Another part

1. THE GREEK
PHILOSOPHY

2. - Great philosopherscome at the end of the
“Golden Age” and the beginning of the fourth
century B.C.
-The fourth century B.C. was the “Age of Doing”:
building’ decorating, provider plays to entertain
the doers.
-The fifth century B.C. was the “Age of
Contemplation”; there was a time to then in which
to think.

3. -Socrates-
-Plato-
-Aristotle-

4. 1. Socrates (c. 470-399 B.C.) was one of the
greatest teacher of all time, and wrote nothing.
He was put to death in 399 B.C. accused of
―Corrupting Youth‖
Phaedo – Plato’s account of his last
conversation with his friends and of his death in
the Dialogue.

5. SOCRATES PHAEDO

6. 2. Plato (c. 428-347 B.C.) – was an aristocrat, a
soldier, an athlete and a musician. He became a
philosopher and a passionate lover of wisdom
when he met Socrates
- Dialogues- purport to be the actual words of
Socrates, but the organization of each one sees to
indicate that there are Plato’s application and
extension of the master’s teaching

7. PLATO DIALOGUE AND
THE REPUBLIC

8. - The Republic- Plato’s most important legacy
and results of Plato’s research. It only tells how
the ―Philosopher kings‖ should be chosen and
educated to rule, but also gives Plato’s ideas on
theology, ethics, psychology, and politics, and
art.
- Einstein’s Theory of Relativity is Platonic
because it stresses faith based on a mathematical
solution rather than the evidence of the senses.

10. 3. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) was born in
Macedonia, the son of the King’s physician.
- He went to Athens to study at Plato’s
Academy.
- He was called home to become the tutor of
young Alexander .

11. - In 2years, Aristotle went back to Athens where
he started a school(School of Athens) after
Alexander was on the throne.
Aristotle was interested with things and so:
- He became the world’s first scientist.
- He established the first zoological garden.
- All he had was a ruler and a compass.

12. - The application of mathematics and physics is
unknown to him; his astronomy is childish
romance; his biology absurd.
- Organon – is a tool that he created a new
science and logic which was explained. It is an
elaborate set of formulae which govern right
reasoning and tool for debating. It is also a key
to his method resides in the syllogism, which
consist of major premise, minor premise and
conclusion.

13. ARISTOTLE
The Organon

15. 1. BOETHIUS - a Roman
philosopher who
translated organon at the
end of the 5th century B.C.
and became the basis of
Scholastic philosophy.
- There is a considerable
evidence that these greek
works were
translated, copied and
studied by the medieval
monks.

16. 2. ST. AUGUSTINE – in
the 4th century B.C. , he
combined Plato’s idealism
with Aristotle’s
organization. His city of
God is Platonic.

17. 3. ST. BENEDICT- in
the 6th century A.D., he
founded the Monte
Cassino Library, which
he included Plato and
Aristotle.

18. 4. JOHN SCOTUS ERIGENA –
interpreted Christian theology in
Neoplatonic terms. In the 10th
century, there was a Neoplatonic
School at Chartes.

19. 5. AVERROES – an
important philosopher
in Cordova, made
Aristotle in his work.
He demonstrated the
superiority of reason
and philosophy over
knowledge founded on
faith alone.

20. 6. ABELARD - in the
twelfth century, he made
Aristotle’s logic the basis
of his teaching at the
University of Paris.
But, condemned by a
Church council and forced
to stop teaching.

21. 7. POPE GREGOR IX –
in 1231, he became
alarmed and appointed a
commission to expurgate
Aristotle, but 29 years
later, Aristotle was
taught in every Christian
School.

22. 8. THOMAS AQUINAS –
the ―Angelic Doctor‖, has
made reason a legitimate
partner of faith in his
―Summa
Theologica‖, which has
endured to this day as the
official Roman Catholic
Philosophy.

23.  Many people have been taught that Plato and
Aristotle were ―lost‖ during the medieval
period and had to wait until the Renaissance to
be ―reborn‖

25.  Plato and Aristotle were on opposite sides in
the debate over universals. A universal is any
general concept of : goodness, justice, and
beauty
 Plato is a realist while Aristotle is a nominalist.

26.  Realism is a philosophy of mind rooted in the
"common sense― philosophy of mind known
as naïve realism, which has been developed as
"direct" realism when distinguished
from representative realism, the view that we
cannot perceive the external world directly.

27.  Realism are terms that describe manifestations
of philosophical realism, the belief that reality
exists independently of observers.
 Platonic realism is a philosophical term usually
used to refer to the idea of realism regarding the
existence of universal or abstract object after the
Greek philosopher Plato (c. 427–347B.C.), a student
of Socrates.

28. -Platonic realism- ―Men come and go, but man
goes on forever.‖
- Plato maintained that these universals had
objective existence, in fact were more lasting and
substantial man individual objects or people.

29.  Nominalism are words that can be applied to
individual things having something in common—
that flourished especially in late medieval times.
Nominalism denied the real being of universals on
the ground that the use of a general word
(e.g., ―humanity‖) does not imply the existence of a
general thing named by it. The nominalist position
did not necessarily deny, however, that there must
be some similarity between the particular things to
which the general word is applied.

30. - Aristotle as a scientist, stressed the individual
man or object, and his followers called
nominalists. They held that all that exists outside
us is a world of specific objects, and that
―universals‖ are merely names or terms.
- Friederich Schlegel- in 19th century, a German
philosopher said that ―Every man is born either
Platonist or an Aristotelian ‖

33. - Alexander the Great (356-323B.C.), son of King
Philip, established a town. The most flourishing
cultural centers were Alexandria in Egypt, Antioch
in Syria, and Pergamum in Asia Minor.

35. - Altar of Zeus in Pergamum – depicts a battle
between gods and giants

36. - ―The Dying Gaul‖ – also comes from
Pergamum, a Roman copy of a 3rd century B.C.
bronze. The old warrior with his hard, dry
skin, mattered hair and gaping wounds.

37. - ―Lacoon Group‖ – one of the finest example of
Greek sculpture. It depicts their deaths, is an
impressive groups one’s sympathy is aroused for
the innocent victims, but great art seems to
demand some restraint.

38. - ―Winged Victory‖ placed so tragically in the
Louvre, is very dramatic. And believed that the
Golden age of the Greece was gone.

39. - The little city-states of Greece became
insignificant in Alexander’s empire and people lost
their bearings and resulting to the first ―Age of
Anxiety.”
- Other philosophies lived briefly, but did not
satisfy.
- The Epicureans were opportunistic;

40. - The Stoics were cold;
- The Cynics were ―beatniks‖ of their day; and
- The Skeptics were sure of nothing.
- The Neo-Platonism was born and furnished
Christian revelation with a structure of ideas.‖
In the beginning of the word.‖

41. - Hellenistic culture did not extend beyond the
towns of Alexander’s conquers, but the Greek
language took permanently root.
- As Hellenism lost its creative impulse, it gained
a universal outlook. Alexander created a
cosmopolitan spirit based on intellectual ideas and
cultural standards

42. - Ptolemy I(c. 367-283 B.C.) and his successors in
Egypt made Alexandria with its University and
fine library the greatest intellectual center in the
world.

44. - While Alexander’s successors were squabbling
over the division of his empire, Rome had been
completing her conquest of the Italian Peninsula.
- After defeating the Hannibal and gaining
Carthage, the Romans took another 30 years to
subdue Macedon; then it was the turn of the
Greeks to be conquered.

45. - In A.D. 146 Greece was made subject to the
Roman governor of Macedon.
- For a hundred years well-to-do Roman parents
had sent their sons to the University of Athens.
- By the middle of the 2nd century A.D., Greek
ideas had permeated Roman society, and they
were soon to permeated the Christian church as far
as its systematic organization belief was
concerned.

46. - Self-realization had been the gospel of Aristotle and
self-sacrifice was the gospel of Christianity.
UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS