2. Patterns of Internationalization Trading Global Industries Industries --aerospace --automobiles --military hardware --oil --diamond mining --semiconductors --agriculture --consumer electronics Domestic Multidomestic Industries Industries --railroads --laundries/dry cleaning --retail banking --hairdressing --hotels - - milk --consulting International Trade Foreign Direct Investment LO W LOW HIGH HIGH

4. Competitive Advantage within an International Context: The Basic Framework COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE THE INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT Key Success Factors FIRM RESOURCES & CAPABILITIES -- Financial resources -- Physical resources -- Technology -- Reputation -- Functional capabilities -- General management capabilities THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT -- National resources and capabilities (raw materials; national culture; human resources; transportation, communication , legal infrastructure -- Domestic market conditions -- Government policies -- Exchange rates -- Related and supporting industries

6. Revealed Comparative Advantage for a Certain Broad Product Categories USA Canada W. Germany Italy Japan Food, drink & tobacco .31 .28 -.36 -.29 -.85 Raw materials .43 .51 -.55 -.30 -.88 Oil & refined products -.64 .34 -.72 -.74 -.99 Chemicals .42 -.16 .20 -.06 -.58 Machinery and trans- .12 -.19 .34 .22 .80 portation equipment Other manufacturers -.68 -.07 .01 .29 .40 Note : Revealed comparative advantage for each product group is measured as: (Exports less Imports)/ Domestic production

10. Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Korea Israel USA France National cultures: “power difference” & “uncertainty avoidance” Denmark Mexico Malaysia Philippines India Japan

11. Individualist Korea Israel USA France National cultures: individualism/collectivism Denmark Mexico Philippines India Japan Collectivist UK Aust. Germany Malaysia Guatemala Venezuela Italy

14. Location and the Value Chain Comparative advantage in textiles and apparel by stage of processing Hong Kong 1 -0.96 2 -0.81 3 -0.41 4 +0.75 Italy 1 -0.54 2 +0.18 3 +0.14 4 +0.72 Japan 1 -0.36 2 +0.48 3 +0.48 4 -0.48 U.S.A. 1 +0.96 2 +0.64 3 +0.22 4 -0.73 Country Stage Index of Country Stage Index of of Revealed of Revealed Processing C omp arative Processing Comp arative Advant age Advantage Note : 1 = production of fiber (natural & synthetic) 2 = production of spun yarn 3 = production of textiles 4 = production of clothing

15. The optimal location of activity X considered independently WHERE TO LOCATE ACTIVITY X? The importance of links between activity X and other activities of the firm Where is the optimal location of X in terms of the cost and availability of inputs? What government incentives/ penalties affect the location decision? What internal resources and capabilities does the firm possess in particular locations? What is the firm’s business strategy (e.g. cost vs. differentiation advantage)? How great are the coordination benefits from co-locating activities? Determining the Optimal Location of Value Chain Activities

16. Alternative Modes of Overseas Market Entry Resource commitment TRANSACTIONS DIRECT INVESTMENT Spot sales Exporting Foreign agent / distributor Licensing Franchising Joint venture Marketing & Distribution only Long-term contract Licensing patents & other IP Fully integrated Wholly owned subsidiary Marketing& Distribution only Fully integrated Low High

18. SUZUKI ISUZU TOYOTA IBC Vehicles Ltd. (U.K.) GM New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI) 10% owned. Co-production 49%owned. Co-production 40% investment 60% owned 50% owned 50% owned (Makes vans in UK) (Makes cars in US) SAAB 50% owned FIAT 20% owned (2000-5). Collaboration on technology and components FUJI 20% owned; joint production DAEWOO 50.9% owned; technical & production collaboration AVTOVAZ Russian JV to produce cars SAIC JV to produce cars in China General Motors ’ Alliances with Competitors

21. Analyzing benefits/costs of a global strategy Forces for localization / national differentiation MARKET DRIVERS --Different languages --Different customer preferences --Cultural differences COST DRIVERS --Transportation costs --Transaction costs --Economic & political risk --Speed of response GOVERNMENT DRIVERS --Barriers to trade & inward inv. --Regulations Forces for globalization MARKET DRIVERS --Common customer needs --Global customers --Cross-border network effects COST DRIVERS --Global scale economies --Differences in national resource availability --Learning COMPETITIVE DRIVERS --Potential for strategic competition (e.g. cross- subsidization)

22. Benefits of national differentiation Benefits of global integration Cement Telecom equipment Jet engines Consumer electronics Autos Funeral services Retail banking Investment banking Auto repair Restaurant chains Steel Online C2C auctions Beer Dry cleaning

23. Benefits of national differentiation Benefits of global integration Cement Telecom equipment Jet engines Consumer electronics Autos Funeral services Retail banking Investment banking Auto repair Positioning industries in terms of benefits of globalization and national differentiation