SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 14
Baixar para ler offline
Techniques and Technology
        Erika Louise Tolputt
Hand Etching
                                                What is hand etching and how is it used?

                           What is Hand Etching?                                Advantages

Hand Etching is where an image or picture is carved out of any form of colour   1. An advantage of hand etching is that when you have
or polishes stone, glass and ceramic tile. People usually use hand etching to      mastered the skill of hand etching which is a difficult skill
 enhance family memorials, creating wildfire art, portraits, emblems, logos        to master you would be earning vast amounts of money
 and much more as these are only a few examples of what you can do with            for being able to hand etch.
          hand etching. This is a creative form of print based media.           2. Hand etching can open a mass of business opportunities
                                                                                   as the skill doesn't revolve around a particular material as
                                                                                   it can be used on a majority of materials therefore being
                                                                                   used in any form that enquirers particularly want hand
                                                                                   etched.
                                                                                3. Hand etching doesn’t specify in a particular colour or
                                                                                   material so therefore it can be done in various forms as
                                                                                   well as on different materials therefore widening the
                                                                                   market even further than before.



                              Harley Davidson                                    Disadvantages

  Harley Davidson is a clear example of hand etching as the business has         1. A disadvantage of hand etching is that the cost of hand
  had their logo carved into polished stone to represent their business and         etching is expensive depending on the materials that are to
     the aims and objectives of their business. The reasons for Harley              be used from the customer and also the equipment and
     Davidson promoting their business through hand etching is most                 training to hand etch also adds up to a substantial sum.
    probably because its a creative and imaginative form of print based          2. Another disadvantage of hand etching is that the money and
   media and therefore have a more unique outlook on their business just            time that it would take which is also crucial time and money
                              through doing this.                                   that is needed to keep running a hand etching business it
                                                                                    would have been drawn due to the workers and employees
                                                                                    that would need to be trained in the art of hand etching.
                                                                                 3. The time that is takes to create a hand etched piece is
                                                                                    substantial as it needs precision and accuracy instead of just
                                                                                    skimming through it. Also as the customer is paying vast
                                                                                    amounts of money care and detail in the piece is cruical.
Intaglio
                                                      What is Intaglio and how is it used?

                          What is Intaglio?

Intaglio derives from the Italian tagliare to cut, it refers to a number
 of techniques in art, applied to many different materials, which all
  have in common that the image is created by cutting, carving or
    engraving into a flat surface, as opposed to a relief. Where the
  image is what is left when the background has been cut away to
   leave the image apparently lifted up above the background, the
     term may also refer to objects made using these techniques.

1. Intaglio printmaking: a group of print making techniques with
   an incised image.
2. Intaglio jewellery: similar techniques in jewellery.
3. Intaglio sculpture: is also known as sunken relief.
4. Intaglio burial mound: a similar technique for decorating burial
   mounds with geoglyphs.
5. Blythe Intaglio: large native American designs on the ground.



                            Advantages                                                                 Disadvantages
 1. An advantage of intaglio is that it can be useful in various                 1. A disadvantage of intaglio is that it can be a slow and
    sections of the market so its open to a wide audience                           long process which therefore means that there would be
    without a specific target market so therefore there are                         lack in time efficiency which means a lot of important
    markets such as printmaking, jewellery, sculpture, burial                       time would be lost.
    mounds etc.                                                                  2. Another disadvantage is that the material costs a
 2. Another advantage of intaglio is that it can be used for                        substantial amount of money therefore this create cost
    almost anything that the customer particularly has an                           efficiency as the materials are so expensive and the
    interest in. It can be used for various businesses as well as                   time to create the intaglio means that the cost will be
    for personal use.                                                               high in comparison to the production time.
Linocutis it used?
                                                    What is linocut and how


Linocut is a print making technique, a variant of woodcut in which a sheet of linoleum, sometimes mounted on a wooden block, is used for the
relief surface. A design is cut into the linoleum surface with a sharp knife, v shaped chisel or gouge, with raised areas representing a reversal
mirror image of the parts to show printed. The linoleum sheet is linked with a roller and then impressed onto paper or fabric, the actual printing
can be done by hand or with a press.

As the material being carved has no particular direction to its grain and does not tend to split, it is easier to obtain certain artistic effects with lino
than with most woodcuts and engravings. Lino is much easier to cut than wood; especially when heated, but the pressure of the printing process
degrades the plate faster and it is difficult to create larger works due to the materials fragility. Linocuts can also be achieved by the careful
application of sodium hydroxide in a paste to parts of the surface of the lino. This creates a surface similar to a soft ground etching and these
caustic lino plates can be printed in either a relief, intaglio or a viscosity printing manner.

Colour linocuts can be made by using a different block for each colour as in a woodcut, but, as Pablo Picasso demonstrated quite effectively,
such prints can also be achieved using a single piece of linoleum in what is called the reductive print method. Essentially, after each successive
colour is imprinted onto the paper, the artist then cleans the lino plate and cuts away what will not be imprinted for the subsequently applied
colour.

Due to ease of use, linocut is widely used in schools to introduce children to the art of printmaking; similarly, non-professional artists often cut
lino rather than wood for printing. In the modern day art world however, after the input of Picasso and Henri Matisse, the linocut is an
established professional print medium.

        Advantages                                                                  Disadvantages


  1. An advantage of linocut is that its used for educational                   1. The disadvantages of this particular
     purposes which will help children prosper in school and in                    process is that it is time consuming and
     further education. This is also useful because it shows that                  the materials cost a substantial amount
     in a business that creates linocuts can prosper from the                      of money this means that the production
     idea that children use it in their education in their art                     is slow and that it even costs a lot of
     subjects.                                                                     budget to produce the products.
Screen Print
                                           What is screen printing?


•   Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink-blocking stencil. The attached
    stencil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink or other printable materials which can be pressed through the
    mesh as a sharp edged image onto a substrate. A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen stencil, forcing or
    pumping ink past the threads of the woven mesh in the open areas.

•   Screen printing is also a stencil method of print making in which a design is imposed on a screen of silk or other
    fine mesh, with blank areas coated with an impermeable substance, and ink is forced through the mesh onto the
    printing surface. It is also known as silkscreen, serigraphy, and serigraph.
Woodcut
                                                What is woodcut?


•   Woodcut: formally known as xylography: is a relief printing artistic technique in
    printmaking in which an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood, with
    the printing parts remaining level with the surface while the non-printing parts are
    removed, typically with gouges. The areas to show 'white' are cut away with a knife
    or chisel, leaving the characters or image to show in 'black' at the original surface
    level. The block is cut along the grain of the wood (unlike wood engraving where
    the block is cut in the end-grain). In Europe beech wood was most commonly used;
    in Japan, a special type of cherry wood was used.

•   The surface is covered with ink by rolling over the surface with an ink-covered roller
    brayer, leaving ink upon the flat surface but not in the non printing areas.

•   Multiple colours can be printed by keying the paper to a frame around the
    woodblocks (where a different block is used for each colour. The art of carving the
    woodcut can be called "xylography", but this is rarely used in English for images
    alone, although that and "xylographic" are used in connection with block books,
    which are small books containing text and images in the same block. Single leaf
    woodcut is a term for a woodcut presented as a single image or print, as opposed
    to a book illustration.
Lithography
                                                 What is lithography?


•   Lithography has also been used for various filmography and other visual things. Lithography originally used an
    image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the
    printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of polymer applied to a flexible aluminium plate. The flat
    surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into hydrophilic regions that accept a film
    of water and thereby repel the greasy ink, and hydrophobic regions that repel water and accept ink because the
    surface tension is higher on the greasier image area which remains dry. The image may be printed directly from
    the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be offset by transfer to a flexible
    sheet, usually rubber, for transfer to the printed article.

•   This process is different from gravure or intaglio printing where a plate is engraved, etched or stippled to make
    cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress where ink is applied to the raised
    surfaces of letters or images.

•   Most books, indeed all types of high volume text, are now printed using offset lithography, the most common form
    of printing production. The word "lithography" also refers to photolithography, a micro fabrication technique used to
    make integrated circuits and microelectromechanical systems, although those techniques have more in common
    with etching than with lithography.
Letterpress
                                                What is letterpress?


•   Letterpress printing is relief printing of text and image using a press with a "type high bed" printing press and
    movable type, in which a reversed, raised surface is inked and then pressed into a sheet of paper to obtain a
    positive right reading image. It was the normal form of printing text from its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in
    the mid 15th century until the 19th century and remained in wide use for books and other uses until the second
    half of the 20th century. In addition to the direct impression of inked movable type onto paper or another receptive
    surface, letterpress is also the direct impression of inked printmaking blocks such as photo etched zinc "cuts"
    plates, linoleum blocks, wood engravings, etc., using such a press.

•   In the 21st century, commercial letterpress has been revived by the use of 'water wash' photopolymer plates that
    are adhered to a near type high base to produce a relief printing surface typically from digitally rendered art and
    typography.
Gravure
                                                  What is Gravure?

•   Rotogravure is a type of intaglio printing process, that is, it involves engraving the image onto an image carrier. In
    gravure printing, the image is engraved onto a copper cylinder because, like offset and flexography, it uses a
    rotary printing press.

•   The vast majority of gravure presses print on rolls of paper, rather than sheets of paper. Rotary gravure presses
    are the fastest and widest presses in operation, printing everything from narrow labels to 12 feet, 4 mm wide rolls
    of vinyl flooring. Additional operations may be in line with a gravure press, such as saddle stitching facilities for
    magazine brochure work. Once a staple of newspaper photo features, the rotogravure process is still used for
    commercial printing of magazines, postcards, and corrugated product packaging.
Photocopying
                                             What is Photocopying?

•   A photocopier is a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply.
    Most current photocopiers use a technology called xerography, a dry process using heat.

•   Xerographic office photocopying was introduced by Xerox in 1959, and it gradually replaced copies made by
    Verifax, Photostat, carbon paper, mimeograph machines, and other duplicating machines. The prevalence of its
    use is one of the factors that prevented the development of the paperless office heralded early in the digital
    revolution.

•   Photocopying is widely used in business, education, and government. There have been many predictions that
    photocopiers will eventually become obsolete as information workers continue to increase their digital document
    creation and distribution, and rely less on distributing actual pieces of paper.
Laser Printing
                                              What is Laser Printing?

•   A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain
    paper. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers, laser printers employ a xerographic printing process
    but differ from analogy photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across
    the printer's photoreceptor. A laser beam projects an image of the page to be printed onto an electrically charged
    rotating drum coated with selenium or, more common in modern printers, organic photoconductors.
    Photoconductivity removes charge from the areas exposed to light. Dry ink particles are then electrostatically
    picked up by the drum's charged areas. The drum then prints the image onto paper by direct contact and heat,
    which fuses the ink to the paper.

•   Unlike impact printers, laser printer speed can vary widely, and depends on many factors, including the graphic
    intensity of the job being processed. The fastest models can print over 200 monochrome pages per minute. The
    fastest colour laser printers can print over 100 pages per minute. Very high speed laser printers are used for mass
    mailings of personalized documents, such as credit card or utility bills, and are competing with lithography in some
    commercial applications.

•   The cost of this technology depends on a combination of factors, including the cost of paper, toner, and infrequent
    drum replacement, as well as the replacement of other consumables such as the fuser assembly and transfer
    assembly. Often printers with soft plastic drums can have a very high cost of ownership that does not become
    apparent until the drum requires replacement.

•   In comparison with the laser printer, most inkjet printers and dot matrix printers simply take an incoming stream of
    data and directly imprint it in a slow lurching process that may include pauses as the printer waits for more data. A
    laser printer is unable to work this way because such a large amount of data needs to output to the printing device
    in a rapid, continuous process. The printer cannot stop the mechanism precisely enough to wait until more data
    arrives, without creating a visible gap or misalignment of the dots on the printed page.
Inkjet
                                                     What is Inkjet?

•   An inkjet printer is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by propelling variable-sized droplets of
    ink onto paper. Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer and range from small inexpensive
    consumer models to very large professional machines.

•   The concept of inkjet printing originated in the 19th century, and the technology was first developed in the early
    1950s. Starting in the late 1970s inkjet printers that could reproduce digital images generated by computers were
    developed, mainly by Epson, Hewlett Packard and Canon. In the worldwide consumer market, four manufacturers
    account for the majority of inkjet printer sales: Canon, HP, Epson, and Lexmark, a 1991 spin-off from IBM. The
    emerging ink jet material deposition market also uses inkjet technologies, typically piezoelectric crystals, to deposit
    materials directly on substrates.
DTP
                                                  What is DTP?

•   Desktop publishing combines a personal computer and page layout software to create publication documents on a
    computer for either large scale publishing or small scale local multifunction peripheral output and distribution.

•   The term "desktop publishing" is commonly used to describe page layout skills. However, the skills and software
    are not limited to paper and book publishing. The same skills and software are often used to create graphics for
    point of sale displays, promotional items, trade show exhibits, retail package designs and outdoor signs.
Screen Process
                                                What is Screen Process?

•   The fourth traditional type of printing, screen process, includes silk screen and has special applications in the
    printing industry. Silk screen printing is a form of stencil printing, i.e., printing where the ink is applied to the back of
    the image carrier and pushed through porous or open areas. The image is on a piece of silk stretched on a frame
    and backed by a rubber squeegee containing ink. The nonprinting areas on the silk screen are blocked out, and
    the ink is pushed through the porous areas corresponding to the design; the process is widely used for posters
    and for printing on glass, plastics, and textured surfaces. Mimeographing is another commercial application of
    stencil printing.

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Understanding print technologies powerpoint
Understanding print technologies powerpointUnderstanding print technologies powerpoint
Understanding print technologies powerpointHussain M
 
Print based media
Print based mediaPrint based media
Print based mediagabyrock005
 
1. batik
1. batik1. batik
1. batiksaestu
 
Print lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro formaPrint lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro formaOliviaBolt
 
Printing Techniques
Printing TechniquesPrinting Techniques
Printing TechniquesHarry Neal
 
Print lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro formaPrint lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro formaHannahMizen
 
Traditional publishing techniques task 2 a
Traditional publishing techniques task 2 aTraditional publishing techniques task 2 a
Traditional publishing techniques task 2 aHarmeet Kaur
 
The print industry rethwrthewrhwrthy
The print industry rethwrthewrhwrthyThe print industry rethwrthewrhwrthy
The print industry rethwrthewrhwrthysrethah
 
Print lo1 pro forma homework
Print lo1 pro forma homeworkPrint lo1 pro forma homework
Print lo1 pro forma homeworkJonah Adshead
 
Understand print based media production techniques and technology
Understand print based media production techniques and technologyUnderstand print based media production techniques and technology
Understand print based media production techniques and technologyLauren McNeaney
 
Weaving mats po1
Weaving mats po1Weaving mats po1
Weaving mats po1Graciebell
 
Understand print-based media production techniques and technology
Understand print-based media production techniques and technologyUnderstand print-based media production techniques and technology
Understand print-based media production techniques and technologyKerry
 

Mais procurados (16)

Print lo1
Print lo1Print lo1
Print lo1
 
Understanding print technologies powerpoint
Understanding print technologies powerpointUnderstanding print technologies powerpoint
Understanding print technologies powerpoint
 
Print based media
Print based mediaPrint based media
Print based media
 
1. batik
1. batik1. batik
1. batik
 
Print lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro formaPrint lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro forma
 
Print
PrintPrint
Print
 
Printing Techniques
Printing TechniquesPrinting Techniques
Printing Techniques
 
Print lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro formaPrint lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro forma
 
Traditional publishing techniques task 2 a
Traditional publishing techniques task 2 aTraditional publishing techniques task 2 a
Traditional publishing techniques task 2 a
 
The print industry rethwrthewrhwrthy
The print industry rethwrthewrhwrthyThe print industry rethwrthewrhwrthy
The print industry rethwrthewrhwrthy
 
Print lo1 pro forma homework
Print lo1 pro forma homeworkPrint lo1 pro forma homework
Print lo1 pro forma homework
 
Understand print based media production techniques and technology
Understand print based media production techniques and technologyUnderstand print based media production techniques and technology
Understand print based media production techniques and technology
 
Weaving mats po1
Weaving mats po1Weaving mats po1
Weaving mats po1
 
Understand print-based media production techniques and technology
Understand print-based media production techniques and technologyUnderstand print-based media production techniques and technology
Understand print-based media production techniques and technology
 
Graphic design 2
Graphic design 2Graphic design 2
Graphic design 2
 
The print industry
The print industryThe print industry
The print industry
 

Destaque

Album covers : Ancillary products and analysis
Album covers : Ancillary products and analysis Album covers : Ancillary products and analysis
Album covers : Ancillary products and analysis akabucko
 
Qasa - Strategic business insight e bulletin transportation
Qasa - Strategic business insight e bulletin transportationQasa - Strategic business insight e bulletin transportation
Qasa - Strategic business insight e bulletin transportationQASA Strategic Consulting
 
Latam sm study 2013 portuguese
Latam sm study 2013 portugueseLatam sm study 2013 portuguese
Latam sm study 2013 portugueseB-M Latam
 
Expanding A Growth Focused Power Generation Company
Expanding A Growth Focused Power Generation CompanyExpanding A Growth Focused Power Generation Company
Expanding A Growth Focused Power Generation CompanyKW Miller
 
120 digital tips latinoamerica ingles burson marsteller
120 digital tips latinoamerica ingles burson marsteller120 digital tips latinoamerica ingles burson marsteller
120 digital tips latinoamerica ingles burson marstellerB-M Latam
 
Natural Gas Industry Feature Analysis
Natural Gas Industry Feature AnalysisNatural Gas Industry Feature Analysis
Natural Gas Industry Feature AnalysisKW Miller
 
Us Energy Market Investment Opportunities
Us Energy Market Investment OpportunitiesUs Energy Market Investment Opportunities
Us Energy Market Investment OpportunitiesKW Miller
 

Destaque (19)

Buyer’s Guide to Business Printers
Buyer’s Guide to Business PrintersBuyer’s Guide to Business Printers
Buyer’s Guide to Business Printers
 
Album covers : Ancillary products and analysis
Album covers : Ancillary products and analysis Album covers : Ancillary products and analysis
Album covers : Ancillary products and analysis
 
Paper 101
Paper 101Paper 101
Paper 101
 
Proposal Form
Proposal FormProposal Form
Proposal Form
 
Analysis of Responses
Analysis of ResponsesAnalysis of Responses
Analysis of Responses
 
Third Draft
Third DraftThird Draft
Third Draft
 
Initial Recreations
Initial RecreationsInitial Recreations
Initial Recreations
 
Development of Idea
Development of IdeaDevelopment of Idea
Development of Idea
 
Character Sketches
Character Sketches Character Sketches
Character Sketches
 
Qasa - Strategic business insight e bulletin transportation
Qasa - Strategic business insight e bulletin transportationQasa - Strategic business insight e bulletin transportation
Qasa - Strategic business insight e bulletin transportation
 
Watchmen the Novel
Watchmen the NovelWatchmen the Novel
Watchmen the Novel
 
Latam sm study 2013 portuguese
Latam sm study 2013 portugueseLatam sm study 2013 portuguese
Latam sm study 2013 portuguese
 
Production Logos
Production LogosProduction Logos
Production Logos
 
Expanding A Growth Focused Power Generation Company
Expanding A Growth Focused Power Generation CompanyExpanding A Growth Focused Power Generation Company
Expanding A Growth Focused Power Generation Company
 
120 digital tips latinoamerica ingles burson marsteller
120 digital tips latinoamerica ingles burson marsteller120 digital tips latinoamerica ingles burson marsteller
120 digital tips latinoamerica ingles burson marsteller
 
Initial Recreations
Initial RecreationsInitial Recreations
Initial Recreations
 
Natural Gas Industry Feature Analysis
Natural Gas Industry Feature AnalysisNatural Gas Industry Feature Analysis
Natural Gas Industry Feature Analysis
 
Sound Research
Sound ResearchSound Research
Sound Research
 
Us Energy Market Investment Opportunities
Us Energy Market Investment OpportunitiesUs Energy Market Investment Opportunities
Us Energy Market Investment Opportunities
 

Semelhante a Techniques and Technologies

What Silk Screen Printing Ink Should You Pick for Your Design?
What Silk Screen Printing Ink Should You Pick for Your Design?What Silk Screen Printing Ink Should You Pick for Your Design?
What Silk Screen Printing Ink Should You Pick for Your Design?Mike Tan
 
Print lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro formaPrint lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro formaOliviaBolt
 
Developing entrepreneurial skills through screen printing
Developing entrepreneurial skills through screen printingDeveloping entrepreneurial skills through screen printing
Developing entrepreneurial skills through screen printingAlexander Decker
 
Media print techniques
Media print techniquesMedia print techniques
Media print techniquesthomasrayner
 
Digital printing write up (jatin singhal, 12tt031)
Digital printing write up (jatin singhal, 12tt031)Digital printing write up (jatin singhal, 12tt031)
Digital printing write up (jatin singhal, 12tt031)jatinckd
 
Booklet for printing
Booklet for printingBooklet for printing
Booklet for printingJutka Czirok
 
Photo Essay Presentation Rachel Hill
Photo Essay Presentation Rachel HillPhoto Essay Presentation Rachel Hill
Photo Essay Presentation Rachel HillRachel Hill
 
Print industry
Print industryPrint industry
Print industryjacobw121
 
Task 1crhet
Task 1crhetTask 1crhet
Task 1crhetaigmu
 
Print industry
Print industryPrint industry
Print industryBethW99
 
DLL_MAPEH-ARTS 6_Q3_W3.docx
DLL_MAPEH-ARTS 6_Q3_W3.docxDLL_MAPEH-ARTS 6_Q3_W3.docx
DLL_MAPEH-ARTS 6_Q3_W3.docxChristianRabago2
 
Camtasia getting started guide
Camtasia getting started guideCamtasia getting started guide
Camtasia getting started guidemarija gulijeva
 
Task 1c
Task 1cTask 1c
Task 1caigmu
 

Semelhante a Techniques and Technologies (20)

What Silk Screen Printing Ink Should You Pick for Your Design?
What Silk Screen Printing Ink Should You Pick for Your Design?What Silk Screen Printing Ink Should You Pick for Your Design?
What Silk Screen Printing Ink Should You Pick for Your Design?
 
Print lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro formaPrint lo1 pro forma
Print lo1 pro forma
 
Developing entrepreneurial skills through screen printing
Developing entrepreneurial skills through screen printingDeveloping entrepreneurial skills through screen printing
Developing entrepreneurial skills through screen printing
 
Print produtcion
Print produtcionPrint produtcion
Print produtcion
 
Print produtcion
Print produtcionPrint produtcion
Print produtcion
 
Media print techniques
Media print techniquesMedia print techniques
Media print techniques
 
Task 1c
Task 1cTask 1c
Task 1c
 
Digital printing write up (jatin singhal, 12tt031)
Digital printing write up (jatin singhal, 12tt031)Digital printing write up (jatin singhal, 12tt031)
Digital printing write up (jatin singhal, 12tt031)
 
1 c
1 c1 c
1 c
 
Booklet for printing
Booklet for printingBooklet for printing
Booklet for printing
 
Photo Essay Presentation Rachel Hill
Photo Essay Presentation Rachel HillPhoto Essay Presentation Rachel Hill
Photo Essay Presentation Rachel Hill
 
Print industry
Print industryPrint industry
Print industry
 
Printing
PrintingPrinting
Printing
 
Task 1crhet
Task 1crhetTask 1crhet
Task 1crhet
 
Graphic Design
Graphic DesignGraphic Design
Graphic Design
 
Print industry
Print industryPrint industry
Print industry
 
DLL_MAPEH-ARTS 6_Q3_W3.docx
DLL_MAPEH-ARTS 6_Q3_W3.docxDLL_MAPEH-ARTS 6_Q3_W3.docx
DLL_MAPEH-ARTS 6_Q3_W3.docx
 
Camtasia getting started guide
Camtasia getting started guideCamtasia getting started guide
Camtasia getting started guide
 
Task 1c
Task 1cTask 1c
Task 1c
 
Printing for packaging and print identification
Printing for packaging and print identificationPrinting for packaging and print identification
Printing for packaging and print identification
 

Mais de Erika Louise Tolputt (20)

Time Management
Time ManagementTime Management
Time Management
 
Bibliography
BibliographyBibliography
Bibliography
 
Research Log
Research LogResearch Log
Research Log
 
Brief
BriefBrief
Brief
 
Use of Sound in Interactive Media Products
Use of Sound in Interactive Media ProductsUse of Sound in Interactive Media Products
Use of Sound in Interactive Media Products
 
Interactive Media Products
Interactive Media ProductsInteractive Media Products
Interactive Media Products
 
Script
ScriptScript
Script
 
Main Project Outline
Main Project OutlineMain Project Outline
Main Project Outline
 
Asset Specification
Asset SpecificationAsset Specification
Asset Specification
 
Generation of Ideas
Generation of IdeasGeneration of Ideas
Generation of Ideas
 
Generation of Ideas
Generation of IdeasGeneration of Ideas
Generation of Ideas
 
Pre Production Planning
Pre Production PlanningPre Production Planning
Pre Production Planning
 
Legal and Ethical Implications
Legal and Ethical ImplicationsLegal and Ethical Implications
Legal and Ethical Implications
 
Student Log
Student LogStudent Log
Student Log
 
Main Project Print Screens
Main Project Print ScreensMain Project Print Screens
Main Project Print Screens
 
Evaluation
EvaluationEvaluation
Evaluation
 
Research Scans
Research ScansResearch Scans
Research Scans
 
Movie Trailer Links
Movie Trailer LinksMovie Trailer Links
Movie Trailer Links
 
Research Log
Research LogResearch Log
Research Log
 
Print Screens of Research
Print Screens of ResearchPrint Screens of Research
Print Screens of Research
 

Último

Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.mcshagufta46
 
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZMihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZKanakChauhan5
 
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...AustraliaChapterIIBA
 
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig OnlineTo Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Onlinelng ths
 
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor PresentationMoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentationbaron83
 
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfGraham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfAnhNguyen97152
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...Brian Solis
 
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptxCracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
 
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsUpgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsIntellect Design Arena Ltd
 
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinSlicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinAnton Skornyakov
 
Fabric RFID Wristbands in Ireland for Events and Festivals
Fabric RFID Wristbands in Ireland for Events and FestivalsFabric RFID Wristbands in Ireland for Events and Festivals
Fabric RFID Wristbands in Ireland for Events and FestivalsWristbands Ireland
 
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptx
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptxIntroduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptx
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptxJemalSeid25
 
Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture ReportProject Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture Reportamberjiles31
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for BusinessQ2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for BusinessAPCO
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003believeminhh
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Lviv Startup Club
 

Último (20)

Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
 
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
 
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZMihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
Mihir Menda - Member of Supervisory Board at RMZ
 
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
 
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig OnlineTo Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
 
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor PresentationMoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
 
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdfGraham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
Graham and Doddsville - Issue 1 - Winter 2006 (1).pdf
 
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV IndustriesInvestment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
Investment Opportunity for Thailand's Automotive & EV Industries
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
 
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptxCracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
Cracking the ‘Business Process Outsourcing’ Code Main.pptx
 
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsUpgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
 
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup BerlinSlicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
Slicing Work on Business Agility Meetup Berlin
 
Fabric RFID Wristbands in Ireland for Events and Festivals
Fabric RFID Wristbands in Ireland for Events and FestivalsFabric RFID Wristbands in Ireland for Events and Festivals
Fabric RFID Wristbands in Ireland for Events and Festivals
 
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptx
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptxIntroduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptx
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptx
 
Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture ReportProject Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
 
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for BusinessQ2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
 
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
 

Techniques and Technologies

  • 1. Techniques and Technology Erika Louise Tolputt
  • 2. Hand Etching What is hand etching and how is it used? What is Hand Etching? Advantages Hand Etching is where an image or picture is carved out of any form of colour 1. An advantage of hand etching is that when you have or polishes stone, glass and ceramic tile. People usually use hand etching to mastered the skill of hand etching which is a difficult skill enhance family memorials, creating wildfire art, portraits, emblems, logos to master you would be earning vast amounts of money and much more as these are only a few examples of what you can do with for being able to hand etch. hand etching. This is a creative form of print based media. 2. Hand etching can open a mass of business opportunities as the skill doesn't revolve around a particular material as it can be used on a majority of materials therefore being used in any form that enquirers particularly want hand etched. 3. Hand etching doesn’t specify in a particular colour or material so therefore it can be done in various forms as well as on different materials therefore widening the market even further than before. Harley Davidson Disadvantages Harley Davidson is a clear example of hand etching as the business has 1. A disadvantage of hand etching is that the cost of hand had their logo carved into polished stone to represent their business and etching is expensive depending on the materials that are to the aims and objectives of their business. The reasons for Harley be used from the customer and also the equipment and Davidson promoting their business through hand etching is most training to hand etch also adds up to a substantial sum. probably because its a creative and imaginative form of print based 2. Another disadvantage of hand etching is that the money and media and therefore have a more unique outlook on their business just time that it would take which is also crucial time and money through doing this. that is needed to keep running a hand etching business it would have been drawn due to the workers and employees that would need to be trained in the art of hand etching. 3. The time that is takes to create a hand etched piece is substantial as it needs precision and accuracy instead of just skimming through it. Also as the customer is paying vast amounts of money care and detail in the piece is cruical.
  • 3. Intaglio What is Intaglio and how is it used? What is Intaglio? Intaglio derives from the Italian tagliare to cut, it refers to a number of techniques in art, applied to many different materials, which all have in common that the image is created by cutting, carving or engraving into a flat surface, as opposed to a relief. Where the image is what is left when the background has been cut away to leave the image apparently lifted up above the background, the term may also refer to objects made using these techniques. 1. Intaglio printmaking: a group of print making techniques with an incised image. 2. Intaglio jewellery: similar techniques in jewellery. 3. Intaglio sculpture: is also known as sunken relief. 4. Intaglio burial mound: a similar technique for decorating burial mounds with geoglyphs. 5. Blythe Intaglio: large native American designs on the ground. Advantages Disadvantages 1. An advantage of intaglio is that it can be useful in various 1. A disadvantage of intaglio is that it can be a slow and sections of the market so its open to a wide audience long process which therefore means that there would be without a specific target market so therefore there are lack in time efficiency which means a lot of important markets such as printmaking, jewellery, sculpture, burial time would be lost. mounds etc. 2. Another disadvantage is that the material costs a 2. Another advantage of intaglio is that it can be used for substantial amount of money therefore this create cost almost anything that the customer particularly has an efficiency as the materials are so expensive and the interest in. It can be used for various businesses as well as time to create the intaglio means that the cost will be for personal use. high in comparison to the production time.
  • 4. Linocutis it used? What is linocut and how Linocut is a print making technique, a variant of woodcut in which a sheet of linoleum, sometimes mounted on a wooden block, is used for the relief surface. A design is cut into the linoleum surface with a sharp knife, v shaped chisel or gouge, with raised areas representing a reversal mirror image of the parts to show printed. The linoleum sheet is linked with a roller and then impressed onto paper or fabric, the actual printing can be done by hand or with a press. As the material being carved has no particular direction to its grain and does not tend to split, it is easier to obtain certain artistic effects with lino than with most woodcuts and engravings. Lino is much easier to cut than wood; especially when heated, but the pressure of the printing process degrades the plate faster and it is difficult to create larger works due to the materials fragility. Linocuts can also be achieved by the careful application of sodium hydroxide in a paste to parts of the surface of the lino. This creates a surface similar to a soft ground etching and these caustic lino plates can be printed in either a relief, intaglio or a viscosity printing manner. Colour linocuts can be made by using a different block for each colour as in a woodcut, but, as Pablo Picasso demonstrated quite effectively, such prints can also be achieved using a single piece of linoleum in what is called the reductive print method. Essentially, after each successive colour is imprinted onto the paper, the artist then cleans the lino plate and cuts away what will not be imprinted for the subsequently applied colour. Due to ease of use, linocut is widely used in schools to introduce children to the art of printmaking; similarly, non-professional artists often cut lino rather than wood for printing. In the modern day art world however, after the input of Picasso and Henri Matisse, the linocut is an established professional print medium. Advantages Disadvantages 1. An advantage of linocut is that its used for educational 1. The disadvantages of this particular purposes which will help children prosper in school and in process is that it is time consuming and further education. This is also useful because it shows that the materials cost a substantial amount in a business that creates linocuts can prosper from the of money this means that the production idea that children use it in their education in their art is slow and that it even costs a lot of subjects. budget to produce the products.
  • 5. Screen Print What is screen printing? • Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink-blocking stencil. The attached stencil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink or other printable materials which can be pressed through the mesh as a sharp edged image onto a substrate. A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen stencil, forcing or pumping ink past the threads of the woven mesh in the open areas. • Screen printing is also a stencil method of print making in which a design is imposed on a screen of silk or other fine mesh, with blank areas coated with an impermeable substance, and ink is forced through the mesh onto the printing surface. It is also known as silkscreen, serigraphy, and serigraph.
  • 6. Woodcut What is woodcut? • Woodcut: formally known as xylography: is a relief printing artistic technique in printmaking in which an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood, with the printing parts remaining level with the surface while the non-printing parts are removed, typically with gouges. The areas to show 'white' are cut away with a knife or chisel, leaving the characters or image to show in 'black' at the original surface level. The block is cut along the grain of the wood (unlike wood engraving where the block is cut in the end-grain). In Europe beech wood was most commonly used; in Japan, a special type of cherry wood was used. • The surface is covered with ink by rolling over the surface with an ink-covered roller brayer, leaving ink upon the flat surface but not in the non printing areas. • Multiple colours can be printed by keying the paper to a frame around the woodblocks (where a different block is used for each colour. The art of carving the woodcut can be called "xylography", but this is rarely used in English for images alone, although that and "xylographic" are used in connection with block books, which are small books containing text and images in the same block. Single leaf woodcut is a term for a woodcut presented as a single image or print, as opposed to a book illustration.
  • 7. Lithography What is lithography? • Lithography has also been used for various filmography and other visual things. Lithography originally used an image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of polymer applied to a flexible aluminium plate. The flat surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into hydrophilic regions that accept a film of water and thereby repel the greasy ink, and hydrophobic regions that repel water and accept ink because the surface tension is higher on the greasier image area which remains dry. The image may be printed directly from the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be offset by transfer to a flexible sheet, usually rubber, for transfer to the printed article. • This process is different from gravure or intaglio printing where a plate is engraved, etched or stippled to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress where ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images. • Most books, indeed all types of high volume text, are now printed using offset lithography, the most common form of printing production. The word "lithography" also refers to photolithography, a micro fabrication technique used to make integrated circuits and microelectromechanical systems, although those techniques have more in common with etching than with lithography.
  • 8. Letterpress What is letterpress? • Letterpress printing is relief printing of text and image using a press with a "type high bed" printing press and movable type, in which a reversed, raised surface is inked and then pressed into a sheet of paper to obtain a positive right reading image. It was the normal form of printing text from its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid 15th century until the 19th century and remained in wide use for books and other uses until the second half of the 20th century. In addition to the direct impression of inked movable type onto paper or another receptive surface, letterpress is also the direct impression of inked printmaking blocks such as photo etched zinc "cuts" plates, linoleum blocks, wood engravings, etc., using such a press. • In the 21st century, commercial letterpress has been revived by the use of 'water wash' photopolymer plates that are adhered to a near type high base to produce a relief printing surface typically from digitally rendered art and typography.
  • 9. Gravure What is Gravure? • Rotogravure is a type of intaglio printing process, that is, it involves engraving the image onto an image carrier. In gravure printing, the image is engraved onto a copper cylinder because, like offset and flexography, it uses a rotary printing press. • The vast majority of gravure presses print on rolls of paper, rather than sheets of paper. Rotary gravure presses are the fastest and widest presses in operation, printing everything from narrow labels to 12 feet, 4 mm wide rolls of vinyl flooring. Additional operations may be in line with a gravure press, such as saddle stitching facilities for magazine brochure work. Once a staple of newspaper photo features, the rotogravure process is still used for commercial printing of magazines, postcards, and corrugated product packaging.
  • 10. Photocopying What is Photocopying? • A photocopier is a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply. Most current photocopiers use a technology called xerography, a dry process using heat. • Xerographic office photocopying was introduced by Xerox in 1959, and it gradually replaced copies made by Verifax, Photostat, carbon paper, mimeograph machines, and other duplicating machines. The prevalence of its use is one of the factors that prevented the development of the paperless office heralded early in the digital revolution. • Photocopying is widely used in business, education, and government. There have been many predictions that photocopiers will eventually become obsolete as information workers continue to increase their digital document creation and distribution, and rely less on distributing actual pieces of paper.
  • 11. Laser Printing What is Laser Printing? • A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers, laser printers employ a xerographic printing process but differ from analogy photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photoreceptor. A laser beam projects an image of the page to be printed onto an electrically charged rotating drum coated with selenium or, more common in modern printers, organic photoconductors. Photoconductivity removes charge from the areas exposed to light. Dry ink particles are then electrostatically picked up by the drum's charged areas. The drum then prints the image onto paper by direct contact and heat, which fuses the ink to the paper. • Unlike impact printers, laser printer speed can vary widely, and depends on many factors, including the graphic intensity of the job being processed. The fastest models can print over 200 monochrome pages per minute. The fastest colour laser printers can print over 100 pages per minute. Very high speed laser printers are used for mass mailings of personalized documents, such as credit card or utility bills, and are competing with lithography in some commercial applications. • The cost of this technology depends on a combination of factors, including the cost of paper, toner, and infrequent drum replacement, as well as the replacement of other consumables such as the fuser assembly and transfer assembly. Often printers with soft plastic drums can have a very high cost of ownership that does not become apparent until the drum requires replacement. • In comparison with the laser printer, most inkjet printers and dot matrix printers simply take an incoming stream of data and directly imprint it in a slow lurching process that may include pauses as the printer waits for more data. A laser printer is unable to work this way because such a large amount of data needs to output to the printing device in a rapid, continuous process. The printer cannot stop the mechanism precisely enough to wait until more data arrives, without creating a visible gap or misalignment of the dots on the printed page.
  • 12. Inkjet What is Inkjet? • An inkjet printer is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by propelling variable-sized droplets of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer and range from small inexpensive consumer models to very large professional machines. • The concept of inkjet printing originated in the 19th century, and the technology was first developed in the early 1950s. Starting in the late 1970s inkjet printers that could reproduce digital images generated by computers were developed, mainly by Epson, Hewlett Packard and Canon. In the worldwide consumer market, four manufacturers account for the majority of inkjet printer sales: Canon, HP, Epson, and Lexmark, a 1991 spin-off from IBM. The emerging ink jet material deposition market also uses inkjet technologies, typically piezoelectric crystals, to deposit materials directly on substrates.
  • 13. DTP What is DTP? • Desktop publishing combines a personal computer and page layout software to create publication documents on a computer for either large scale publishing or small scale local multifunction peripheral output and distribution. • The term "desktop publishing" is commonly used to describe page layout skills. However, the skills and software are not limited to paper and book publishing. The same skills and software are often used to create graphics for point of sale displays, promotional items, trade show exhibits, retail package designs and outdoor signs.
  • 14. Screen Process What is Screen Process? • The fourth traditional type of printing, screen process, includes silk screen and has special applications in the printing industry. Silk screen printing is a form of stencil printing, i.e., printing where the ink is applied to the back of the image carrier and pushed through porous or open areas. The image is on a piece of silk stretched on a frame and backed by a rubber squeegee containing ink. The nonprinting areas on the silk screen are blocked out, and the ink is pushed through the porous areas corresponding to the design; the process is widely used for posters and for printing on glass, plastics, and textured surfaces. Mimeographing is another commercial application of stencil printing.