A holistic approach to assessing the climate-positive effects of ICT. A holistic methodology is necessary for assessing the potential reduction of CO2 e emissions. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a well-established method and can be used for comparing emissions created in different scenarios. Standardized LCA methods can be used to identify solutions with the lowest CO2e emissions. They provide society as a whole with the methods to assess a large number of possible solutions, to quantify the magnitude of potential reductions, and to show where these reductions could take place.

1. ericsson White paper
284 23-3193 Uen | February 2013
Quantifying
emissions right
a holistic approach to assessing
the climate-positive effects of ICT
A holistic methodology is necessary for assessing the potential reduction of CO2e emissions. Life cycle
assessment (LCA) is a well-established method and can be used for comparing emissions created in different
scenarios. Standardized LCA methods can be used to identify solutions with the lowest CO2e emissions.
They provide society as a whole with the methods to assess a large number of possible solutions, to quantify
the magnitude of potential reductions, and to show where these reductions could take place.

2. A holistic
transformation
Climate change is one of the major global challenges of our time. To prevent it from severely
impacting almost every facet of life in the world, scientific consensus points to a need to reduce
the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) – measured in terms of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) – by
as much as 80 percent by 2050.
Often the focus has often been on making incremental reductions to CO2e emissions in areas
where levels are at their highest, without it having a negative impact on the economy. But there
is also an important – and to large extent still untapped – opportunity to drive economic growth
by implementing transformative solutions. To achieve the scale of reductions needed to slow
climate change, we must replace traditional methods, processes and systems with smarter, more
efficient ones. In many instances, these solutions are enabled by the ICT sector, and broadband
constitutes the foundation of a resource-efficient infrastructure that can deliver many different
services in a low-carbon way.
Unless we take a holistic view, however, we risk of ending up with ineffective solutions for
climate mitigation.
Collect data
Assess CO2e
impacts Define processes
and boundaries
Figure 1: Overview of the process of assessing climate-positive solutions.
Quantifying emissions right – A holistic transformation 2

3. The first step in quantifying emissions is to determine where they occur and to understand
their current levels. Once emissions levels and the areas where reductions could be made
have been identified and assessed, it is possible to change operating models, support
systems and behaviors. It is here that the ICT sector plays an important role. Figure 1 shows
a scale. The message conveyed by this illustration is that the same function can be delivered
either in a new way, which has the potential to transform society and its carbon dependence
(represented by the light scale pan), or based on traditional services (represented by the
heavy scale pan) with emissions that are reduced only in an incremental way.
A holistic methodology is needed to understand the complexity of large industrial systems
and user behaviors, and ultimately for assessing the potential reductions of CO2e emissions.
The LCA methodology constitutes a well-established methodology for assessing potential
CO2e emissions, and can be used for comparing the emissions originating from different
scenarios. Particularly, it could be used for comparing a situation involving the adoption of
ICT with a reference situation – that is, when using existing conventional systems.
Ericsson considers LCA to be an excellent tool for identifying opportunities to improve
environmental performance and for understanding the potential impact of new solutions. In
contrast, LCA is not suitable for quantitative product benchmarking and product performance
legislation. This is because of uncertainties in data and modeling – which are an intrinsic part
of the methodology – due to the complexity of the reality this methodology is used to assess.
This paper acknowledges the importance of LCA – especially its ability to provide an
understanding of the carbon abatement potential of ICT solutions by presenting:
how standardized LCA methods offer a holistic approach to assessing the potential
reduction of future CO2e emissions to identify solutions with low CO2e emissions that
can replace traditional solutions
the results of two case studies.
The holistic approach offered by LCA is especially useful for evaluating the potential of ICT
solutions to reduce CO2e emissions in other sectors not traditionally associated with ICT.
Indeed, the LCA-based case studies are used to illustrate how the introduction of an ICT
solution can reduce CO2e emissions.
Potential of ICT to reduce overall CO2e
By replacing physical products with services, and by helping people to use resources more
efficiently, ICT-based solutions can improve basic services while reducing CO2e emissions.
Within the realm of ICT, broadband provides the most effective foundation for a resource-
efficient infrastructure that can deliver many different services in a low-carbon way – for
instance, via machine-to-machine, machine-to-human or human-to-human communication.
The SMARTer 2020 ICT industry study [1], published in December 2012 by the Global
e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI), estimates that ICT-enabled solutions have the potential to
reduce annual emissions of GHGs by 16.5 percent (9.1Gt CO2e) by 2020.
In economic terms, ICT-enabled energy efficiency translates into potential savings of
about USD 1.9 trillion. ICT-enabled carbon efficiency can be introduced through a variety
of solutions, such as:
virtual meetings
smart buildings
cloud computing
e-health (health care informatics over the internet) and m-health (mobile e-health)
smart grids
smart logistics and intelligent transport systems
e-learning (technology-enhanced learning) and m-learning (mobile e-learning)
dematerialization
Quantifying emissions right – A holistic transformation 3

4. Taking a
holistic view
Historically, several methods have been used to analyze the effect of introducing ICT solutions
to replace traditional services and thereby reduce CO2e emissions. However, few studies have
been designed to include all possible aspects of potential impacts and reductions. In many cases,
stakeholders have tended to focus only on particular stages and activities of the life cycle of the
assessed ICT solution – for example, the electricity consumption of products during operation.
Furthermore, many studies have included only user equipment and left out the impact caused by
the network infrastructure. Scenario-based studies have however demonstrated that comprehensive
LCAs are, in fact, necessary to enable a thorough understanding of the environmental impact of
ICT solutions.
During the past year, the availability and quality of methods used in LCAs of ICT applications
have much improved as prominent standardization organizations have produced standards
designed to provide guidelines on performing LCAs of ICT-based products, networks and services
(in this paper, all of these are referred to as ICT solutions). These initiatives, which are supplementary
to the International Organization for Standardization’s ISO 14040 [2] and ISO 14044 [3] standards,
include:
the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standard ETSI EE TS 103 199
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT equipment, network and services; General methodology
and common requirements [4]
the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Recommendation L.1410 Methodology for
the assessment of the environmental impact of information and communication technology
goods, networks and services [5].
These standards include requirements on how to assess the first order environmental impact of
an ICT solution (that is, the impact stemming from activities associated with the actual manufacture
and use of a product, network or service) as well as its second order environmental impact (that
is the changes in impact of traditional services which are enabled by the ICT solution).
Since these standards are now in place, the industry should increase the use of comprehensive
LCAs to help the stakeholders of the society gain a deeper understanding of the potential of ICT-
based solutions to reduce CO2e emissions. The adoption of holistic LCA methodologies:
enables companies to prioritize between ICT solutions based on their impact on sustainability
enables and guides policy makers to support balanced decisions regarding sustainability
provides a means of making comparisons between ICT-based solutions and other kinds of
solutions
helps to place the focus on the total level of energy usage and CO2e emissions and to highlight
the potential for CO2e reductions in business cases, thereby showing the benefits of investing
in ICT.
Quantifying emissions right – taking a holistic view 4

5. Assessing the
potential of ICT
To quantify the potential of ICT solutions to reduce CO2e emissions, it is necessary to assess, from a life
cycle perspective, the environmental impact of both the ICT solution and the conventional system of which
it reduces the impacts (hereafter called the reference system). For instance, an ICT solution such as video
conferencing may reduce the need for travel. In our studies, we have found it important to include the
potential impact of network infrastructure when making such assessments.
Access to ICT has a direct and measurable impact on society, the environment and economic
development. In some cases – depending on the ICT solution – it might be necessary to consider both
fixed and mobile broadband to analyze the total environmental impact of the solution.
The standardized LCA methodology provides a systematic approach to the assessment and comparison
Reference system ICT based system
• Definition of goal and functional unit
• Definition of scenario
Definition of system Definition of system
boundaries boundaries
LCI LCI
LCIA LCIA
Comparision
interpretation
Figure 2: Calculation procedure for the comparative assessment.
(Source: ETSI TS 103 199 [4]. ITU-T L.1410 [5] includes a similar figure)
of the cumulative environmental impacts of two different systems. The assessment includes: the definition
of a system’s goal and scope, functional unit and system boundaries; inventory and data collection (LCI);
and impact assessment (LCIA). Finally, it includes the comparison of the systems and interpretation of
results, see Figure 21.
This paper briefly describes the main activities involved in an assessment, but the reader is encouraged
to refer to the previously mentioned standards for more details.
1
In Figure 2 the term “ICT based system” is used to denote the assessment target, which could be an ICT product, network or service (in other words,
an ICT solution).
Quantifying emissions right – Assessing the potential of ICT 5

6. Definition of goal, functional unit and system boundaries
The first thing to do is to define the goal and the functional unit applicable to the assessment.
The functional unit is a reference unit for the results of the LCA – for example, results could
be presented per meeting or per year of operation. The functional unit needs to be applicable
to both the ICT system and the reference system.
The next step is to define both the ICT system and the reference system with respect to
the processes and boundaries. The assessment boundaries are made up of the processes
and boundaries of the ICT solution to be analyzed and the reference system it impacts. To
set the scope of the analysis it is necessary to understand the changes in use of other
services that result from implementing the ICT solution.
The scope of the assessment includes the emissions from the use of the new ICT solution
as well as its embodied emissions. In the same way, both direct (operational) and embodied
emissions associated with the reference systems should be considered if possible. For
instance, for a travel- and transport-based system, the assessment includes processes
such as extraction, production and distribution of fuels, production of vehicles, and operation
of infrastructure for all travel and transportation associated with the solution – for example,
airport operation.
Life cycle inventory (LCI) and definition of scenario for the ict solution
When assessing the ICT system a number of areas need to be considered. Some examples
are given below. When assessing a mobile-broadband solution, it is important to take into
account:
the volume of associated data traffic
user profiles and behavior, including types of mobile devices being used
the characteristics of mobile-network access
the core or transmission network and specified data centers.
Fixed broadband has many different user profiles with individual types of PCs, modems,
or home-network setups. Access sites and data traffic may be aggregated to form a total
or average ICT solution user profile for all users or for an entire company, organization or
region.
By comparing the amount of data associated with a specific ICT solution and the total
amount of data handled by the network, a fair share of the network’s impact could be
allocated to the solution and included in the assessment. For data centers, this kind of
allocation is appropriate. For some equipment, such as PCs and mobile phones, the use
time is a more relevant basis for allocation.
This table presents some examples of elements to consider for user equipment.
Important elements to consider Comments
Type of user equipment (PC, This information is needed to model manufacturing
smartphone) impact and operation characteristics
Use time and standby operation This is used to determine electricity consumption.
The actual performance depends on user behavior
Electricity consumption for The type of access and the use time are used to
network access quantify network access. Data traffic cannot be used
because most electricity consumption relates to
network access standby
Electricity mix in the region studied All electricity consumption during the use stage can
be related to the specific region
Table 1: Important elements to consider when assessing the CO2e emissions of user equipment.
Another important activity to consider is the impact of the operator’s business activities
(network operation and maintenance).
Quantifying emissions right – Assessing the potential of ICT 6

7. LCI of the reference scenario – CO2e emissions profiles for travel, transport
and the use of buildings
Figure 3 outlines the CO2e emissions related to travel and use of buildings based on published
data, and illustrates specific kinds of impacts related to such activities.
The distribution of emissions for car travel is valid for most kinds of road transport, but the
contribution made by manufacturing varies with vehicle lifetimes. In the same way, the profile
for air freight is similar to that given for air travel2. However, compared with air travel, less of the
impact of airport operation and construction can be allocated.
The profiles presented here are generalized. To make more specific assessments, one needs
to know the type and amount of energy
that is consumed by the reference system
and so on. Percent
100
Data collection and calculation ? High uncertainty
80
Data for both systems is collected from a
/pkm (/tonne*km)
variety of sources, such as LCA databases, 60
field studies and statistics published via
outlets such as government-agency 40
websites. In order to compare different ?
20
systems, it’s crucial to collect real-world ?
data relating to the use of the assessed 0
service in the reference system as well as Car travel Fuel supply Car Road Others
when ICT is adopted. If real-world data is manufacturing infrastructure
not available, the systems could be Percent
modeled based on similar solutions. Also, 100
scenarios are useful for enabling a deeper ? High uncertainty
understanding of how service usage 80
impacts the climate. /m2 (/person)
60
The availability of published LCA data
for the infrastructure of reference systems 40
– for example, the production of cars and
?
construction of factories and roads – is 20
limited. Also, there is little published data
0
available on road infrastructure (such as
Building Fuel supply Energy supply Building Renovation etc.
street lighting, gas and service stations, operation construction
car dealers, and parking facilities) that can
be linked to road transport. In some cases
it may therefore be necessary to consider Percent ? High uncertainty
the full life cycle of the ICT solution, but 100
?
only the use stage of the reference system
80
– in other words, the fuel consumed by a /pkm (/tonne*km)
car and so on. With this approach, the 60
estimated saving potential when applying
the ICT solution may be underestimated. 40
20
0
Air travel Fuel supply Airport Aircraft and Others
operation and airport
ground transport construction
Figure 3: Average CO2e emissions related to car and air travel, as well as emissions related to use
of buildings.
2
In the diagram, the bar “Others” for air travel represents the uncertainty that exists with regard to various other GHG emissions and their
uncertain effects attributed to aircraft, including high-altitude emissions and their effects.
Quantifying emissions right – Assessing the potential of ICT 7

8. For the ICT solution, some LCA data about mobile- and fixed-broadband networks and products
has already been published. For example, for quite some time, Ericsson has performed LCAs
relating to communication networks (including mobile phones), and there are also studies
published on PC assessments, for example.
It is recommended for assessments to include the fuel- and energy-supply chains – in other
words, the stages of extraction, production and distribution. The same models and data could
be used for both the reference system and the ICT solution.
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
If data is available only in the form of figures relating to energy, fuel consumption and so on,
recalculation into CO2e emissions is done using well-founded emission factors.
Comparison of systems
After the CO2e assessment for each system is complete, it is possible to compare the two
scenarios and evaluate the potential of the ICT solution to reduce CO2e emissions. The total
results of the analysis give the potential reduction in CO2e between the systems, which could
be expressed as a reduction ratio.
The reduction ratio represents the direct and embodied CO2e emissions from the ICT solution,
set in relation to the potential savings in direct and embodied emissions that the ICT solution
enables.
To fully understand the results and what they imply, the effects of uncertainties introduced by
the data, adjustments, allocations and scope limitations must be analyzed.
Quantifying emissions right – Assessing the potential of ICT 8

9. Conclusion
One of the most significant ways of achieving substantial reductions in CO2e is by shifting from
a high-carbon physical infrastructure to a low-carbon virtual infrastructure based on the evolving
information society and smart technology – what we call ICT.
Much of the focus to date has been on reductions in sectors with high-carbon emissions, such
as energy and transport. However, it is just as important to understand how rollout of low-carbon
solutions and their enabling infrastructure could affect CO2e emissions. Investments in broadband,
for example, are paving the way for ICT solutions, such as the increased use of virtual meetings
to enhance teleworking; the rollout of telemedicine services; and smart homes, where energy
management plays a central role in replacing traditional high-carbon solutions.
To support the transition to a low-carbon Networked Society, it is necessary to understand
the extent to which new solutions will reduce CO2e emissions.
This paper stresses the importance of taking a holistic view based on LCA methodology when
assessing CO2e emissions, and acknowledges the usefulness of the ICT-specific LCA standards
which have been developed by ITU-T [2] and ETSI [1] for this purpose.
Ericsson has studied several services, calculating the potential of ICT solutions to reduce CO2e
emissions compared with traditional solutions. Armed with data from such holistic assessments
and the standardized methodologies now available, society can finally begin to:
assess a large number of solutions
understand the magnitude of reductions (including infrastructure changes over time)
understand where these reductions could take place.
Quantifying emissions right – conclusion 9

10. Case studies
Connected buses in Curitiba, Brazil
Solution
In the 1970s Curitiba, one of Brazil’s largest cities, decided to invest in a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
system to improve its public transport infrastructure. The BRT system included dedicated bus
lanes, platforms to enable level boarding, payment before travel, fewer stops, communication
with a central transit authority, and coordination with traffic symbols. Now, Curitiba is transforming
its BRT system by embedding mobile-broadband modules in city buses and bus stops, connecting
them directly to an HSPA network. This is interesting from an environmental perspective because
the benefits that this brings to passengers may help to attract more people to the BRT system
– people who have used private vehicles to date. Further, the optimization of the traffic flow of
the system – for example, avoiding using buses where not needed, as well as being able to
support eco-driving – also leads to lower fuel consumption.
Scope
In this case study, an LCA of the CO2e emissions related to the BRT system in Curitiba was
conducted. The assessment covered both the environmental impact of the ICT solution, as well
as of the service it potentially replaces. To refer back to the holistic approach outlined in this
paper, the BRT system with the embedded mobile-broadband modules is the ICT solution studied,
and the BRT system without this ICT solution applied is the reference system.
The ICT solution has just been introduced and its effects can therefore not be measured at
this stage. “What if…?” scenarios of the ICT-enabled efficiencies are therefore investigated to
gain a better understanding of their abatement potential.
For the reference system, it is estimated that commuters complete on average 2.3 million trips
per working day, riding the 1,928 BRT buses that are on the road. The operation of each vehicle
produces approximately 100 tonnes of CO2e of direct emissions annually, which equals a total
direct emission level for the bus fleet of about 200,000 tonnes. Additionally about 30,000 tonnes
of embodied CO2e from fuel extraction, production and distribution is considered in the
assessment. The cars driven in Curitiba (there are about 850,000 of them), produce about
1,500,000 tonnes of direct CO2e each year, and their fuel supply is estimated to add another
300,000 tonnes CO2e.
The embodied emissions of buses, cars and road infrastructure were not considered in the
assessment.
The analysis of the ICT solution included the impact of the ICT modules located on each bus
and in bus stop equipment, as well as in the centrally located ICT system. The ICT solution on
each bus – which includes a computer, reader, validator and console – consumes an average of
20 watts (0-40W). The central ICT solution (including employees, data centers, servers and so
on) consumes on average about 4,750W. The central ICT solution operates on low-carbon (mainly
hydro) electricity, but the ICT module in each bus operates on diesel-generated electricity.
One important assumption is that the embodied impact for the ICT solution is estimated based
on the impact caused by similar reference electronic equipment and products.
The total ICT solution is estimated to emit about 500 tonnes CO2e annually including both the
direct and embodied emissions (see Figure 4). If the bus operation of the reference system can be
made 1 percent more efficient in terms of fuel use (and CO2e), the potential direct CO2e savings
would be about 2,000 tonnes CO2e per year or 2,300 tonnes CO2e per year if embodied emissions
are also taken into consideration. Furthermore, if car travel in the reference systems can be reduced
by just 0.1 percent, the potential related direct reduction of CO2e would be about 1,500 tonnes per
year or about 1,800 tonnes CO2e if embodied fuel-supply emissions were also considered.
The graph in Figure 4 shows the impact of the ICT solution and the savings it could enable in
other sectors according to the assessed scenario. The table also shows the impact of the ICT
solution but compares it to the impact of the bus operation and car travel in the reference scenario.
Quantifying emissions right – case studies 10

11. Result
Tonne CO2e
In this case study a potential reduction Embodied ICT
scenario for CO2e is studied for the city of 1,000 Direct (operation)
Curitiba’s Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, Fuel supply
which creates a transformative solution by 500
embedding mobile-broadband modules in
city buses and bus stops, and connecting Bus operation Car travel
0
them directly to an HSPA network. ICT solution
The total impact for the ICT solution is
estimated to be about 500 tonnes CO2e -500
annually, including both direct and
embodied emissions. If the bus operation -1,000
of the reference system can be made 1
percent more efficient (1 percent less fuel
-1,500
used for the same amount of passengers),
or if car travel in that system can be reduced “What if car travel
by 0.1 percent or even 1 percent, reduction -2,000
can be reduced
ratios of 1:4, 1:3 and 1:30 respectively by 1%?”
would be experienced. -2,500 “What if buses
can operate 1%
more efficiently?”
Mobile money in Kenya -3,000
Solution
In rural areas in developing markets such Total absolute emissions: tonne CO2e
as Kenya, the banking infrastructure is
limited. This makes it necessary to travel to Direct and
Direct
embodied
the nearest town to pay for water and
electricity and to refill a mobile-phone ICT solution 500
prepaid account.
Making a loan repayment requires a day-
Bus operation 200,000 230,000
long expedition to the nearest bank – 12km
away – if the money sent from relatives
Car travel 1,500,000 1,800,000
abroad has arrived.
With mobile money, all this can be
achieved without leaving home, making it
Figure 4: “What if…?” scenarios for connected buses in Curitiba
unnecessary to travel. The three main use
cases are: money transfer, local payment
and bank services.
When the study was made, there were 6,5 million subscribers who carried out 10 million
banking transactions a day, with an average total value of USD 20. These figures have increased
since then.
Quantifying emissions right – case studies 11

12. Scope
In this case study, the ICT solution includes the use of the mobile network and mobile phones
to perform the transactions required in the different use cases. The application software is
assumed to be deployed in a data center, including power, cooling, building infrastructure and
so on. The same applies to the back-office call center.
The reference situation means that individuals are forced to travel from rural areas to more
central villages and bank offices in the cities in order to make payments and carry out other bank
transactions. Typical transactions include money transfers and bill payments, among others.
The primary enabling effect of mobile
money solutions is that there is a reduced
need for bus travel (or car travel, which is Sender in town Local agent Village people
undertaken in some cases, but is not
considered in this study). Even though
banking is usually a coordinated effort from
the village (one individual may make the trip
to handle banking errands for several other
people), this results in extensive travel and
also security risks.
Secondary enabling effects include the Money transfer using local agent
Bank service
potential reduction in the number of buses Local payment
needed because fewer trips will be required.
A related effect is also that the road system Distance
will last longer and that extensions of
capacity can be limited. By spreading the
Figure 5: Mobile money use cases.
use of the mobile money solutions and
similar ICT solutions, the need to have cash
in circulation would be drastically reduced,
as would other aspects of the bank-related infrastructure like bank offices, ATMs and so on.
However not all the potential secondary effects have been included in the case because we
considered an implementation in one operator network. On a larger scale and with a longer-term
perspective, they would warrant consideration.
The result of the case study is based on a mix of secondary and modeled data. The following
assumptions were made:
money transfer: one to two transactions a month per subscriber
1,000 agents travel to town on behalf of subscribers; one person normally handles money for
five people in the reference scenario
local payment: one payment a month made using the mobile solution for three to four bills
(distance to local town or agent for utility, water phone company on average 2km each way,
traveling by bus); normally a payment takes half a day
bank service: one bank service every six months (loan payment, microfinance)
bank branches: one per 1,000km2; on average, 12km away, bus travel.
Result
Altogether, the impact of the reference Tonne CO2e/year
system may be reduced by up to 22kg of 35,000
CO2e emissions per subscriber a year for
the three use cases of the ICT solution, 2,100 Bus travel
0
while only adding 0.34kg of CO2e per ICT solution
subscriber a year for the solution itself. The
absolute reduction would be about -35,000
140 tonnes CO2e per year if adopted by 6.5
million subscribers in Kenya, while only 2.1 -70,000
tonnes would be added emerging from the
ICT solution itself. -105,000
The potential reduction of the assessed
scenario corresponds to a reduction ratio -140,000
of 1:65 – in other words, for each kg of CO2e -140,000
added by the solution, a 65kg CO2e
Figure 6: The potential impact of mobile money solutions.
reduction potential is enabled.
Quantifying emissions right – case studies 12

13. GLOSSARY
CO2 carbon dioxide
CO2e carbon dioxide equivalent
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
GeSI Global e-Sustainability Initiative
GHG greenhouse gas
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector
LCA life cycle assessment
LCI life cycle inventory
LCIA life cycle impact assessment
Quantifying emissions right – glossary 13

14. References
1. SMARTer 2020: The Role of ICT in Driving a Sustainable Future, Global e-Sustainability Initiative,
GeSI, 2012, available at: http://gesi.org/portfolio/project/71
2. ISO 14040, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework,
International Organization for Standardization, 2006, available at:
http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=37456
3. ISO 14044, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines,
International Organization for Standardization, 2006, available at:
http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=38498
4. ETSI TS 103 199 – Environmental Engineering (EE), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT
equipment, networks and services; General methodology and common requirements, European
Telecommunications Standards Institute, 2011, available at:
http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/103100_103199/103199/01.01.01_60/ts_103199v010101p.pdf
5. L.1410 – Methodology for the assessment of the environmental impact of information and
communication technology goods, networks and services, International Telecommunication
Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), 2012, available at:
http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/workprog/wp_item.aspx?isn=7291
Quantifying emissions right – references 14