Eropa

Sejarah Eropa

 VIII-VI SM : Peradaban Yunani abad
 IX-V SM : Peradaban Romawi Kuno
 Pemikiran filsuf terkenal Socrates, Plato, Aristoteles dan
Heredotus
 Romawi Barat dikuasai Jerman
 V-XIV M : Penyatuan Eropa Romawi oleh Raja Charlemagne
dari Franka.
 XIV M : Dominasi Gereja (Paus) di Romawi Barat.
―Kegelapan‖
 XV M : Konstantinopel di Bizantium (Romawi Timur)
dikalahkan Turki Ottoman. Masa Renaisans dimulai.
 XV-XVI M : Renaisans ditandai dengan perkembangan ilmu
pengetahuan (sains, sastra, musik, seperti Leonardo da
Vinci, Nicolas Copernicus, Galileo Galilei). Penjelahan di
dunia melalui jalur laut dimulai.

 1517 : Protestan dibawah Martin Luther mulai berkembang.
 XV-XVIII M : Kolonialisasi Eropa dimulai dipelopori Portugal
dan Spanyol.
 1789 to 1914 : Perubahan sosial, politik dan ekonomi
drastis yang dipicu oleh Industrial Revolution, the French
Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. The Industrial
Revolution affected socioeconomic and cultural conditions
in Britain and North America.
 Proses Industrialisasi menyebar di dunia, semua mesin
industri mulai ditemukan.
 1815 : Congress of Vienna menjadi tatanan peraturan dunia.
 XVIII-XX : Kejayaan Rusia dan Inggris meningkat, Turki
Ottoman melemah.
 XX : The rise and fall of Nazi Germany and of the Soviet
Union. The end of the European Colonial empires and
initiated widespread decolonization.

 1914 : First World War caused the rise of German Empire
and Austro-Hungarian Empire.
 Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman
Empire and Bulgaria.
 Triple Entente – France, the United Kingdom and Russia,
Italy (1915), Romania (1916) and US (1917).
 1917 : First Cold War causes the Russian Revolution.
 1919 : Treaty of Versailles, the winners imposed on
Germany and recognized the new states (such as
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria, Yugoslavia,
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania).
 Fascism – in Italy (1922), Germany (1933), Spain (after a
civil war ending in 1939).
 Hungary (1944), Romania (1940) and Slovakia (1939) were
being independent.

 1939 : Mussolini's Italy and Soviet Union in the "Pact of
Steel" and signing a non-aggression pact.
 1 September 1939 : Adolf Hitler started the Second World
War attacking Poland.
Cold War
 4-11 Februari 1945 : The Second World War ended by
the Yalta Conference as it became the principal zone of
contention in the Cold War between the two power blocs,
the Western countries and the Communist bloc.
 The United States and Western Europe (United Kingdom,
France, Italy, Netherlands, West Germany, etc.) established
the NATO.
 The Soviet Union and its satellites in Europe (Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland,
and Romania) established the Warsaw Pact.
 Meanwhile, western European countries slowly began a
process of political and economic integration, with its aim to
unite Europe and prevent another wars.

 9 May 1950 : The European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC) was first proposed by French foreign minister Robert
Schuman as a way to prevent further war between France
and Germany.
 I July 1967 : The European Economic Community (EEC) was
created by the Treaty establishing the European Economic
Community of 1957. The EEC was subsumed into
the European Union upon its creation in 1993 by
the Maastricht Treaty. Formally renamed as the European
Community.
 The European Union was formally established when
the Maastricht Treaty came into force on 1 November
1993,and in 1995 Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the
newly established EU.
 1989 : Soviet Union is collapsed, which split into fifteen
independent states.
 1991 : the violent begins in Yugoslavia in the Balkans. Four
(Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia).

Austria Liechtenstein

Belgium Spain

Portugal Greek

Netherland Ireland

Cyprus German

Switzerland Italy

France Britain

Monaco

Great Britain
 On 1 May 1707 a new kingdom of Great Britain was created
by the political union of the kingdoms of England and
Scotland.
 1 January 1801 : the union between the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland.
 British Empire grew the trade to India, large parts of Africa,
and many other territories. Britain's dominant controlled the
economies of many countries, such as China, Argentina
and Siam.
 After the 1st World War, UK received the League of
Nations mandate over former German
and Ottoman colonies, and the British Empire had expanded
to its greatest extent, covering a fifth of the world's land
surface and a quarter of its population.
Politic :
 Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state of the UK
( Commonwealth countries).

 The monarch has "the right to be consulted, the right to
encourage, and the right to warn".
 The UK has an uncodified constitution. The Constitution
of UK : disparate written sources, including statutes,
judge-made case law and international treaties, together
with constitutional conventions.
 PM and cabinet are formally appointed by the monarch.
 The UK's three major political parties : Conservative
Party, Labour Party , Liberal Democrats.
 The UK membership : UNSC, the Commonwealth of
Nations, G7, G8, G20, NATO, WTO, the Council of Europe,
OSCE, and EU.
 UK military operations
in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq and, most
recently, Libya, have followed this approach.
 1982 : Falklands War, is the last British war with
victorious.

Economy :
 UK is the third-largest in Europe after Germany and
France.
 Pound sterling is the world's third-largest reserve
currency (after the US Dollar and the Euro).
 London is one of the three "command centres" of the
global economy (alongside New York City and
Tokyo), is the world's largest financial centre alongside
New York, and has the largest city GDP in Europe.
 2011 : the unemployment rate among 18 to 24 had
risen from 11.9% to 20.3%.

Germany
 After WW II: the western sectors controlled by France,
the UK and US, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form
the Federal Republic of Germany (Berlin); on 7 October
1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic
Republic (Bonn).
 West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a
founding member of EEC in 1957.
 East Germany joined the Warsaw Pact. Though East
Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power
was exercised solely by the communist-
controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany.
 The Berlin Wall, built in 1961 to stop East Germans
from escaping to West Germany, became a symbol of
the Cold War.
 The Berlin Wall was fall in 1989.
 Berlin/Bonn Act (10 March 1994) : Berlin once again
became the capital of the reunified Germany, while
Bonn obtained the unique status of
a Bundesstadt (federal city).

 Active role : in the EU, NATO, peacekeeping force in the
Balkans and Afghanistan.
 Germany domestic law : Germany only can deploy troops
for defence roles.
 2005 : Angela Merkel became the first female Chancellor
of Germany as the leader of a grand coalition.
Politic :
 The president primarily with representative
responsibilities and powers.
 The chancellor is the head of government and
exercises executive power, similar to the role of a Prime
Minister in other parliamentary democracies.
 Diplomatic network : 229 diplomatic missions abroad and
maintains relations with more than 190 countries.
 2011 : the largest contributor to the budget of EU
(providing 20%) and the third largest contributor to the UN
(providing 8%).

 Germany and US are close political allies.
 1948 : Marshall Plan and strong cultural ties have crafted
a strong bond between the two countries, although
Schröder's vocal opposition to the Iraq War suggested the
end of Atlanticism and a relative cooling of German-
American relations.
 The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery
Program) where the US gave monetary support to help
rebuild European economies after the end of World War
II in order to combat the spread of Soviet communism.
Economy :
 Global brands are Mercedes Benz, BMW, Siemen,
Volkswagen, Adidas, Audi, Allianz, Porsche, and Nivea.
 Germany has more 1000 small and medium enterprises.

Spain
 16-17th : Spanish Habsburgs - Charles I (1516–1556)
and Philip II (1556–1598).
 The Spanish Empire expanded to include great parts of
the Americas, islands in the Asia-Pacific area, areas of Italy,
cities in Northern Africa, as well as parts of what are
now France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the
Netherlands.
 19th : nationalist movements arose in the Philippines and
Cuba.
 1898 : Spanish–American War, fought in the Spring.
 1936–39 : The Spanish Civil War. Three years later
the Nationalist forces, led by General Francisco Franco (Nazi
Germany and Fascist Italy).
 The Spanish Civil War has been called the first battle of the
Second World War.

 Post civil war regime was the Falange formed in 1937; the
party emphasized anti-Communism, Catholicism and
nationalism. The party was renamed the National Movement
(Movimiento Nacional) in 1949.
 After WW II Spain was politically and economically isolated,
and was kept out of the UN.
 1960s : Spain registered an unprecedented rate of economic
growth in what became known as the Spanish miracle,
transition towards a modern economy.
Post Franco
 November 1975: Franco's death. Juan Carlos became the
King of Spain and head of state in accordance with the law.
 23 February 1981: rebel elements among the security forces
seized the Cortes in an attempt to impose a military backed
government.
 30 May 1982 : Spain joined NATO, following a referendum.
That year the Spanish Socialist Workers Party came to power,
the first left-wing government in 43 years. 1986 : EU.

 1996 : General Elections, the PSOE was replaced in
government by the Partido Popular.
 Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a
hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament,
the Cortes Generales.
Territorial disputes :
 Spain claims Gibraltar, in the southernmost part of
the Iberian Peninsula. Then a Spanish town, it was
conquered by an Anglo-Dutch force in 1704.
 1713 : The legal situation concerning Gibraltar was
settled in the Treaty of Utrecht. UN resolutions call on the
UK and Spain to reach an agreement.
 Savage Islands - between Spain and Portugal.

 Perejil Island - rocky islet located in the South shore of
the Strait of Gibraltar, disputed between Spain
and Morocco. The armed incident happened in 2002.

France
 Louis XVI : The French Revolution (1789–1799), was a
period of radical social and political upheaval
in France that had a major impact on France and indeed
all of Europe.
 France was a member of the Triple Entente when World
War I broke out.
 France was one of the founding members of
the NATO (1949).
 France attempted to regain control of French
Indochina but was defeated by the Viet Minh at the Battle
of Dien Bien Phu in 1954.
 Charles de Gaulle managed the peace negotiations in
1962 that led to Algerian independence.
Politic :
 French politics are characterised by two politically
opposed groupings: one left-wing, centred around
the French Socialist Party, and the other right-wing, now
its successor the Union for a Popular Movement.

 Membership : UN Security Council with veto rights, G8,
WTO, EU and other communities and organizations.
 1960s : France has developed close ties with reunified
Germany to become the most influential driving force of
the EU.
 NATO : France under President de Gaulle, it excluded
itself from the joint military command to avoid American
domination of its foreign and security policies. However,
as a result of Nicolas Sarkozy's (much criticised in France
by the leftists and by a part of the right) pro-
American politics.
 4 April 2009 : France rejoined the NATO.
 In the early 1990s : criticism from other nations for its
underground nuclear tests in French Polynesia.
 2003 : France vigorously opposed the invasion of
Iraq, straining bilateral relations with the US and the UK.

 France has the second largest network of diplomatic
missions in the world, second only to the USA.
 Since 1960 : France is a recognized nuclear state.
France has signed and ratified the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) and acceeded to
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Economy :
 A member of the G8 group of leading industrialized
countries.
 It is ranked as the world's fifth largest.

 2nd largest economy of Europe by nominal GDP.

 2010 : 39 of the 500 biggest companies of the world.

Italy
 a founding member of EU and NATO.
 1955 : Italy was admitted to the UN.

 Italy – joined in OECD, GATT/WTO, OSCE, CSCE, G8.

 Italy – send the troops under UN Peacekeeping
to Somalia, Mozambique, and East Timor and provides
support for NATO and UN operations in
Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania.
 The Parliament of Italy is perfectly bicameral:
• The Chamber of Deputies (that meets in Palazzo
Montecitorio)
• The Senate of the Republic (that meets in Palazzo
Madama)
 Four major political parties :
• People of Freedom, The Democratic Party, The Northern
League, The Italy of Values

Economy :
 Italy has a free market economy :
◦ high per capita GDP,
◦ low unemployment rates
 2010 : it was the 8th-largest economy in the world.
 Italy - has a smaller number of global MNC, but there is
a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises.
 Tourism - profitable sectors of the national economy:
with 43.6 million international tourist ($38.8 billion).
 2008 : The Italian economy is weakened by the lack of
infrastructure development, market reforms and
research investment, and also high public deficit.

Netherland
 1568-1648 : King of Spain Charles V, the Netherlands
region was part of the Seventeen Provinces
(Belgium, Luxembourg, and some land
in France and Germany).
 Union of Utrecht – a treaty in which 17 provinces
promised to support each other against the Spanish
army.
 1581 : Act of Abjuration - the declaration of
independence in which the northwestern provinces
officially deposed Philip II.
 Elizabeth I of England send an English army to aid the
Dutch against Spanish.
 1648 : Philip IV finally recognized the independence of 7
northwestern provinces (Holland, Zeeland, Groningen,
Friesland,Utrecht,Overijssel, and Gelre) in
the Peace of Münster.

 Dutch Golden Age was starting as an impact of
Renaissance. The Dutch – English disputes arose.
 1667 :Treaty of Breda - the Dutch decided to keep the
plantation colony of Suriname conquered from the
English. The English were left with New Amsterdam, a
small trading post in North America, which is now known
as New York City.
 1795–1814 : French domination, the Bataafse
Republiek (Batavian Republic).
 1806-1813 : Louis Bonaparte control the Netherlands
until Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Leipzig.
 1815–1940 : Kingdom of the Netherlands. William I of the
Netherlands became King of the Netherlands.
 1815: Congress of Vienna - Netherlands with Belgium
create a strong country. Luxemburg was gave to William.
 1830 : The Belgium independence, 1890 - Luxemburg
was separated from Netherland after William III died.

 1912 : World War I - Netherlands remained neutral.
 1940–1945 : Second World War - Nazi invaded the
Netherlands on 10 May 1940 as part of their campaign
against the Allied forces.
 Netherlands - was one of the founding members of
the Benelux (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg)
grouping.
 Organization : NATO, ECSC, EEC and EU.
 1960-1970’s : time of great social and cultural change, and
religious lines.
 2001 : Netherlands recognize same-sex marriage, drug’s
policy.
 2010 : Netherlands Antilles – land of Netherlands in
the Caribbean - was dissolved.
Economy :
 The Dutch - rank third in value of agricultural exports ( US
and France) with earning $55 billion annually.

 Companies : Unilever, Heineken, financial services (ING),
chemicals (DSM), Shell, Philips, ASML) and car
navigation Tom-Tom.
 Index of Economic Freedom : 13th most free
market capitalist.
Politic :
 1815 : The Netherlands has been a constitutional
monarchy. 1848 : parliamentary democracy.
 Head of state - Queen Beatrix. The head of
government is the PM.
 Multi-party system : no single party has held a majority in
parliament, coalition cabinets had to be formed.
 3 families of parties:
• The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA),
• The social democrats ( Labour Party (PvdA)),
• The liberals (People's Party for Freedom and
Democracy (VVD))

 2010 :Geert Wilders whose PVV won the election. VVD-
led minority government in coalition with CDA.
 The foreign policy based on four basic commitments:
• The Atlantic cooperation,
• European integration,
• International development,
• International law.
 The more controversial international issues - its liberal
policy towards soft drugs.

Greece
 1860’s : Russia, the UK and France, decided to intervene
in the conflict of Greece against Turks and Egyptian.
 1830 : London Protocol - finally recognized the Greek
State.
 1893 : the Declaration of Public Insolvency - an
International Financial Control authority.
 1897 : Greco-Turkish War - the badly trained and
equipped Greek army was defeated by the Ottomans.
 Issue in 19th-century : the language question of Greece.
Demotic (Ancient Greekor) Katharevousa (purified) Greek.
 Demotic – officially became national language, but
conservatives and the Orthodox Church resisted. This
issue would continue to plague Greek politics until the
1970s.
 All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to
liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman
Empire.

Greece in the 20th :
 1913 : Balkan Wars - The increasing its territory and
population.
 WWI : the opposition - King Constantine I and PM Eleftherios
Venizelos. Greece has two government :
• a royalist pro-German government in Athens.
• a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki.
 1917 : The two governments were united to Triple Entente.
 Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa
Kemal Pasha.
 1924 : Second Hellenic Republic was declared.
 1936 : Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a fascist regime. But
Greece remained in good terms with Britain and was not
allied with the Axis.
 German soldiers raising the German War Flag over the
Acropolis of Athens.
 28 October 1940 : Greco-Italian War – Greek victory
over Axis forces.

 The Greek civil war - communist
and anticommunist forces.
 July 1965 : King Constantine II's dismissal of George
Papandreou's centrist government.
 1973 : a counter-coup established Brigadir Dimitrios
Ioannidis as dictator.
 1974 : as Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus, the regime
collapsed.
 PM Konstantinos Karamanlis was invited back from Paris
where he had lived in self-exile since 1963.
 1974 : Greek forces withdrew from NATO, in protest at
the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus.
 11 June 1975 : A democratic and republican
constitution was promulgated following
a referendum, which chose to not restore the monarchy.
 1979 : Greece joined to EC

 Andreas Papandreou - Panhellenic Socialist
Movement (PASOK), Karamanlis - conservative New
Democracy party.
 1980 : Greece rejoined NATO.
 1999 : relations with Turkey improved when successive
earthquakes hit both nations, and Greek lift its veto
against Turkey's bid for EU membership.
 2001 : Greece adopted the euro.
 Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and
heavy infrastructure, and growing revenues from tourism,
shipping and a fast-growing service sector have raised
the country's standard of living.
 2000’s : Greece has been hit hard by European sovereign
debt crisis. The economic crisis and resultant, sometimes
violent protests have roiled domestic politics and
regularly threatened European and world financial-market
stability in 2010–11.

 Greece's foreign policy - to represent Greece before other
states and international organizations; safeguarding the
interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad; the
promotion of Greek culture; the fostering of closer
relations with the Greek diaspora; and the promotion of
international cooperation. Additionally, Greece has
developed a regional policy to help promote peace and
stability in the Balkans, the Mediterranean and the Middle
East.
 3 issues as of particular importance to the Greek state:
• Turkish claims over what the Ministry defines as Greek
sovereignty over the Aegean Sea and corresponding
airspace;
• The legitimacy of the Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus on the island of Cyprus;
• The Macedonia naming dispute with the small Balkan
country which shares a name with Greece's largest and
second-most-populous region, also called Macedonia.

Denmark
 1397: Denmark entered the Kalmar
Union with Norway and Sweden « Queen Margaret I ».
 The Protestant Reformation came to Scandinavia in the
1530s, and following the Count's Feud civil war,
Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536. Later that
year, Denmark entered into a union with Norway.
 5 June 1849 – Monarchy Constitution.
 Head of state – Margaret II.
 9 April 1940 : Germany's invasion of Denmark – code
named Operation Weserübung.
 1948 : Iceland severed ties to Denmark and became an
independent republic.
 The Faroese declining membership in EEC from 1973
and Greenland from 1986, in both cases because of
fisheries policies.

 1979 : Greenland gained home rule.
 Greenland and the Faroe Islands – aren’t members of
EU.
 1990’s : the Denmark economic increasing on
refrigerator, electronic, ship, and auto productions.
 1990’s : Social Democratic Party had leading, and did
the changes:
• Regulating the system and right on field (buying
system only for them, who have graduation
certificates of agro-education, the fields can’t inherit,
the field must be effectively produce)
• Reforming state government in three system
(municipal level, regional and federal)
• The parliament assembly – free attended for all
citizens.
• The corruption was decreased.
• Tax income – companies 37%, citizens 52%, so high.

 2001 : Left-party won the elections fully (Wenstre Party
– Paul Newroop Rasmusen)
 The problems :
• 1990’s : Immigration raised up to 7 % from its
population (get a social rights, but no works
effectiveness).
• Decreasing the tax, giving off pregnant
• Restricting the immigration’s law (main problem in
2001)
• Faroe islands – the biggest oil territory wish to
separate, send the letter of intent to UN. Norway
support the independent of Faroe.
• Greenland – created the self-government (main
problem in 20 century). Income of production – 375
million dollars/year. 2002 : Referendum was held in
Greenland. 2009 : awarded self-independent.

Political Affair :
 2000 : The Russian president visit to Copenhagen,
Denmark asking for an excuse on statement on Chechnya
conflict.
 Nuclear issues – AS project in Greenland (Denmark-
Russia)
 2001 : Russia bans Denmark on fishing in the
sea Barentsev.
 28-29 October 2002 : The Chechnya congress in
Copenhagen (the bad period of Russia-Denmark
relations)
 A. Zakaeva arrest has not been proven (head of
Chechnya separatism)
 2003 : Russia asks Denmark to give the Maria
Fedorovna ()

Sweden
 8-11th century : The Swedish Viking Age. The Swedish
Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south,
going to Finland, the Baltic countries,
Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea (Baghdad).
 17th century : Sweden emerged as a European great
power (Gustavus Adolphus).
 Thirty Years' War - Sweden conquered approximately
half of the Holy Roman states.
 1702 : Charles XII instead turning against Poland-
Lithuania and defeating the Polish king Augustus II and
his Saxon allies at the Battle of Kliszow.
 1709 : After invading Poland, Charles invades Russia
which ended in Russian victory (Battle of Poltava).
 Russia - all the Swedish annexations on the Baltic coast
and even Finland.

 18th: Russia which became the highly
autonomous Grand Principality of Finland .
 1750-1850 : the Sweden population doubled.
 1880’s : Mass emigration to America became the only
way to prevent famine and rebellion; over 1% of the
population emigrated annually.
 20th : more 1 million Swedes moved and lived in
Chicago than in Gothenburg , Midwestern US, with a
large population in Minnesota, and Canada.
 The government innovations - sponsored programs
of enclosure, aggressive exploitation of agricultural
lands, and the introduction of new crops (potato).
 1870-1914 : Sweden began developing the
industrialized economy that exists today.
 WWI : Sweden supported Norwegian resistance, and in
1943 helped rescue Danish Jews from deportation.

 WWII : Sweden - part of the Marshall Plan and
participated in the Organization of Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD).
 1 January 1995 : Sweden joined the EU.
 Sweden - the chair of EU from 1 July to 31 December
2009.
 The Swedish Social Democratic Party has played a
leading political role since 1917 (Russian revolution).
 After 1932: cabinets have been dominated by the Social
Democrats. Only five general elections (1976, 1979,
1991, 2006 and 2010) have given the centre-right bloc
enough seats in Parliament to form a government.
 1970s : poor economic performance
 1990s : the fiscal crisis, Sweden's political system has
become less one-sided, and more like other European
countries.

 2006 : general election the Moderate Party (the Centre
Party, Liberal People's Party, and the Christian
Democrats formed the centre-right Alliance) for
Sweden and won a majority of the votes.
 Cold War : Sweden combined its policy of non-
alignment and a low profile in international affairs with
a security policy based on strong national defense.

Norway
 994 : Two centuries of Viking raids adopted
of Christianity (by King Olav Tryggvason).
 13th: Norway expanded its control overseas to parts of
the British Isles, Iceland, and Greenland.
 1319 : Magnus Erikson inherited the throne as King
Magnus VII of Norway. Both Sweden and Denmark were
united (Kalmar Union).
 1521: After Sweden broke out of the Kalmar Union,
Norway remained with Denmark until 1814.
 1812 : After Denmark–Norway was attacked by UK and
France (Battle of Copenhagen).
 1814 : Treaty of Kiel - to cede Norway to the king of
Sweden.
 17 May 1814 : independence of Norway (Christian
Frederick), also called Norwegian Constitution Day.

 7 June 1905 : the peaceful separation of Norway from
Sweden.
 1905-1907 : Christian Michelsen – PM of Norway.
 WWI-WWII : Norway also proclaimed its neutrality, but
Norway was invaded by German forces on 9 April 1940.
 1945-1962 : the Labour Party held an absolute majority
in the parliament. PM Einar Gerhardsen, embarked on
economics, emphasizing state financed
industrialization, cooperation between trade
unions and employers' organizations.
 Norway received the Marshall Plan.
 1969: the company Phillips Petroleum
discovered petroleum resources at the Ekofisk field
west of Norway.
 1973: the Norwegian government founded the State oil
company, Statoil.

 Norway - a member of the European Free Trade
Area (EFTA).
 Constitution of Norway - adopted by the US Declaration
of Independence and French Revolution of 1776 and
1789.
 Norwegians enjoy the second highest GDP per-
capita (after Luxembourg) and fourth highest GDP (PPP)
per-capita in the world.
 The Norwegian economy is an example of a mixed
economy (capitalist welfare state featuring a
combination of free market).

Finlandia
 12th-19th : Finland was a part of Sweden.
 1809–1917 : was an autonomous Grand Duchy within
the Russian Empire.
 The October Revolution in Russia changed the game
anew, as radical communists took power in Russia.
 6 December 1917 : The Finnish Declaration of
Independence from Russia in was followed by a civil
war in which the red side was defeated with German
support.
 27 January 1918 : the official opening shots of the war
were fired in two simultaneous events.
 This sparked the brief but bitter civil war. The White
(Imperial Germany), prevailed over the Reds.

 After the war, social and political enmity was sown
between the Reds and Whites and would last until the
Winter War and beyond.
 1920 - Treaty of Tartu : the Finnish–Russian border
was determined by the largely following the historic
border but granting Pechenga and its Barents Sea
harbour to Finland.
 World War II : as essentially three separate conflicts: the
Winter War (1939–40), the Continuation War (1941–44),
and the Lapland War (1944–45).
 1990-an : Pemerintahan - Koalisi Partai Social
Democrat dan Konservatif. Parlement election 1991
Konservatif menang, Sosial Demokrat bergabung
dengan Partai Kanan «Partai Agraria» dalam koalisi
oposisi.
 PM Ekso Aho – menyelesaikan masalah ekonomi
nasional dan pasar dunia.

 1994 : Presiden Mauno Koivisto kalah, Martti Ahtisaari
menang dengan 54% suara.
 Martti : Integrasi EC dan NATO ditentang oposisi.
 1995 : Paabo Lipponen (Social-Democrat) menang
dalam parlemen election.
 PM Paabo mengubah UU, memaksimalkan fungsi
parlemen, dan bergabung dengan EC.
 Program :
• Asuransi negara,
• Dana sosial - misal : untuk janda – pendidikan dan
kebutuhan anak dapat bantuan pemerintah.
• Dukungan anak dan keluarga muda - misal : anak
pertama – 90 euro, kedua – 130, ketiga- 15, seterusnya
-172 tiap bulannya. Kebutuhan keluarga muda dibantu
organisasi sosial, tujuannya agar tidak ada pelanggaran
hak anak dalam keluarga.

• Perang melawan korupsi – sistem kontrol pemerintah
dalam perbankan sangat ketat, tidak boleh membuka
rekening rahasia. Pejabat wajib mencetak laporan dan
mempublikasikan keuangannya tiap tahun.
• Dampak positif : 2002 - kasus korupsi yang terjadi
setelah 30 tahun bersih. Kontrol pemerintah – tidak ada
satupun menteri yang dapat membeli mobil baru jika
tidak melaporkan keuangannya.
 Sumber pendapatan negara – pusat olahraga es dunia,
pariwisata, industri elektronik,
 Permasalahan dalam negeri 1990-an :
• Pembangunan Atom Power plant – pertentangan antara
partai «Hijau» dan Sayap kiri «pengikut Lepponen», tidak
disetujui EU.
• 11 0ct 2002 : aksi terrorisme menewaskan 60 warga
Finlandia

 Political Affairs :
• 1990-an : Kepentingan politik - hub.dengan Rusia.
• 1992 : Perjanjian Kerjasama dan dagang Rus-Finland.
• 1999 : Finland – perwakilan resmi EU untuk masalah
Yugoslavia.
• T. Halonen – menentang masuknya Finlandia ke dalam
NATO dengan alasan besarnya pengeluaran pertahanan.
Finland seharusnya bisa menjadi jembatan antara Eropa
dengan Rusia.
• PM Lipponen – cepat atau lambat perlu gabung dengan
NATO «Laut Baltic».
• 2000 : President Election – Tarya Halonen «Social
Democrat Party» menang, arah politik : integrasi ke
Eropa, tidak dalam NATO, percepatan ekonomi,
kesejahteraan sosial, prinsip politik netral, perlindungan
perempuan, dan keadilan.

• 2002 : Pertumbuhan ekonomi di pulau Karel «Rusia-
Finland».
 Keanggotaan : 1955 : Finland joined the UN, the OECD
in 1969, EU in 1995, and the eurozone at its inception
in 1999.

Russia
I. Ancient Russia (IX—XIII века)
II. Novgorod Russia (862—882)
III. Kiev Russia (882—1240); (распад)
IV. Udelniy Russia (XII—XVI века)
V. Novgorod Republic (1136—1478)
VI. Vladimir Tsar (1157—1389)
VII. Russia and Litovsk Tsar (1236—1795)
VIII. Moscow Tsar (1263—1547)
IX. United Russia
X. Russian Tsar (1547—1721)
XI. Russian Emperor (1721—1917)
XII. Russia Republic (1917)
XIII. Soviet Russia (1917—1922)
XIV. Alternative Education
XV. Soviet Union (1922—1991)
XVI. Russian Federation (с 1991)

 Rusia berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu Rusi «Руси»,
yang kemudian berganti menjadi Moskoviya
«Московия» abad XV.
 862 : Seorang bernama Rurik bermigrasi dari Kiev dan
mulai mendirikan wilayah pemukiman dan kerajaan
kecil di Novgorod.
 882 : Keturunan Rurikovich memerintah di Kiev,
termasuk kedalamnya Slavia Timur. Novgorod dan Kiev
disatukan pada masa Oleg.
 980- 1015 : Vladimir I menyatukan semua tanah Slavia
ke dalam Kiev Rusi.
 988 : Vladimir I melakukan pembabtisan diri dan
menjadikan Kristen Ortodox sebagai agama di Rusia.
 1206 : Kaisar Mongolia Han mulai menyerang ke
wilayah Rusia.

 1211 : Asia Tengah mulai melebarkan sayap kekuasaan
agama. Iran mulai hadir di Zakaukasus, armenia,
ajerbaizan, Georgia harus dikosongkan.
 1547 : Raja pemerintah Moscow Ivan IV «Иван IV
Грозный» pertama kali resmi menjadi Kaisar seluruh
wilayah Moscow, Novgorod dan Kiev.
 1554—1557 : Perang dengan Swedia berlangsung.
 1601 : Masa Kelam - Gagal panen selama 2 tahun,
harga meningkat 100 kali lipat. Penduduk mulai
memakan kucing, anjing, dan hewan pengerat .
 1700-an : Peter I memenangkan perang dengan Swedia
dan Polandia.
 1712 : St.Peterburg menjadi ibukota Rusia dan pusat
pemerintahan «Dinasti Romanov»
 1797-1867 : Sejarah hubungan Rusia-Amerika.

 7 Februari 1855 : Rusia dan Jepang menandatangani
perjanjian dagang dan perbatasan , disebut Perjanjian
Simoda.
• Simoda, Hakodate dan Nagasaki untuk Rusia.

• Ditetapkan perbatasan Dalniy Vostok.

• Rusia : pulau Urup ke Utara dan Sakhalin sepenuhnya.

• 4 pulau : Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan dan Habomai
masuk kedalam kepulauan Kuril.
• Penafsiran Jepang 4 pulau tersebut tidak termasuk
kedalam kepulauan Kuril.
• Perjanjian Simoda menjadi dasar permasalahan
kedua negara.
 1917 : Revolusi Bolshevik. Kerusuhan digerakkan oleh
kelompok Cekoslovakia. Kelompok Cekoslovakia
anggotanya adalah bangsa Ceko dan Slovakia yang
menjadi narapidana perang Austria-Hungaria.

 Februari 1945 : Yalt Conference - Stalin menyatakan
siap perang dengan Jepang, 6 bulan setelah Jerman
dikalahkan Soviet.
 Sekutu menjamin Soviet untuk mendapatkan
kepentingannya yaitu Dalniy Vostok, Sakhalin Selatan,
kepulauan Kuril, Port Arthur, dan jalur kereta api Cina
Timur.
 26 Juni 1945 : Potsdam Declaration – Soviet joined
America, UK and China ―kekalahan tanpa syarat bagi
Jepang‖.
 1940-an : Setelah kematian Stalin, politik Soviet di
Samudera Pasifik mengalami perubahan. Soviet
mendukung gerakan kemerdekaan nasional dan anti
kolonialisme di Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, dan Filiphina).
 1950-an : AS mendeklarasikan doktrin «anti-
communism».

 1954-1975 : Indo-China Conflict – Russia, US, China,
Vietnam.
 1989 : The end of Soviet Union Period – 15 republic
(CIS : Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania,
Estonia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,
Kirgystan, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
Moldova )

Yugoslavia
 1918 : Kingdom of Yugoslavia (under King Alexander I)
 1929 : renamed the country Yugoslavia. Alexander
attempted to create a centralized Yugoslavia (dictator).
 Communist ideas were banned in Yugoslavia.
 1934 : The king was assassinated in Marseille, France
by Ivan Mihailov (Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization).
 1934–1941 : Yugoslavia pressured by Fascist Italy and
Germany.
 25 March 1941 : Prince Paul submitted to the fascist
pressure and signed the Tripartite Treaty in Vienna.
 27 March 1941 : a coup d'état by Senior military
officers (Dušan Simović).
 6 April 1941: Hitler attacked Yugoslavia and Greece.

 Two factions of resistance forces : the communist-
led Yugoslav Partisans (led by Josip Broz Tito )
and Chetniks (Draža Mihajlović).
 Chetnik transformed into Serb nationalist militia (
dependent on Axis). Partisans carried on their guerrilla.
 1944 : The Partisans denied the supremacy of
the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Marshal Josip Broz was
elected by referendum starting as a prime minister.
 7 April 1963 : Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia ( Josip Broz Tito as President for Life). Each
republic and province Yugoslavia had its own
constitution, supreme court, parliament, president and
prime minister. But Tito is the top president.
 1970–1971 : The suppression of national identities for
Croatian autonomy.
 1989 : Economic crisis 1970’s called bankrupt firms
entire Yugoslavia. w.

 The Crisis effect :
• 248 firms were liquidated,
• 89,400 workers were laid off,
• the adoption of the IMF programmes,
• An additional 20% of the work force, or half a million
people, were not paid wages to avoid bankruptcy.
• The largest bankrupt firms and lay-offs were in
Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and
Kosovo.
• This was a turning point in Yugoslavia.
 4 May 1980 : After the death of Tito, ethnic
tensions grew in Yugoslavia.
 The constitutional crisis in all republics: Slovenia and
Croatia demanded for looser ties within the Federation,
the Albanian majority in Kosovo demanded the status
of a republic, Serbia sought absolute, not only relative
dominion over Yugoslavia.

 Slobodan Milošević restore pre-1974 Serbian
sovereignty. Other republics, denounced this move as a
revival of great Serbian hegemonism.
 The ethnic Albanian miners in Kosovo organized ethnic
conflict between the Albanians and the non-Albanians.
 1980’s : 80% of the population of Kosovo ethnic-
Albanians were the majority. The number of Slavs in
Kosovo is 10%.
 January 1990 : the extraordinary 14th Congress of
the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was
convened. The Serbian delegation, led by Milošević,
insisted on a policy of "one person, one vote", which
would empower the plurality population, the Serbs.
 1990 : each of the republics held multi-party elections.

 Yogurt Revolutions : Slobodan Milošević installed his
proponents in Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro.
 1990 : the republics of Slovenia and Croatia proposed
transforming Yugoslavia into six republics (right to
self-determination).
 25 June 1991 : Slovenia and Croatia became the first
republics to declare independence from Yugoslavia.
 Ceasefire was agreed upon the Brioni Agreement,
recognized by representatives of all republics, the
international community pressured Slovenia and
Croatia to place a three-month moratorium on their
independence.
 1992 : Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a successor to
the previous state. In
 2003 : it was reconstituted as a political union called
the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.

 September 1991 : the Republic of Macedonia also
declared independence.
 27 November 1991 : the result of the conflict, the UN
Security Council unanimously adopted UN Security
Council Resolution 721(peacekeeping operations).
 9 January 1992 : the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb
assembly proclaimed a separate "Republic of the Serb
people of Bosnia and Herzegovina".
 February–March 1992: the government held a national
referendum on Bosnian independence from Yugoslavia.

Baltic States
 18th century : The Russian Empire controlled over Baltic.
 1918 : Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became sovereign
nations by declaring independence (Bolshevist Russia).
 1939: Following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact,
the Soviet Army entered eastern Poland (as military
bases in the Baltic states).
 June 1940: the Red Army occupied all of the territory of
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and installed pro-Soviet
governments.
 August 1940 : The "elected" parliaments of the three
countries formally applied to "join" the Soviet Union.
 The Soviet Union's attempts :
• instituting the Russian Language as the only working
language and other such tactics,
• at sovietization of its occupied territories.

 1944 : the German occupations. with the passive
agreement of the US and Britain (see Yalta
Conference and Potsdam Agreement).
 1947 : the forced collectivisation of agriculture began.

 Baltic Way - one of the most spectacular events when a
two-million-strong human chain stretched.
 6 September 1991 : Soviet Union recognized the
independence of three Baltic states. The last Russian
troops were withdrawn from there in August 1994].
Economy :
 January 2011 : Estonia adopted the euro, whilst Latvia
and Lithuania do not have a specified date, but
Lithuania hopes to do the same in the following years
and Latvia in 2014.

Politic :
 The system - parliamentary democracies
(unicameral parliaments that are elected by popular
vote to serve 4 year terms – Riigikogu of
Estonia, Saeima of Latvia and Seimas of Lithuania).
 Latvia and Estonia - the president is elected by
parliament, Lithuania - semi-presidential (the president
is elected by popular vote).
 Baltic countries has declared itself to be the restoration
of the sovereign nations (1918–1940).
 Contention - Soviet domination over the Baltic nations
during the Cold War period had been an illegal
occupation and annexation.
 US, UK, and all other Western democracies - always
considered the forcible incorporation of Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania into the Soviet Union to be illegal.

 Australia - support of Baltic freedom in 1974, did
recognize Soviet dominion.
 Integration with Western Europe was chosen as the
main strategic goal.
 2004 : the Baltic nations become members of the NATO
and EU.
 The separated friendship developed between Baltic
ministers of foreign affairs and the Nordic ministers of
foreign affairs (the Council of the Baltic Sea States in
1992).
 13 June 1994 : co-operation among governments Baltic
Council of Ministers.

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