1. College Preparatory Biology
Chapter 3: Biochemistry

2. Write into the day
 Why do Carbon molecules form the
chemical backbone for all living things?
 Answer: because of its chemical structure.

3. Organic vs. Inorganic
 Organic molecules- made primarily of
carbon atoms.
 Inorganic compounds- usually do not
contain carbon.
For the following list of items, determine if
each is organic or inorganic:
Wool, cotton, glass rod, paper, potted plant,
carbon dioxide.

4. Section 1:Carbon
Compounds
 Most matter in living organisms that is not
water is organic matter.
 Carbon has 4 valence electrons, therefore, it
can form 4 covalent bonds with atoms.
 Carbon has the ability to exist in straight
chains, branched chains, or rings.

5. Carbon Compounds

6. Carbon Bonding
 Carbon can form single, double, or triple
bonds.

7. Functional Groups

8. Functional Groups Cont…

9. Functional Groups Cont…
 Functional groups influence the properties of
a compound.
 They can make a compound hydrophobic,
hydrophilic, polar or non-polar. They can
also make boiling point or rate of
evaporation higher or lower.

10. Large Carbon Compounds
 Monomers= single unit
 Dimers= two units
 Trimers= three units
 Polymers= many units
 Large polymers are called macromolecules.

11. Dehydration Synthesis
Reaction
Take away water to add molecules together

12. Hydrolysis Reaction
Add water to break apart
molecule

13. Energy Currency
 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) stores a
large amount of energy in one of the
phosphate bonds
 This energy is used for chemical reactions in
the body.

14. Section 2: Molecules of
Life
 4 main classes of organic compounds are
essential to life:
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids

15. Carbohydrates
 Composed of C, H, and O atoms.
 C, H, O are in a ratio of 1:2:1.
 The monomer of carbohydrates is a
monosaccharide.
 Some examples of monosaccharides are
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose.

16. Monosaccharides

17. Monosaccharides,
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
 The prefixes ‘Mono’, ‘Di’, and ‘Poly’ mean
‘one’, ‘two’, and ‘many’, respectively.
 ‘Saccharide’ means ‘sugar’.
 A monosaccharide is the monomer for
carbohydrates.
 2 monosaccharides make up a disaccharide
 Many monosaccharides make up a
polysaccharide.

18. Examples of
Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharide- Glucose, fructose, and
galactose.
 Disaccharides- Sucrose, Maltose, and
Lactose
 Polysaccharides- Glycogen (Storage form of
energy in animals); Starch (storage form of
energy in plants).

19. Polysaccharides

20. Lipids
 Composed of the elements C, H, and Oxygen.
 The monomers of lipids are glycerol and fatty acid.
 Some examples of lipids are phospholipids,
testosterone, estrogen, ear wax.
 Saturated fatty acid- carbon has as many hydrogen
atoms bonded to it as possible and there are no
double bonds
 Unsaturated- carbon does not have as many
hydrogens bonded to it as possible and has double
binds to compensate.

21. Lipid Structure

22. Phospholipid Structure

23. Steroids

24. Proteins
 Contain the elements C, H, N, and O.
 The monomers of proteins are amino acids.
 There are 20 different amino acids
 Amino acids have 4 parts: Amino group,
central carbon, R group, and Carboxyl
group.

25. Amino Acid Structure

26. Enzymes
 Are proteins that catalyze biological
reactions.
 Enzymes have a binding site (Active site)
that allows a molecule (substrate) to bind to
it and change.
 Enzymes can only work at a specific pH,
Temperature, and Salinity level.

27. Enzymatic Reaction

28. Nucleic Acids
 Contains elements C, H, O, N, and P.
 Store and transfer specific information about
an organism.
 Make up DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
 Consist of a phosphate group, a sugar, and
a nitrogenous base.

29. Nucleic Acid

30. DNA