1. Transformation Planning for
Integrating Unmanned Aircraft
Systems into National Airspace
15th International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists
Kristina Richardson
Major, U.S. Army Aviation
Operations Research Center
Department of Systems Engineering
United States Military Academy, West Point New York

2. Agenda
 Interest in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs)
 Issues with flying UASs in controlled airspace
 Enterprise Architecture
 Technology Strategy
 Conclusion

3. Interest in UASs
 Unmanned Aircraft Systems – What are they?
 Demand for UASs?
 Global efforts and technological advances
 Three major markets
 Military
 Civil government
 Commercial application
Unlike the early days of Aviation, UASs have the
challenge of entering a mature civil aviation system

4. Interest in UASs
 Unmanned Aircraft Systems – What are they?
 Demand for UASs?
 Global efforts and technological advances
 Three major markets
 Military
 Civil government
 Commercial application
 International & Military market estimated to reach $80 Billion by 2020
 Currently 610 UAS operated or developed in 57 different countries

5. Interest in UASs
 Unmanned Aircraft Systems – What are they?
 Demand for UASs?
 Global efforts and technological advances
 Three major markets
 Military  Computer technology
 Civil government  Software development
 Commercial application  Light weight material
 Global navigation
 Advanced data links
 Sophisticated sensors
 Component miniaturization
UAS technology has reached a level of maturity that has placed these systems
at the forefront of aerospace manufacturing and procurement globally.

6. Interest in UASs
 Unmanned Aircraft Systems – What are they?
 Demand for UASs?
 Global efforts and technological advances
 Three major markets
 Military
 Civil government
 Commercial application

7. Interest in UASs
 Unmanned Aircraft Systems – What are they?
 Demand for UASs?
 Global efforts and technological advances
 Three major markets
 Military
 Civil government
 Commercial application

8. Interest in UASs
 Unmanned Aircraft Systems – What are they?
 Demand for UASs?
 Global efforts and technological advances
 Three major markets
 Military
 Civil government
 Commercial application

9. Issues surrounding UASs
UASs fail to comply with Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) regulations – CFR91 :
 See and Avoid
 Command & Control
 Airworthiness

10. Issues surrounding UASs
UASs fail to comply with Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) regulations – CFR91 :
 See and Avoid => “Sense” and Avoid
 Command & Control
 Airworthiness
 US, Israel, France, Germany and the United Kingdom are leading in UAS procurement and
development.
 Europe: many organizations have efforts under way to solve sense and avoid for UAS.
 Australian researchers, Canadian Military, the Israeli military and other nations’ military
examining policy, regulations, standards, technology, R&D, training, operations, procedures
and an implementation plan.

11. Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise: "One or more persons or organizations that have related
activities, unified operation or common control, and a common
business purpose” -Blacks Law Dictionary, 1999
Enterprise Architecture: “Applying holistic thinking to design,
evaluate and select a preferred structure for a future state enterprise
to realize its value proposition and desired behaviors”
-Nightingale and Rhodes,2007
Enterprise System Issues:
 Standardization: Across products, processes, technology & info mngmnt
 Integration: Within and across enterprise boundaries
 Leadership: Required for complex transformation
 “Enterprise Engineering”: New expanded tool set required

12. Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise Architecting
enables greater efficiency
& effectiveness
Strategy
Organization Policy
 Effective integration – managing
complex interdependencies
Enterprise Processes
Information
Architecting  System optimization, not local
optimization
 Knowledge-based enterprise
Knowledge Products capabilities
Services
 Achieving desired future state
characteristics

13. Stages of Enterprise Design
A B C D
EVALUATING
Architectures of
Enterprises
Future State A
Future State B Present Future
ARCHITECTING TRANSFORMING State
Future State C State
Enterprises Enterprises
Future State D
Current “As is” State
Future State
Transformation Plan

14. Enterprise Architecture
Current State of US National Airspace
 Voice communication & radar
 ATC upgrade & improvements
 By exception flights for UASs
 Military UAS operations
 Global partnerships
UAS Executive Committee

15. Enterprise Architecture
Future State of the US National Airspace
 Safety; conform to existing policy
 Provide flexible airspace operations that enable mission execution and minimize the
impact on airspace capacity
 Implement and remain within resource constraints
 Integrate policy, procedures, and technology for all airspace operations
 Reduce cost and training/operational overhead

16. Transformation Plan
How do we move from the current state to the future
state? Solutions:
Issues:
See and Avoid Sense and Avoid
Command and Control UAS ExCom & Next Gen Plan
Airworthiness Technology – “System of Systems”
UAS flights in controlled airspace by exception
Routine access for UASs in controlled airspace
Near Term Efforts: high priority mission needs; safety & regulatory framework
Mid Term Efforts: validate safety & regulatory framework and standards that
enable compliance with existing FARs and conform to existing ATC standards
Far Term Efforts: UAS airworthiness certification and operating standards that
enable routine access to the NAS

17. Transformation Plan
Enterprise Architecture coupled
with Technology Strategy
 Value Creation/Capture
 1st Mover Advantage
 Business Ecosystem
 Disruptive Technology
Business
Ecosystem
Potential UAS applications & markets
Near Term Efforts
Mid Term Efforts
Far Term Efforts

18. Conclusion
 Focus on a holistic approach and integrate enterprise
strategic objectives, value capture and creation to achieve
success in a complex, highly technical enterprise system.
 Engineers of tomorrow must be conversant in technical
fields outside of their major discipline
 Where the 20th Century was the area of specialization in
engineering, the 21st century will require engineers to be
integrators of technology
 Engineers will need a flexible perspective, from seeing a big
picture with the interrelationships of the many technical and
social issues relevant to a problem to supplement their
technical knowledge

19. Questions