To watch my animated viedo on YouTube visit
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVHDGWfQhSU
To download my animated presentation visit:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/bbtayufrn1clnvh/Anaphylaxis.pptx
2. Objectives
Define Hypersensitivity Reaction.
Mention the Types of Hypersensitivity
Reactions.
Define Anaphylaxis.
Mention the Etiologic Causes.
Explain the Pathophysiologic Mechanism.
Mention the Signs & Symptoms.
Demonstrate the Diagnostic Investigations.
Display the Treatment & First Aid.
3. Hypersensitivity Reaction
Injurious, or pathologic, immune reactions are
called hypersensitivity reactions.
Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in two
situations.
First, responses to foreign antigens may be
dysregulated or uncontrolled, resulting in
tissue injury.
Second, the immune responses may be
directed against self antigens, as a result of
the failure of self-tolerance (autoimmunity).
4. Types of hyper sensitivity
reactions
Immediate Antibody- immune complex T cell-mediated
hypersensitivity mediated diseases diseases
Mast cell Antibodies Antibody- Reactions
release directed antigen of T
histamine against cell or complex lymphocytes
and other tissue deposit in
mediators antigens blood vessels
5. Anaphylaxis
Ana (without), phylaxis (protection).
Acute multi-systemic allergic reaction involving
the skin, airway, vascular system, and GI.
Sever immediate (type I) hypersensitivity
reaction.
True & pseudo-anaphylaxis.
6. Etiology
Causes of anaphylaxis in a study of 266 patients (Data
from Kemp et al)
2% Food
7%
Idiopathic
20% 34% Drugs
Exercise
37%
Latex, hormons, ins
ect bites
16. Signs & Symptoms
Nose &
mouth
Sneezing
runny nose nasal congestion
swelling of the
metallic taste
tongue
17. Signs & Symptoms
Lungs and
throat
wheezing or other
Difficulty breathing coughing chest tightness
sounds
increased mucus throat swelling or or a sensation of
change in voice
production itching choking
18. Signs & Symptoms
Heart and circulation
Dizziness weakness fainting
rapid, slow, or
low blood pressure
irregular heart rate
21. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of anaphylaxis is based upon symptoms
that occur suddenly after being exposed to a potential
trigger.
Differential diagnosis
severe asthma attack
heart attack
panic attack
food poisoning
An increased amount of tryptase protein can be
measured in a blood sample collected during the first
three hours after anaphylaxis symptoms have begun.
tryptase levels are seldom elevated in food-induced
22. First Aid
Place patient in
Establish and
Trendelenburg
maintain airway.
position.
Give oxygen via Place a tourniquet
nasal cannula as above the reaction
needed. site.
Epinephrine at the
site of antigen Start IV to rise BP.
injection.
23. Treatment
EPINEPHRINE
Benadryl (diphenhydramine) - H1
antagonist
Tagamet (cimetidine) - H2 antagonist
Corticosteroid therapy
In severe anaphylaxis, observe for 6 hours or
longer
24. Prevention
Avoid the responsible allergen (e.g.
food, drug, latex, etc.).
Keep an adrenaline kit (e.g. Epipen) and
Benadryl on hand at all times.
Wear medic Alert bracelets .
Venom immunotherapy is highly effective in
protecting insect-allergic individuals.