1. Sevgan Subramanian,
IPM cluster,
icipe, Kenya
Innovations in Bio-control based management
of horticultural pests

2. Climate change
and ecosystem
cluster
Integrated
vector and
disease
management
cluster
IPM cluster
Staple Food Crop IPM
Fruit IPM (Mango, Avocado)
Vegetable IPM (French bean,
Onion, Tomato, Crucifers etc)
Plantation crop IPM (Coffee,
Cashew)
Post harvest IPM (Staples and
Horticulture crops)
Behavior
and
chemical
ecology
Arthropod
pathology
Molecular
biology
Capacity
building
Rearing
and
Containm
ent
Biosyste
matics
Techno-
transfer
Biostatisti
cs
GIS
IPM cluster – overview and goals
-Stabilize horticultural &
staple food production
-Reduce quantitative &
qualitative pre- & post-
harvest losses due to insect
pests, mites, weeds,
mycotoxin producing fungi &
insect vectored diseases
- Develop production
systems less reliant on
external inputs

3. Our approach towards development of
management strategies
- Build on basic knowledge for
developing IPM tactics
- Understand the role of natural
habitat and natural enemies in pest
control
- Develop & promote IPM for key
crop pests through integration of
classical/conservational
biological control with other
management options
- Ensure participation of
smallholders in horticultural export
markets

4. Technology
Dissemination
Adoption &
impact
Invasive Fruit fly
IPM
ParasitoidParasitoidOrchard sanitationOrchard sanitation
BiopesticideBiopesticide
Male annihilationMale annihilation
Bait sprayBait spray
Post harvestPost harvest
 Improved yields
 Income
 Employment
 Improved health
 Low production
costs
 Access to inputs
management options – invasive fruit flies
- Putative aboriginal home: Sri
Lanka
- Invaded Africa in 2003
- Reported from over 28 African
countries
- Over 30 host record but mango
is the preferred (80% loss)
- Inter-African phytosanitary
council of the AU:
devastating quarantine pest
MonitoringMonitoring

5. intervention impact - fruit infestation
Fopius arisanus
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Oct.2008
Nov.2008
Dec.2008
Jan.2008
Oct.2009
Nov.2009
Dec.2009
Jan.2009
Oct.2010
Nov.2010
Dec.2010
Jan.2010
Oct.2011
Nov.2011
Dec.2011
Jan.2012
Oct.2012
Nov.2012
Dec.2012
Jan.2013
Feb.2013
Mar.2013
B. invadens F. arisanus
Values are no. of insects per kilogram of mango fruits

6. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
MAT + OS MAT + BST Control
%fruitinfestation(Mean±SE)
MAT = Male annihilation technique
BST = Bait spray technique
OS = Orchard sanitation
Farmers reduce mango fruit infestation
by 55-60%
intervention impact - fruit infestation
Value of the yield gain due to reduced infestation is around 1000 – 1200 USD/ha

7. fruit fly IPM adoption among growers
IPM Options
Mango growers
Trained in IPM
Learning sites
(n=291)
Exposed to IPM
site participants
(n=292)
Randomly
selected
(n=288)
MAT + OS 71% 57% 62 (21%)
MAT + BS 15% 11% 11 (4%)
OS + BS 9% 11% 12 (4%)
MAT+OS+BS 5% 4% 5 (2%)
Own method 0 17% 198 (68%)
MAT = Male annihilation technique
BST = Bait spray technique
OS = Orchard sanitation
871 growers surveyed
Total number of farmers adopting
fruit fly IPM
624 among growers surveyed (71%)
Total direct and indirect
beneficiaries
1Average household size= 6; 2Average # farm workers involved in traps servicing, orchard sanitation and harvesting=5.5
>8500
116 Cucurbit farmers – Spill over

8. Taiwan
cabbage & kale: diamondback moth
management
Diadegma semiclausum
Ethiopia
Sudan
Cameroon
Kenya
Tanzania
DRC
AFRICA
South Africa
Uganda
Cotesia plutellae
Taiwan
2001
2003
Mozambique
Zambia
Malawi
Diadegma semiclausum
Diamondback moth

9. Parameters Economic impacts
Reduction in number of sprays 73%
Reduction in control cost 63%
Increase in yield of cabbage 4.7 t/ha
Estimated benefits (KN: 25yrs) 32.1 million $
Benefit – cost ratio 28:1
DIRECT & INDIRECT IMPACT
 Increase productivity (more food); Extra produce for sale (income);
 Investment in inputs (more food); Employment (trade chain);
 Household health; Environment health
 NARS capacity, to address other pest
Nganga & Borgemeister (2011)
Macharia et al (2006)
economic impact of DBM biological control

10. french beans tomato, onions-thrips IPM
65 – 70% yield loss in
Beans
60% yield loss in onions
100% in Tomato due to
Thrips and tospsovirus
Invasive nature
Resistance to pesticides
Quality loss

11. french beans, tomato, onions - thrips IPM
Resistant cultivars
Biopesticides
Intercrop
Attractant

12. Biopesticide (Metarhizium anisopliae) for thrips management
Field efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae isolate ICIPE69 applied at concentrations of 10^13 spores per
ml in reducing infestation of French beans by Western Flower thrips

13. b
d
c
c
d
a
0
50
100
150
200
250
Meanthripscount/20plants
Treatment
Weekly application of α-cypermethrin
Fungus application at 300 thrips/trap/week
Fungus application at 600 thrips/trap/week
Fungus application at 900 thrips/trap/week
weekly applicatio of fungus
Control (Water spray)
Biopesticide (Metarhizium anisopliae) for thrips management

14. Current research focus
Understanding potential climate
change impacts on the pest and
biological control
Develop novel pest management
strategies are under various stages of
evaluation
“Lure and infect”
 Plant endophytes
 Bionets for crop protection
 Assess socio-economic impacts of
IPM technologies widely adopted by
farmers
Counter risks due to emerging and
alien invasive species
eg. Tomato moth, Tuta absoluta
Source: IAAPS

15. Outreach and capacity building
Enhance capacity among NARS
partners for adoption of IPM strategies
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*
*
*
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Enhanced capacity to understand
pest diversity/dynamics
Wide adoption of IPM technologies
developed
Enhance scientific capacity for IPM
research in Africa and Europe

16. Acknowledgement
Key donors – for their support
International and National research partners for their collaboration and
inputs in our endeavors