implementation on May 2009, for purely
internal reasons towards production processes improving, aiming productivity and efficiency
increasing concerning land acquisition processes, which final aim is ensure the availability of
sites for national rail infrastructure construction works (Figure 1).

2
Figure 1 – Availability of site for construction (Gil & Mata, 2011c)
Business demands that expropriations projects have to deliver various documents (drawings,
spreadsheets, reports), thus information after being collected and consolidated, has to be
distributed to a wide set of reports with completely different formats. Moreover, tools and
methodologies available on early 2009 implied that many hours were lost into numerous files
and folders manipulation and subsequent digital drawings reports information incorporation,
with lots of time lost only with its composition.
Difficulties soon arise, first, in the assembly of the whole process, but they are intensified
soon after if there would be a need for an update. In this case, there is a need to replicate
the updated information so many times and how often it was initially distributed by different
formats or files.
The facts above described framed company awareness to proceed with a solution
implementation to highly improve the way information was traditionally captured and
transformed; to enable right information to be found and shared across the enterprise,
boosting its use in a productively manner; and to provide users with day-to-day tools and
capabilities integration, where the majority of the procedures would be automated and within
reach of a click (therefore, when someone needed to produce a map or report, this
document should be preset and obtained by access to a tool, in a simple manner, according
to the context in which the user is in the solution and problem that had to be solve).
1.1.2.FBSIC planning stage
The process started with collecting and processing cadastre and expropriation information
from the “foundations” and continued building up the collection of valuable information that
the company already had, seeking its immediate availability to the customer and all internal
specialties. Geographic information technology was adopted and a solution developed, that

3
was properly integrated with other information subsystems of the organization, focused on
the production and business management.
First we proceeded to update the design of the technical and business processes, then the
objectives were detailed and the technological platform selected, which were the
preconditions to start the project. From this point, the implementation process followed a
standard design with the establishment of requirements, functional analysis, application
design and related developments.
1.1.3.FBSIC implementation stage
Initially, a prototype was developed to support better decisions on the system to implement.
In next stage, we proceeded with the Cadastre Information System (FBSIC) implementation.
Below, in Figure 2 is presented an illustration composed of several images: FBSIC Central
Module interface (v1.0) (as background image); examples of module outputs and overview
images (on top of the base image).
Figure 2 - Cadastre Information System (v1.0) (Gil & Mata, 2011e)
The project team was designed to adequately cover the needs of business and was
therefore composed by functional units’ elements that have business "know-how”,
coordinated by a GIS team and supported by an information systems team, with direct
involvement of the first level of management. Another condition, that was also essential to
promote internal and external resources integration, was performing the work at Ferbritas
premises.
Ferbritas Cadastre Information System (FBSIC) is the first step of a business strategy that
has multiple purposes, particularly related to increase value for customers and for the
reference shareholder, with efficiency of services, information integrity, generation and
"democratization" of knowledge in a timeless framework.

4
FBSIC is used permanently by three business areas and has allowed to formulate new
innovative services, and to respond to the needs expressed by clients. They were metrics
established that had confirmed the efficiency gains and significant rigor established in pilot
projects developed in the preliminary phase that would be confirmed after production entry at
cruising speed.
1.1.4.Benefits of FBSIC project
FBSIC is supported by a scalable architecture, standards-based information technology and
communication, and interoperability, ensuring a high sustainability of long-term application. It
allows viewing and editing of geographic and alphanumeric information of cadastre and
expropriations projects. It has a modular character, comprising:
• Data Migration Module (geographic and alphanumeric), with some features for element
validation;
• Field Module (information gathering activities support);
• Information Processing Module (field data import and validation);
• Central Module (provides tools that enable: information load and edit on a geographic,
alphanumeric and document basis, monitor the quality of the project phases and their
transitions (workflow); print maps and formal documents, among other features);
• Backoffice Module (system administrator support);
• Approval Module (enables to perform an approval cycle of expropriations design data
before it is sent to DUP);
• Public Domain Management Module (enables to perform land parcels management
cycle till their acquisition by the national authorities).
In Figure 3 are shown interface examples of the following modules: Data Migration, Field
Module, Information Processing, and Approval.
Figure 3 - FBSIC modules overview (Gil, 2010b)

5
The benefits are evident at the level of operational efficiency, with the inclusion of tools that
enable process integration and standardization of procedures, facilitate analysis and quality
control and maximize performance in the acquisition, maintenance and management of
cadastre and expropriations information (expropriations projects). The implemented system
achieves levels of robustness, comprehensiveness, openness, scalability and reliability
suitable for a structural platform.
1.2. Objectives
The project report objective is, to review in detail all the aspects related with the
implementation projects of an enterprise Geographical Information System (GIS) FBSIC, to
support Cadastre and Expropriations activities in Ferbritas, SA (actually known as REFER
Engineering, SA) from its early planning stage to the last maintenance phase (covering
about four years); present a final overview and main conclusions.
From the beginning, FBSIC was designed to meet the needs of land in the rail sector (right-
of-way), where Ferbritas is positioned, and beyond, as a generic cadastre tool, since it’s also
applicable to entities or organizations activities to which it is important ensure cadastral and
real estate property dynamic control.
The processes of land mobilization for public and private domain infrastructures are
developed according to proper legal frameworks and systematically confronted with the
impoverished national situation as regards the cadastral identification and regularization,
which leads to big inefficiencies, sometimes with very negative impact to the overall
effectiveness.
1.3. Report organization
In short, I will make a guided tour from the beginning of the early planning stages; then I will
make a stop at the main implementations that comprise FBSIC, and talk about the several
integrations achieved with other subsystems, both from an inward perspective (what was
implemented and why) and from an outward perspective (how were the solutions developed
at a high level perspective) with an emphasis in project management; then I will refer the
production activities carried out in parallel to the implementation works; and I will point out
the presentations, conferences, articles and awards where FBSIC was an actor.
Finally, I will present a summary, the report main conclusions, and some future references.
1.4. Main personal contributions to Cadastre Information System
1.4.1.Main activities and responsibilities
I was the Geographic Information Officer and Head of the GIS Department at Ferbritas S.A.
between October 2010 and April 2013 (1st line manager reporting directly to Company’s
CEO); and I was GIS Team leader and Senior GIS Project Manager, between October 2008
and September 2010. In both periods, my main activities and responsibilities were:

6
• Consolidate and extend the company’s Geographic Information Systems skills, in
accordance with the board strategic guidelines, providing increased business, marketing
and technical support in GIS. I aimed to drive my conduit by quality principles,
efficiency, efficacy, simplifying procedures, cooperating and communicating in an
effective way;
• Conceive, plan, submit to board approval, manage and monitor the yearly GIS
team/department activities and budget; lead FBSIC project teams that integrate other
company units and external suppliers; FBSIC project champion; responsible for quality
control of GIS solutions, and FBSIC users (internal and external) trainer;
• Coordinate the development of the corporate geographic information platform,
understood as an added value product for railway studies and project departments, and
other company’s functional units. In this context, I lead the production teams of
Cadastral Recovery of Rail Public Domain GIS projects, Railway Infrastructure GIS
projects, Land Administration Systems, and Expropriation GIS projects;
• Contribute to REFER (Portuguese Railway Infrastructure Manager) GIS standard
(Cartography and Railway Projects);
• GIS Project Management in Cadastre and GIS unit, GIS software manager (Esri ArcGIS
Desktop/Server 10.1), Geodatabases manager (SQL Server 2008 R2), GIS modelling
(model builder), user support and development of simple Web GIS Apps (ArcGIS
Viewer for Flex v3.6);
• Present Ferbritas GIS solutions internally and in national and international fora (about
38 presentations between 2008 and 2012: 1-2008, 7-2009, 11-2010, 8-2011, 11-2012.
See Annex 9 where FBSIC main presentations list between 2010 and 2012 is
presented), and support board marketing initiatives related to GIS solutions.
Relating to the professional activity referred previously, I highlight the article, case studies,
technical documents, posters and application manuals in which I collaborated, being
responsible by all technical contents, text and figures, which are presented in section 4.
In what respects my participation in FBSIC project, I highlight the subsequent features:
coordination and project management from end to end through initiating, planning,
executing, monitoring, controlling, closing stages, and later guarantee and maintenance
periods, between October 2008 and October 2012; and the following interventions:
• Semantic gaps bridge between software development team and business users;
• Database modelling collaboration;
• Interface definition and design participation;
• Workflows definition collaboration;
• Requirements gathering and analysis participation;
• FBSIC solution software tester;
• FBSIC solution’s public presentations speaker.

7
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The following sections contain a brief literature review of the main themes related to the topic
of this report, such as: Land Administration, Cadastre, and GIS with emphasis to the
relationships between them.
2.1. Land Administration
2.1.1.Land
The concept of land includes properties, utilities, and natural resources, and encompasses
the total natural and built environment within a national jurisdiction, including marine areas
(Williamson, et al., 2010).
Land can be viewed from a variety of perspectives, depending on the context within which it
is being discussed, as exposed in Figure 4.
Figure 4 - Perspectives on land (United Nations, 2004)
Therefore, land has many different meanings in a society, and even to the same person.
Those could include (Zevenbergen, 2002):
• economical asset (for industry, but especially for commercial farming);
• social security (especially for subsistence farming);
• place to live (compare the Habitat Global Campaign on Secure Tenure);
• ‘a family heirloom’ (like castles and mansions in England):
• power base for jurisdictions (governments in exile miss this very much);
• place to put down transport links;
• places of social-cultural importance (worship, historical monuments etc.), etcetera.
The way it is ‘defined’ differs between those approaches. Land is preliminary defined by the
use of patterns, which if enough individualized and supported at some point by a legal
construct, can be ‘owned’. Even then a difference can exist between ownership and use (…)
(Zevenbergen, 2002).
The role of land in the economy of each nation is not always obvious, but is of great
significance. Without secure land rights there can be no sustainable development, for there
will be little willingness by local people and by foreigners to make long-term investments. At
least 20% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of most nations comes from land, property
and construction (UNECE, 2005).

8
The land sector in a particular country is evidently a complex system composed by quite an
extensive list of technical and legal aspects that have direct impact on economic
development and environmental as well as social dimensions. Land policy, as the overall
guideline for the formulation of regulatory frameworks and tools with respect to land and
stating the values and objectives to be followed by the land sector, sets the basis for the
construction of healthy land tenure systems (Antonio, et al., 2014).
As shown in Figure 5, under these frame conditions, there are a number of hierarchical
levels. In this regard, Enemark (2009) cited by (Antonio, et al., 2014), argues that this
hierarchy shows the complexity of organizing policies, institutions, processes, and
information for dealing with land in society. This conceptual understanding provides the
overall guidance for building a land administration system in a given society, independent of
the level of development. The hierarchy should also provide guidance for adjusting or
reengineering an existing land administration system.
Figure 5 - A comprehensive representation of the land sector (Magel, Klaus and Espinoza, 2009),
based on Enemark, 2006 cited by (Antonio, et al., 2014)

9
It is now internationally accepted that poverty, land rights, conflict and the sustainable use of
natural resources are correlated, and that secure access to land for the rural poor is
fundamental to improving their livelihoods. Furthermore, asset ownership by the poor is
increasingly recognized as essential to sustained, broad-based economic growth (ILC,
2005).
Land is thus a scarce resource involving a wide range of rights and responsibilities. When
poorly managed, it can become contentious often leading to disputes, conflict, degradation
and other problems, all of them drivers of slum development and poverty in urban areas
(Clos, 2011).
2.1.2.Land Administration
Land administration is not a new discipline. It has evolved out of the cadastre and land
registration areas with their specific focus on security of land rights (Williamson, et al., 2010).
Land administration systems (LAS) are about addressing land tenure, land value, land use,
and land development problems by providing a basic infrastructure for implementing land
related policies and land management strategies to ensure social equity, economic growth
and environmental protection.
The evolution of LAS is influenced by the changing people to land relationships over the
centuries. Even though Figure 6 depicts a Western example of this evolving relationship, a
similar evolution can be plotted for most societies (Williamson, 2008). This diagram
highlights the evolution from feudal tenures, to individual ownership, the growth of land
markets driven by the Industrial Revolution, the impact of a greater consciousness about
managing land with land use planning being a key outcome, and, in recent times, the
environmental dimension and the social dimension in land (Ting and others, 1999) cit. by
(Williamson, 2008).
Figure 6 - Evolution of people to land relationship (Ting and others, 1999) cit. by (Williamson, 2008)
On the other hand, land management is the issue of putting land resources into efficient use,
meaning producing food, shelter and other products or preserving valuable resources for

10
environmental or cultural reasons. Land administration is the governmental responsibility to
provide security of tenure and information about tenure issues for property markets and
governmental and private business activities (UN-HABITAT, 2012).
Building effective and enduring land administration systems requires long-term investment
and continuing support. Although land records are expensive to compile and to keep up to
date, a good land administration system produces many benefits (UNECE, 2005).
Likewise, one vision for a fully automated system would include more than just a GIS - other
computer-based components such as document management system, database
management system, and resolution of organizational and legal problems. Such a system
would support not only mandated land records management responsibilities of local
jurisdictions, but would also serve the needs of a broad range of actors using land
information for a wide variety of programs and functions (Ventura, 1997).
Though, land administration is part of the infrastructure that supports good land management
it should be treated as a means to an end, not an end in itself (UNECE, 2005).
So, land administration can be considered as basis for good governance, in fact, intelligent
and effective land administration systems are a solid condition for good governance and
economic development. This concerns developments regarding legal security (a basic
requirement for investors), access to credit (mortgage), spatial planning (in support of
economic and environmental development) and effective and efficient land taxation. In case
this is not well organised, there may be many disputes, frustrating efficient land use.
Therefore, protection of ownership through property registers is an important condition for
good governance and sustainable economic development (de Zeeuw & Salzmann, 2011).
CheeHai Teo goes further on (Lemmen, 2013) to explain ‘fit for purpose’ we could, in a
simplistic manner, say the following: it has to be applicable, it has to be appropriate –
relevant to the contexts we are working with – and it has to be affordable. Therefore, when
designing our intervention, we need to carefully consider the context and culture, the
capacities and scale, the opportunities and options, the ability to innovatively and
incrementally enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the intervention at that point in
time. And all of that with an eye on achieving maximum benefits.
In fact, an effective land administration is more than the provision of a register. Good data
acquisition, management and distribution is essential, but if E-governance and a spatial
enabled society are in place, it’s impact on good governance can be improved substantially
(Zeeuw, et al., 2013).
So, as stated at (Enemark, 2013) the need to address land management issues
systematically pushes the design of LAS towards an enabling infrastructure for implementing
land policies. Such a global land administration perspective is presented in Figure 7.

11
Figure 7 - A global land administration perspective (Enemark, 2004)
The four land administration functions are different in their professional focus. Even if land
administration is traditionally centred on cadastral activities, modern LAS deliver an essential
infrastructure and encourage integration of the processes related to land tenure (securing
and transferring land rights); land value (valuation and taxation of land); land use (planning
and control of the use of land); and land development (implementing utilities, infrastructure
and construction planning). The four functions interact to deliver overall policy objectives,
and they are facilitated by appropriate land information infrastructures that include cadastral
and topographic datasets linking the built and natural environment (Enemark, 2013).
Lately, the land administration sector is developing data, standards, technologies and
infrastructures as the basis for good land administration practices. In setting up a system,
products should be used and developed, considering two important aspects according to
(Zeeuw, et al., 2013):
1. The required investment made in tools and products, to make it possible. The
investment that is needed in setting up a LAS can be defined by three components (in
each, I refer a group of select features mentioned in the original work):
a. Data and standards (…)
b. A method for the collection of data, management of the systems (software) and the
distribution of data, information and knowledge (…)
• data distribution - internet based web services (Web mapping Services, (WMS)
and Web Feature Services (WFS)), introducing new concepts like Software As A
Service (SAAS));
c. Choices on the system: people and organisations, service levels and infrastructure.
• The LAS service level is highly society dependent. For example, the notary and
banking system in The Netherlands asks for a 24/7 availability and double back-
up system of cadastral and land registry information, provided through WMS and
WFS services. As a result, land administration has become fully integrated in the
Dutch economic system; (...)

12
2. The required return on investment in products, processes and services, to make it
feasible:
a. Based on the societal demand, strategic decisions should be made (…)
b. Return on investment can be obtained on data, information and knowledge or a
mixture of these.
• For example, the Dutch Kadaster manages a database with more than nine
million parcels (spatial and legal data). On yearly basis, about 25% of the
Kadasters turn-over is generated by the provision of information products derived
from this database.
Furthermore, the benefits of good land administration according to (Mclaren & Stanley, 2011)
are shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8 - Benefits of Good Land Administration (Mclaren & Stanley, 2011)
Nevertheless, and according to (Enemark, et al., 2014), the approach used for building land
administration systems in less developed countries should be flexible and focused on
citizens’ needs, such as providing security of tenure and control of land use, rather than
focusing on top-end technical solutions and high accuracy surveys. A fit-for-purpose
approach includes the following elements:
• Flexible in the spatial data capture approaches to provide for varying use and
occupation.
• Inclusive in scope to cover all tenure and all land.
• Participatory in approach to data capture and use to ensure community support.
• Affordable for the government to establish and operate, and for society to use.
• Reliable in terms of information that is authoritative and up-to-date.
• Attainable in relation to establishing the system within a short timeframe and within
available resources.
• Upgradeable with regard to incremental upgrading and improvement over time in
response to social and legal needs and emerging economic opportunities.

13
A final reference to the Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF), a diagnostic tool,
intended as a first step to help countries deal with land governance issues.
The core version of LGAF comprises a set of detailed indicators to be rated on a scale of
precoded statements (from lack of good governance to good practice) based, where
possible, on existing information. These indicators are grouped within five broad thematic
areas that have been identified as major areas for policy intervention in the land sector
(Deininger, et al., 2012):
• Legal and institutional framework (…)
• Land use planning, management, and taxation (...)
• Management of public land (…)
• Public provision of land information (…)
• Dispute resolution and conflict management (…)
Therefore, the LGAF provides a holistic diagnostic review at the country or regional levels
that can inform policy dialogue in a clear and targeted manner (Enemark, et al., 2014).
2.1.3.Land Management Paradigm
The cornerstone of modern land administration theory is, according to (Williamson, et al.,
2010), the land management paradigm, in which, land tenure, value, use and development
are considered holistically as essential and omnipresent functions performed by organised
societies (Figure 9).
Figure 9 – The land management paradigm (Enemark, 2004) cit. by (Williamson, et al., 2010)
Land management activities reflect drivers of globalization and technology. These stimulate
the establishment of multifunctional information systems, incorporating diverse land rights,
land use regulations, and other useful data. A third driver, sustainable development,
stimulates demands for comprehensive information about environmental, social, economic,
and governance conditions in combination with other land related data (Williamson, et al.,
2010).
In conclusion, modern land administration theory requires implementation of the land
management paradigm to drive systems dealing with land rights, restrictions and
responsibilities to support sustainable development. It also requires taking a holistic
approach to management of land as the key asset of any jurisdiction (Williamson, et al.,

14
2010). Moreover, in Figure 10 is presented (Zeeuw, et al., 2013) view of land administration
in relation to sustainable development.
Figure 10 - Land administration in relation to sustainable development (Zeeuw, et al., 2013)
In Portugal, large steps towards land management paradigm implementation took place with
the creation, in 2006, of the SiNErGIC project.
The SiNErGIC project vision was to create, under the coordination of Portuguese
Geographic Institute (IGP), the Unique Parcel Information according with a shift of paradigm
in Public Administration of looking for integrated, articulated and add-value solutions. On the
other hand, and in accordance with the vision, it was defined a set of main goals to create
the information system infrastructure to serve citizens, owners as well as State allowing them
to access in one-stop spot to legal, fiscal and spatial parcel characterization (Julião, et al.,
2010) (Roque, 2009).
Lately, SiNErGIC project is being reformulated in a new project designated the Cadastre
Information National System (DGT, 2013).
2.1.4.Land Administration Domain Model
2.1.4.1. Goals and Basic Features
The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) received ISO official approval as an official
International Standard on 1st November 2012, as ISO 19152:2012 (ISO, 2012). LADM
among other features, defines terminology for land administration, based on various national
and international systems.
LADM will serve two goals, mainly (Uitermark, et al., 2010):
1. Provide a basis for the development of Land Administration systems (LA systems);
2. Enable involved parties, both within one country and between different countries, to
communicate, based on the shared vocabulary (that is, an ontology).
On the other hand, LADM defines a reference model, covering basic information-related
components of LA. Basic components relate to the following (Uitermark, et al., 2010):
1. Parties (people and organizations).
2. Rights, responsibilities, and restrictions (RRR’s).

15
3. Spatial units (parcels, buildings and networks).
4. Spatial sources (surveying).
5. Spatial representations (geometry and topology).
Additionally, and according to (Seifert, 2012) is shown in Figure 11 an overview of LADM
packages (with their respective classes).
Figure 11 - Overview of LADM packages (with their respective classes) (Seifert, 2012)
(Hespanha, et al., 2013) state that LADM provides a generic data model for land
administration based on common grounds. It is possible to use it in so-called informal and
customary environments (Figure 12). This provides a basis to apply the model to support
equal land rights for all. To support in avoidance of land grabbing by mapping the existing
situation fast and with unconventional approaches as point cadastres, satellite images,
boundary drawing instead of measuring, with participatory approaches, accepting errors and
with the intention to improve quality later. With its broad functionality LADM can support in
the development of concepts for land administration systems, which can support
administration of multiple types of tenure. This is also valid for the Social Tenure Domain
Model (STDM), presented later on.
Figure 12 - Further alignment with LADM developments is needed (Hespanha, et al., 2013)
2.1.4.2. Portugal Country Model
Portugal Country Model is derived from the LADM focused on the geometric (Cadastral
Survey and Mapping) and legal (Land Registry) components of the Cadastre, at

16
“Development methodology for an integrated legal cadastre” (Hespanha, 2012) PhD thesis.
In Portugal, modelling of the Cadastral Domain has evolved significantly from the end of XX
century to the first decade of the XXI century, where based on the latest Portuguese
specifications, there’s a focus on just two of the three forms of property: (1) private
ownership and (2) local community ownership, omitting thus public domain ownership. The
end result is the absence of a strict view of a planar partition, once there will be gaps over
the country territory. Furthermore, consideration of transitional areas that are currently of an
informal legal status, as the Deferred Cadastre or the Urban Areas of Illegal Genesis (AUGI,
in Portuguese), will form areas that could overlap private Real Property parcels (Lemmen, et
al., 2010).
2.1.5.The Global Land Tool Network (GLTN)
The Global Land Tool Network (GLTN) is an alliance of global regional and national partners
contributing to poverty alleviation through land reform, improved land management and
security of tenure particularly through the development and dissemination of pro-poor and
gender-sensitive land tools (GLTN, 2012).
According to (GLTN, 2012a) a land tool is a practical way to solve a problem in land
administration and management. It is a way to put principles, policies and legislation into
effect. The term covers a wide range of methods: from a simple checklist to use when
conducting a survey, a set of software and accompanying protocols, or a broad set of
guidelines and approaches. The emphasis is on practicality: users should be able to take a
land tool and apply it (or adapt it) to their own situation.
To reach the overall goal of poverty alleviation through land reform, improved land
management and security of tenure, the GLTN Partners are in the process of developing 18
key land tools (presented in Figure 13) which need to be addressed in order to deal with
poverty and land issues at the country level, across all regions. Some of these tools are at
an advanced stage of development and are being tested in selected countries (e.g. the
Social Tenure Domain Model and Gender Evaluation Criteria), whereas others are still at the
early stages of development (GLTN, 2012a).
Figure 13 - GLTN Diagram Tools (GLTN, 2012a)

17
The Land Tool Development section of the above referred website provides two links, i.e.
Themes, in which the tools are embedded, and Cross Cutting Issues (GLTN, 2012a).
2.1.6.Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM)
Where there is little land information, there is little or no land management. Conventional
Land Administration Systems are based on the ‘parcel approach’ as applied in the developed
world and implemented in developing countries in colonial times. A more flexible system is
needed for identifying the various kinds of land tenure in informal settlements or in
customary areas (Lemmen, 2010).
Traditional land surveys are costly and time consuming. For this reason alternatives are
needed; e.g. boundary surveys based on handheld GPS observations, or by drawing
boundaries on satellite images. This means of course a different accuracy of co-ordinates.
Surveyors understand this and surveyors are needed to provide quality labels and to
improve the quality of co-ordinates at a later moment in time (Lemmen, 2010).
In this same direction (Hespanha, et al., 2013) states that flexibility is needed in relation to
the way of recording, the type of spatial units used, the inclusion of customary and informal
rights, the data acquisition methodologies and in the accuracy of boundary delineation. It is
less important to produce accurate maps. It is more important to have a complete cadastral
index map and to know how accurate the map is.
In this context, UN-HABITAT develops an initiative to support pro-poor land administration:
The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM).
Because, as stated by (Augustinus, 2010a), currently, most poor people are not covered by
a land administration system and its linked land information management system. This
means that they do not benefit from these systems in regard to tenure security, planning and
service delivery, slum upgrading, resolution of disputes and so on. STDM would make it
possible for a country and/or local government to go to scale and include low-income people
in their information systems and in their land delivery approaches. This would have a direct
impact on the quality of life of the poor and on poverty reduction. It would also have a direct
impact on the stabilisation and governance of cities, also through the empowerment of the
poor. This is because it is not possible to create sustainable cities if the poor are not part of
the solution.
In fact, STDM is a ‘specialization’ of LADM, that means, structurally it is a little less complex
than LADM, but it contains almost the same functionality of LADM, under different
terminology STDM is meant specifically for developing countries, countries with very little
cadastral coverage in urban areas with slums, or in rural customary areas. It is also meant
for post conflict areas. The focus of STDM is on all relationships between people and land,
independently from the level of formalization, or legality of those relationships (Lemmen,
2010).

18
Moreover, the work presented in (Paasch, et al., 2013) paper show that it is possible to
extend the Land Administration Domain Model, LADM and its code lists, using the Legal
Cadastral Domain Model, LCDM and the Social Tenure Domain Model, STDM, to making it
possible to describe non-formal rights, restrictions and responsibilities; it’s also
recommended by the authors further research in this issue.
In agreement with previously arguments (Hespanha, et al., 2013) states that LADM provides
a generic data model for land administration based on common grounds. It is possible to use
it in so-called informal and customary environments. This provides a basis to apply the
model to support equal land rights for all. To support in avoidance of land grabbing by
mapping the existing situation fast and with unconventional approaches as point cadastres,
satellite images, boundary drawing instead of measuring, with participatory approaches,
accepting errors and with the intention to improve quality later. With its broad functionality
LADM can support in the development of concepts for land administration systems which
can be in support administration of multiple types of tenure. This is also valid for the Social
Tenure Domain Model (STDM).
2.1.7.Solutions for Open Land Administration (SOLA)
To support the issues referred above, concerning computerised cadastre and registration
systems in developing countries, was launched, in mid-2010, the Solutions for Open Land
Administration (SOLA) Project.
SOLA is an open source software system that aims to make computerised cadastre and
registration systems more affordable and more sustainable in developing countries. Three
countries (Samoa, Nepal and Ghana) have been identified for pilot implementation of the
software (FAO, 2013).
According to FIG/FAO booklet (FIG and FAO, 2010) the costs of proprietary software
licenses have proved to be a constraint, but even more, the lack of capacity, models and
support to develop software have stopped initiatives. Open-source software, which has
become a credible alternative to proprietary software, provides a way forward. Open-source
solutions are more flexible and adaptable to local conditions and languages than proprietary
software. By using and improving open-source software, cadastres can build local
knowledge and contribute to the development of open-source projects that can in turn benefit
other cadastres worldwide.
Finally, I would like to refer that, it is already possible to proceed with the installation of the
SOLA Release Candidate Web Start applications, and install and configure the development
tools used for SOLA, with the support of the SOLA Developer Setup Bundle (FAO, 2013).
2.1.8.Crowdsourcing land administration information
According to (Mclaren, 2009) the ease and increasing use of GPS for data capture, adoption
of data standards, the availability of Web 2.0 tools and the efficiency of mashups for

19
managing and distributing the information are accelerating the growth of crowdsourcing and
distributed citizen sensing.
In this context, crowdsourcing is being used to improve public confidence in land
administration records in several countries in Europe and Central Asia. Land records are
now available through the Internet and citizens are encouraged to report discrepancies so
they can be corrected (Tonchovska, et al., 2014).
But, the challenge for land professionals is not just to replicate elements of their current
services using crowdsourcing, but to radically rethink how land administration services are
managed and delivered in partnership with citizens. Land administration by the people can
become a distinctly 21st century phenomenon (Mclaren, 2011).
2.2. Cadastre
2.2.1.Cadastre definition
2.2.1.1. Before 1995 FIG Statement
At Commission 7 Opening Address at the 1990 FIG Congress a set of clear and concise
cadastral definitions were presented, as follows (Henssen & Williamson, 1990):
• Land Registration: is a process of official recording of rights in land through deeds or as
title (on properties). It means that there is an official record (the land register) of rights
on land or of deeds concerning changes in the legal situation of defined units of land. It
gives an answer to the questions "who" and "how";
• Cadastre: is a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning properties
within a certain country or district, based on a survey of their boundaries. Such
properties are systematically identified by means of some separate designation. The
outlines or boundaries of the property and the parcel identifier are normally shown on
large-scale maps, which, together with registers, may show for each separate property
the nature, size, value and legal rights associated with the parcel. It gives an answer to
the questions "where" and "how much";
• Land recording:
o land registration and cadastre usually complement each other; they operate as
interactive systems. Land registration puts, in principle, the accent on the relation
subject-right, whereas cadastre puts the accent on the relation right-object. In other
words: the land registration answers the questions as to who and how the cadastre
answers the questions as to where and how much;
o because land registration and cadastre ("who and how" along with "where and how
much") complement each other, the terms "land recording" or "land records" are
usually used to indicate these two components together as a whole. Often the term
"land titling" is used instead of the term "land recording".

20
In the previous cited work (Henssen & Williamson, 1990) it´s also concluded that an
adequate land recording system (being a land registration system and a cadastre) consists
of two basic parts:
• A descriptive part containing registers or files which record legal facts (deeds) or legal
consequences (titles) and other physical or abstract attributes concerning the parcels
depicted on the maps described below;
• A cartographic part, consisting of (large scale) maps, based on a survey, which contain
the division into parcels of an area and with appropriate parcel identifiers.
Finally, (Henssen & Williamson, 1990) stated that, depending often on the author's discipline
(e.g. lawyer, land surveyor or layman) and country of origin:
• the words land registration and cadastre are also used to indicate the organisational
unit, which operates in the concerned field of recording;
• the word land registration concerns only the system of registration of title (English
influence);
• land registration covers also the cadastral system;
• cadastre includes also land registration (e.g. in "legal cadastre" or "multipurpose
cadastre").
2.2.1.2. FIG Statement on the Cadastre
A cadastre is normally a parcel based, and up-to-date land information system containing a
record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a
geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the
interests, the ownership or control of those interests, and often the value of the parcel and its
improvements. It may be established for fiscal purposes (e.g. valuation and equitable
taxation), legal purposes (conveyancing), to assist in the management of land and land use
(e.g. for planning and other administrative purposes), and enables sustainable development
and environmental protection (FIG, 1995).
This definition frames the so called conventional LA systems which are based on the ‘parcel-
based’ approach.
2.2.1.3. A wider inclusive view
According to (Augustinus, 2010) the greatest challenges to any country's cadastral system
are the informal settlements. By 2030 the urban population of all developing regions,
including Asia and Africa, will far outweigh the rural. This massive shift towards urbanisation
over the next twenty years will be characterised by informality, illegality and unplanned
settlements. Urban growth will be associated with poverty and slum growth. Today about one
third of urban residents in the developing world live in slums which either lie outside the
cadastre or the occupation of which does not match it.

21
The land industry needs rather to be developing appropriate tools for users across the
spectrum, including the poor, women and men, and in different regions of the world, not just
for the developed world. So, what needs to be developed is a pro-poor land-administration
system (LAS) of completely different design, interoperable with current cadastral systems
(Augustinus, 2010). This technical gap needs to be filled for a range of purposes, including:
• forest management;
• wetland management outside the register;
• customary tenure with layers of group rights;
• informal settlement inventory in preparation for upgrading;
• large-scale identification of land rights and claims following natural disaster, including
multiple households inhabiting same dwelling unit, as a pre-cadastral step;
• development of claims database in post-conflict environments, including overlapping
claims.
In this context, alternative representations of area’s and alternatives for traditional land
surveys are needed. Traditional land surveys are costly and time consuming, and proved not
to work in many situations in developing countries. Handheld GPS, or the use of satellite
imagery, are considered to be inaccurate by the surveyor’s community; but this attitude
results in a lack of LA coverage. There is a need for complete and up-to-date LA coverage. A
more flexible system has to be based on a global standard like LADM, and it has to be
manageable by the local community itself. It is here where the Social Tenure Domain Model
(STDM) comes in. This kind of standardization allows for the integration of data collected by
communities into a formal LA system at a later moment in time (Uitermark, et al., 2010).
Furthermore, and according to (Roberge, 2010) developing countries, where the need for
land-rights infrastructure is primary and resources are scarce, require light and low-cost
solutions creating exact rather than accurate data.
Figure 14 - A fit-for-purpose approach (Enemark, 2012)
Reinforcing this idea, (Enemark, 2013) framing cadastre as the core engine for spatially
enabled land administration, states that spatial enablement is not primarily about accuracy: it
is about adequate identification, completeness and credibility. Systems should be built using
a “fit for purpose‟ approach (presented in Figure 14) while accuracy can be incrementally

22
improved over time when justifying serving the needs of citizens and society. In relation to
the concept of the continuum of land rights such a fit for purpose approach could then be
referred to as a “continuum of accuracy‟.
A final reference to “The Continuum Paradigm” concept (Teo, 2012), that is framed and
extends the “Land Rights Continuum” (UN-HABITAT, 2011) (UN-HABITAT, 2012a) (Teo,
2012b) notion to broader aspects of land systems, compose by a Continuum of Approaches
(from less to more rigorous), a Continuum of Technology (from less to more sophisticate), a
Continuum of Measurement (from less to more precise); and a Continual Tools Development
(from complex to greater complexity) as shown in Figure 15. Therefore, (Teo, 2012) states
that this would be the only way to build land systems, especially in developing countries, in
order to address the realities of different sections of society.
Figure 15 – The Continuum Paradigm (Teo, 2012)
2.2.2.Cadastre as the engine of LAS
According to (Williamson, et al., 2010) cadastre is one of the ten land administration
principles, being at the core of any LAS providing spatial integrity and unique identification of
every land parcel. Moreover, the land management paradigm makes a national cadastre the
engine of the entire LAS, underpinning the country’s capacity to deliver sustainable
development (Williamson, et al., 2010).
Figure 16 diagram demonstrates that the cadastral information layer cannot be replaced by a
different spatial information layer derived from geographic information systems (GIS). The
unique cadastral capacity is to identify a parcel of land both on the ground and in the system
in terms that all stakeholders can relate to (Williamson, et al., 2010).

Fernando Gil's master thesis: "The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activities."

Fernando Gil's master thesis: "The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activities."

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (11)

Similar to Fernando Gil's master thesis: "The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activities."

Similar to Fernando Gil's master thesis: "The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activities." (20)

More from Fernando Gil

More from Fernando Gil (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Fernando Gil's master thesis: "The implementation of an Enterprise Geographical Information System to support Cadastre and Expropriation activities."