Miguel Primo de Rivera led a military coup called a "Pronunciamiento" in 1923 in Spain with the support of King Alfonso XIII to establish a dictatorship with the goals of national unity, regeneration from above, paternalism, populism, and machismo. His policies included autarky, corporatism, and banning leftist groups like the PSOE, CPE, and UGT. Opposition arose from Catalan nationalism, anarcho-syndicalists, and military factions. The economic depression of 1929 led industrialists and landowners to withdraw support, forcing Primo de Rivera's resignation and tainting the image of the monarchy, while Republicanism grew in