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Chap002 (1)
1.
Essentials of
Contemporary Management Chapter Chapter 2 Who Are Managers and Entrepreneurs? Who Are Managers and Entrepreneurs? 2 PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook © Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004. All rights reserved.
2.
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives • After studying the chapter, you should be able to: Distinguish between entrepreneurship and management. Describe the various personality traits that affect how managers and entrepreneurs think, feel, and behave. Understand the personal characteristics of entrepreneurs. Explain what values, attitudes, and moods and emotions are, and describe their impact on managerial action. Define organizational culture, and explain the role © managers2004 entrepreneurs play in creating it. Copyright and McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–2
3.
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship • Entrepreneurship The mobilization of resources to take advantage of an opportunity to provide customers with new and improved goods and services. Entrepreneurship differs from management: • Management encompasses all the decision making necessary to plan, organize, lead, and control resources. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–3
4.
Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurs • Entrepreneurs Individuals who notice opportunities and take the responsibility for mobilizing the resources necessary to produce new and improved goods and services. • Entrepreneurs start new businesses and carry out all of the management functions. • Entrepreneurs assume all of the risks for losses and receive all of the returns (profits) from their ventures. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–4
5.
Entrepreneurship (cont’d)
Entrepreneurship (cont’d) • Intrapreneurs Individuals (managers, scientists, or researchers) who work inside an existing organization and notice an opportunity for product improvements and are responsible for managing the product development process. • Intrapreneurs frustrated with the lack of support or opportunity at their firm often leave and form their own new ventures. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–5
6.
Personality Traits
Personality Traits • Personality Traits Enduring tendencies to feel, think, and act in certain ways Characteristics that influence how people think, feel and behave on and off the job The personalities of managers account for the different approaches that managers adopt to management. Traits are viewed as continuums (from high to low) along which individuals fall. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–6
7.
The Big Five The
Big Five Personality Personality Traits Traits © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–7 Figure 2.1
8.
The Big Five
Personality Traits (cont’d) The Big Five Personality Traits (cont’d) • Extroversion The tendency to experience positive emotions and moods and to feel good about oneself and the rest of the world. • Managers high on this trait are sociable and friendly. • Negative Affectivity The tendency to experience negative emotions and moods, to feel distressed, and to be critical of oneself and others. • Managers high on this trait are often critical and feel angry with others and themselves. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–8
9.
The Big Five
Personality Traits (cont’d) The Big Five Personality Traits (cont’d) • Agreeableness The tendency to get along well with other people. • Managers high on this trait are likable, and care about others. • Conscientiousness The tendency to be careful, scrupulous, and persevering. • Openness to Experience The tendency to be original, have broad interests, to be open to a wide range of stimuli, be daring, and take risks. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–9
10.
A Measure A
Measure of Negative of Negative Affectivity Affectivity Source: Tellegen, Brief Manual for the Differential Personality Questionnaire (unpublished manuscript, University of © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. Minnesota, 1982). Figure 2.2 All rights reserved. 2–10
11.
Traits and Managers
Traits and Managers • Successful managers vary widely on the “Big Five”. It is important to understand these traits since it helps explain a manager’s approach to planning, leading, organizing, and controlling. Managers should also be aware of their own style and try to tone down problem areas. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–11
12.
Other Personality Traits…
Other Personality Traits… • Internal Locus of Control The tendency to locate responsibility for one’s own fate within oneself. • People believe they are responsible for their fate and see their actions as important to achieving goals. • External Locus of Control The tendency to locate responsibility for one’s fate within outside forces and to believe that one’s own behavior has little impact on outcomes. • People believe external forces decide their fate and their actions make little difference. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–12
13.
Other Personality Traits…
(cont’d) Other Personality Traits… (cont’d) • Self-Esteem The degree to which people feel good about themselves and abilities. • High self-esteem causes a person to feel competent, and capable. • Persons with low self-esteem have poor opinions of themselves and their abilities. • Need for Achievement The extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and meet personal standards for excellence. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–13
14.
Other Personality Traits…
(cont’d) Other Personality Traits… (cont’d) • Need for Affiliation The extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having other people get along. • Need for Power The extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–14
15.
Who are Entrepreneurs?
Who are Entrepreneurs? • Characteristics of entrepreneurs—most share these common traits: Open to experience: they are original thinkers and take risks. Internal locus of control: they take responsibility for their own actions. High self-esteem: they feel competent and capable. High need for achievement: they set high goals and enjoy working toward them. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–15
16.
Values, Attitudes, and
Values, Attitudes, and Moods and Emotions Moods and Emotions • Values Describe what managers try to achieve through work and how they think they should behave. • Attitudes Capture managers’ thoughts and feelings about their specific jobs and organizations. • Moods and Emotions Encompass how managers actually feel when they are managing. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–16
17.
Values: Terminal and
Instrumental Values: Terminal and Instrumental • Terminal Values A personal conviction about life-long goals • A sense of accomplishment, equality, and self- respect. • Instrumental Values A personal conviction about desired modes of conduct or ways of behaving • Being hard-working, broadminded, capable. • Value System The terminal and instrumental values that are the © Copyright principles in an individual’s life. guiding 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–17
18.
Terminal and Terminal and Instrumental
Instrumental Values Values Source: Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values (New York: Free Press, 1973). © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. Figure 2.3 All rights reserved. 2–18
19.
Attitudes
Attitudes • Attitudes A collection of feelings and beliefs. • Job Satisfaction A collection of feelings and beliefs that managers have about their current jobs. • Managers high on job satisfaction have a positive view of their jobs. • Levels of job satisfaction tend increase as managers move up in the hierarchy in an organization. Devotion to work © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–19
20.
Sample Items Sample Items
from Two -2 1 from Two Measures of -1 2 Measures of 0 Satisfaction Satisfaction Source: R.B. Dunham and J. B. Herman, “ Development of a Female Face Scale for Measuring Job Satisfaction.” Journal of Applied Psychology © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. 60 (1975): 629–31. Figure 2.4 All rights reserved. 2–20
21.
Attitudes (cont’d)
Attitudes (cont’d) • Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Behaviors that are not required of organizational members but that help the firm in gaining a competitive advantage. • Managers with high satisfaction are more likely perform these “above and beyond the call of duty” behaviors. • Managers who are satisfied with their jobs are less likely to quit. The Isolated, or unappreciated feeling Emphasis of theory Z © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–21
22.
Attitudes (cont’d)
Attitudes (cont’d) • Organizational Commitment The collection of feelings and beliefs that managers have about their organization as a whole • Committed managers are loyal to and are proud of their firms. • Commitment can lead to a strong organizational culture. • Commitment helps managers perform their figurehead and spokesperson roles. • The commitment of international managers is affected by job security and personal mobility. © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–22
23.
A Measure of
A Measure of Organizational Organizational Commitment Commitment Source: L. W. Porter and F. J. Smith, “Organizational Commitment Questionnaire,” in J. D. Cook, S. J. Hepworth, T. D. Wall, and P. B. Warr, eds., The Experience of Work: A Compendium and Review of 249 Measures and Their Use (New York: Academic Press, © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. 1981), 84–86. Figure 2.5 All rights reserved. 2–23
24.
Moods and Emotions
Moods and Emotions • Mood A feeling or state of mind. • Positive moods provide excitement, elation, and enthusiasm. • Negative moods lead to fear, distress, and nervousness. • Current situations and a person's basic outlook affect a person’s current mood. A manager’s mood affects their treatment of others and how others respond to them. • Subordinates perform better and relate better to © Copyright 2004who are in a positive mood. managers McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–24
25.
A Measure of
Positive and Negative Mood at A Measure of Positive and Negative Mood at Work Work © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. Source: A. P. Brief, M. J. Burke, J. M. George, B. Robinson, and J. Webster, “ Should Negative Affectivity Remain All rights reserved. an Unmeasured Variable in the Study of Job Stress?” Journal of Applied Psychology 73 (1988): 193–98. 2–25 Figure 2.6
26.
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence • Emotional Intelligence The ability to understand and manage one’s own moods and emotions and the moods and emotions of other people. • Assists managers in coping with their own emotions. • Helps managers carry out their interpersonal roles of figurehead, leader, and liaison. EQ: Emotion Quotient © Copyright 2004 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–26
27.
Organizational Culture
Organizational Culture • Organizational Culture The set of shared values, norms, standards for behavior, and shared expectations that influence the way in which individuals, groups, and teams interact with each other and cooperate to achieve organizational goals. • Attraction-Selection-Attrition Framework A model that explains how personality may influence organizational culture. • Founders of firms tend to hire employees whose personalities that are to their own, which may or may © Copyright 2004the organization over the long-term. not benefit McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–27
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