1. David
Thornton
Up
in
the
Air:
Rochester
May
9,
2012

2. Agenda
• Federal
View
• Minnesota’s
View
• Ground-­‐level
Ozone
and
PM2.5
• Impacts
of
NonaNainment
• State
ImplementaPon
Plan
• History
of
MN
Voluntary
AcPons
• AddiPonal
Voluntary
OpPons?

3. CAA
and
NAAQS
• EPA
uses
its
Clean
Air
Act
(CAA)
authority
to
regulate
air
quality
• SecPon
109
specifies
EPA s
responsibility
for
prescribing
NaPonal
Ambient
Air
Quality
Standards
(NAAQS)
requisite
to
protect
public
health
• SecPon
107
provides
that
implementaPon
falls
primarily
to
the
states
• NAAQS
set
for
six
pollutants
• Carbon
monoxide,
lead,
NOX,
SO2,
ozone,
and
parPculate
maNer
(PM10
and
PM2.5)

4. NAAQS
Reviews
• NAAQS
are
supposed
to
be
reviewed
every
five
years
and
revised
as
needed
• Account
for
new
informaPon
on
health
impacts
• Clean
Air
Science
Advisory
CommiNee
reviews
data
and
makes
recommendaPons
to
the
Administrator
• Reviews
have
not
always
occurred
–
or
new
informaPon
has
shown
that
standard
is
protecPve
• Recent
flurry
of
review
and
revision
of
standards
• Between
2008
and
2013,
EPA
will
review
ALL

5. EPA’s
NAAQS
Revisions
Pollutant
NAAQS
Promulga0on
Date
Designa0ons
Effec0ve
Ozone
March
2008
2012
Lead
October
2008
December
2010
NO2
January
2010
February
2012
SO2
June
2010
2012
Carbon
Monoxide
August
2011
2013
(standard
retained)
PM2.5
2013
2015
Ozone
July
2014
2016
(9/20/2011)

6. ImplemenPng
a
New
NAAQS
• Make
aNainment/nonaNainment
designaPons
• States
review
air
quality
monitoring
and
other
informaPon
• Does
the
air
quality
meet
the
standard?
(ANainment)
• Is
air
quality
worse
than
prescribed
by
the
standard?
(NonaNainment)
• EPA
reviews
state
informaPon
and
makes
official
designaPon
• DesignaPon
is
a
federal
rulemaking

7. ANainment/NonaNainment
• ANainment
is
consistent
with
protecPng
human
health
• New,
lowered
standards
makes
nonaNainment
likely
• NonaNainment
brings
specific
requirements
• NonaNainment
permijng
–
offsets
and
“lowest
achievable
emission
rate”
for
new
or
modifying
sources
• State
ImplementaPon
Plan
with
control
measures
• Reasonably
Available
Control
Technology/Reasonably
Available
Control
Measures
– Apply
reasonable
controls
to
exisPng
sources
• Reasonable
Further
Progress
– DemonstraPng
progress
in
emission
reducPons

8. Trends
in
Key
Pollutants:
Twin
CiPes,
1999-­‐2010
140%
Percent
of
NaPonal
Ambient
Air
Quality
Standard
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Standard
NO2
Annual
(1971)
NO2
1-­‐HR
(2010)
SO2
1-­‐HR
(2010)
O3
8-­‐HR
(2008)
PM2.5
Annual
(1997)
PM2.5
24-­‐HR
(2006)

9. Ozone
and
Fine
ParPculate
MaNer
(PM2.5)
• Components
formed
from
atmospheric
reacPons
of
emissions
of
other
pollutants
• Create
larger
nonaNainment
areas
• Not
single
source
based
• Many
sources
contribute
• ParPcularly
combusPon
sources
• Including
smaller
sources
–
less
controlled
• Where
Minnesota
is
closest
to
the
standard

11. Ozone
NAAQS
• Standard
set
in
2008:
75
ppb
standard
• EPA
is
implemenPng
this
standard
• SPll
under
legal
challenge
• EPA
began
but
dropped
a
potenPal
reconsideraPon
of
this
standard
• Looking
at
a
range
of
60
–
70
ppb
• Ozone
standard
will
be
reviewed
in
2013

12. Minnesota
Ozone
Levels
80
70 2009-­‐2011
65
Ozone
ConcentraPon
(ppb)
62
61
63
63
62
Standard
62
60
59
59
60
60
58
58
60
54
49
50
40
30
20
10
0

13. Ozone
Standard
of
70
ppb
based
on
2008-­‐2010
Data
13

14. Ozone
Standard
of
65
ppb
based
on
2008-­‐2010
Data
14

15. Ozone
Standard
of
60
ppb
based
on
2008-­‐2010
Data
15

17. PM2.5
NAAQS
Review
• Schedule
• June
2012
proposal,
June
2013
promulgaPon
• 2015
designaPon
• Based
on
2012
–
2014
data
• Likely
2018
SIP
due
date
• Standard
likely
to
become
more
stringent
• Annual
standard
range:11
–13
µg/m3
• Daily
standard
range:
30
–
35
µg/m3
• Likely
pairing:
11
with
35,
13
with
30

18. Daily
PM2.5
Design
Values
40
2008-­‐2010
2009-­‐2011
35
34
Standard
33
31
PotenPal
Standard
30
30
30
28
28
27
25
21
20
19
17
15
10
5
0

19. Annual
PM2.5
Design
Values
16
2008-­‐2010
14
2009-­‐2011
Standard
12
PotenPal
Std
-­‐
Low
PotenPal
Standard
-­‐
High
10.0
10
9.5
9.6
9.6
9.2
9.0
8.8
8.6
8
6.6
5.8
6
5.4
4
2
0

20. Consequences
of
NonaNainment
• Significant
for
businesses,
government
and
ciPzens
• Air
permijng,
increased
monitoring
and
modeling,
State
ImplementaPon
Plan
• Adverse
health
impacts
of
not
meePng
standard
• Economic
Impact
of
NonaNainment
• 1999
MN
Chamber
of
Commerce
Report
esPmated
at
$189
-­‐
$266
million
annually
• Major
health
benefits
to
reducing
fine
parPcle
and
ozone
polluPon
• EPA
esPmates
$2
trillion
annually
by
2020
from
the
1990
Clean
Air
Act
Amendments

21. State
ImplementaPon
Plan
• If
in
nonaNainment,
states
must
submit
an
implementaPon
plan
(SIP)
• To
demonstrate
how
NAAQS
will
be
aNained
• Include
control
measures
to
bring
areas
into
aNainment
• EPA
must
review
and
approve
the
SIP

22. SIP
Components
Legal
Air
Quality
Authority
Monitoring
Program
Control
Strategy
Resources
Demonstra0on
Emission
Limi0ng
Rules
and
Regs
Modeling
Data
New
Source
Review
Enforcement
Voluntary
and
Non-­‐Tradi0onal
Mobile
Measures
Measures
and
Fuels
PermiPng
Adapted from presentation by Tom Helms, EPA, on nonattainment/SIP

23. CAA
Requirements
for
Ozone
NA
Areas
Extreme
Severe
Serious Traffic controls during congested periods
Clean fuels requirement for boilers (plan in 3 years)
No waivers from 15% or 3% reduction requirements
Requirement for fee on major sources if fail to attain
Measures to offset VMT growth (108(f) measures) due in 2 yrs
Contingency measures if miss milestone
Specific NSR requirements for modifications to existing sources
Moderate VMT demonstration due in 6 years (TCM program if needed)
Clean fuel program due in 4 years (if applicable)
Enhanced I/M due in 2 years
Plan for 3% annual average reductions due in 4 years
Marginal Demonstration of attainment in 4 years
Basic I/M (if not already required) due immediately
Stage II gasoline vapor recovery due in 2 years
RACT: Existing & future CTG s & RACT on major sources (existing due in 2 years)
Plan for 15% VOC reduction within 6 years is due in 3 years
New Source Review (NSR) program due 2 years (corrections to existing, also)
RACT corrections due in 6 months; I/M corrections, immediately
Emission inventory due in 2 yrs; requirements for emission statements due in 2 yrs; periodic inventories

24. CAA
Requirements
for
Ozone
Areas
• Requirements
for
all
nonaNainment
areas
• NonaNainment
New
Source
Review
• Emissions
offsets
• Lowest
Achievable
Control
Technology
• AddiPonal
requirements
for
moderate
NA
areas
are
the
ones
you
really
want
to
avoid
• InspecPon/maintenance
of
vehicles
• 15%
reducPon
in
inventory
• Stage
2
vapor
recovery
at
gasoline
dispensing
staPons

25. Sources
of
Urban
Air
PolluPon
• Mobile
Sources
(Vehicles)
• On
road
• Off
road
• Small
engines
• Small
staPonary
sources
• ResidenPal
burning
• Small
commercial/Industrial
• Large
staPonary
sources

26. What
are
area
and
mobile
sources?

27. Voluntary
Measures
• AcPon
Trajectory:
• Clean
Air
MN
• Project
Green
Fleet
• MPCA
through
DERA
and
CMAQ
• Minnesota’s
Clean
Air
Dialogue
• Addressing
mobile
and
area
sources

28. Clean
Air
Minnesota
and
Project
Green
Fleet
2003
-­‐
MN
Chamber
of
Commerce
Study;
MCEA;
MPCA;
RPU
2006
-­‐
PGF
first
in
Rochester
with
RPU,
Mayo,
City
of
Rochester,
First
Student,
and
the
Hoover
Hornets

29. Voluntary
Measures
• Ozone
Advance
• EPA
website:
hNp://www.epa.gov/ozoneadvance/
• Basic
InformaPon
• Eligibility
• ParPcipaPon
• Ozone
Flex
• Resources
• Frequent
QuesPons

30. Voluntary
Measures
• Ozone
Advance
(PM2.5
prototype?)
• State,
tribal,
and/or
local
governments
can
parPcipate
in
Ozone
Advance
if
they
meet
the
basic
program
eligibility
criteria:
• The
area(s)
designated
is/are
not
designated
nonaNainment
for
either
the
1997
8-­‐hour
or
the
2008
ozone
NAAQS.
• IdenPfy
and
report
on
the
air
monitor(s)
that
reflect
the
air
quality
in
the
area(s).
• Emissions
inventory
reporPng
must
have
occurred
prior
to
parPcipaPon
in
Ozone
Advance.

31. Voluntary
Measures
• Ozone
Advance
• Promotes
local
acPons
in
aNainment
areas
to
help
these
areas
conPnue
to
meet
the
ozone
NAAQS.
• To
apply
for
parPcipaPon,
an
area
must
submit
a
sign-­‐up
leNer
• Expressing
area’s
willingness
to
coordinate
with
EPA,
state,
tribal
and/or
local
stakeholders
and
to
quickly
implement
measures
to
reduce
ozone
• Does
not
need
to
idenPfy
specific
control
measures
• Should
be
signed
by
the
appropriate
state,
tribal
and/or
local
officials
with
the
authority
to
implement
the
program

32. Chicago
Clean
Diesel
ConstrucPon
Provisions
• Score
requirements
• Fleet
average
• Self-­‐reporPng
by
contractor

34.
Rail
Partnership
• Variable
operaPons
• MulPple
types
of
vehicles
• Switchers
• Hostlers
• Cranes
• Lius
• Trucks
• Idling

35. Voluntary
Measures
• EPA’s
Voluntary
ResidenPal
Wood
Smoke
ReducPon
IniPaPve
• Great
American
Woodstove
Changeout
Campaign
(Main
focus)
• Outdoor
Wood-­‐fired
hydronic
heaters
• Voluntary
Fireplace
Emission
Standard
• “Burn
Wise”
NaPonal
EducaPon
and
Outreach
Campaign

36. Voluntary
Measures
• Wood
Stove
Change
out
• Voluntary,
incenPve-­‐based
(e.g.,
cash
rebates,
vouchers)
effort
to
encourage
owners
of
old,
inefficient
woodstoves
to
replace
with
a
cleaner
burning
hearth
appliance,
like:
• Gas
stoves
• Wood
pellet
stoves
• EPA-­‐cerPfied
wood
stoves

37. Thank
You
-­‐
QuesPons?
David
Thornton
Assistant
Commissioner
for
Air
Policy
Minnesota
PolluPon
Control
Agency
651-­‐757-­‐2018
j.david.thornton@state.mn.us
Bill
Droessler
Senior
Director
of
Strategic
Project
Planning
Environmental
IniPaPve
612-­‐334-­‐4488
ext.
103
bdroessler@environmental-­‐iniPaPve.org