Liberalism has profoundly shaped modern societies through its core beliefs of political freedom, democracy, individual liberty and equality before the law. After the Cold War, some believed liberal democracy and capitalism had triumphed globally as the final form of human government. However, realists argue that nation-states remain the most powerful actors in international relations and prioritize their own security over other concerns like free trade or human rights. While liberals see globalization and institutions as increasing cooperation, realists are skeptical that anarchy and self-interest do not allow states to fully cooperate or limit their sovereignty.

1. Topic:
Liberalism
Presented by: Mohsin Liaqat

2. Introduction:
• Liberalism has profound impact on the shape of all
modern industrial societies
• Core Beliefs of Liberalism;
• Political freedom, Democracy, liberty of individual and
equality before law
• Economic liberalism, Liberal institutionalism,
Globalization of world economy
• Liberal talks about the limited role of the govet.power
E.g,no arbitrational, persecutional power
• Liberal belief in scientific rationality, (reject
superstition)

3. After cold war:
• Fukuyama, believed that collapse of USSR, proved
liberal democracy had no serious ideological
competitor
• Liberal democracy and liberal capitalism is the end
point of mankind’s ideological evolution and final form
of human govet.
• End of cold war show the success of ideal state(liberal
democratic state) and a economy(liberal capitalism )
• Apply the rule of the survival of the fittest
• Liberal democracy has less chances of war, rejecting
the idea of realist that Intl.anarchic system push the
states, struggle for power

4. Liberal institutionalism:
• Liberals support the concept of recognised legitimacy
• The liberal democracies recognised one another
legitimacy(less desire to go for war)
• Realist oppose this idea that without the overarching
authority (the rule of the recognised legitimecy is not
applicable)
• States 1st
periority is their security and survival when
this(their security) is in danger they forget legitimacy
rule
• Liberals defend themselves with the argument of(zone
of peace)

5. War , Democracy and Free Trade
• Liberals believe that war can be eliminated by
two actions
• 1st
replacing aristocracy with democracy
• 2nd
replacing autarky(nationalism, self-
sufficiency) with free trade

6. Prospect for peace
• Liberalists define peace, “peace is the normal
states of affairs”
• Kant’s word, “peace can b
perpetual(permanent)”

7. Causes of war
• Liberalists give different causes of war
• War is created by militriaistic and undemocratic
govet. For their own interests
• War is done by “warrior class”, to increase power
and wealth through territorial conquest
• War is done to preserve power by king
• War gives excuses the govets. To raise
taxes,increase control over the citizen
• Kant and Schumpeter, “war was the outcome of
minority rule”.

8. Suggestions to stop war
• War is a cancer for body politic, disease of war
can be treated by two medicines
• 1st
democracy(curb the power of elite which lead
to war)
• 2nd
Free Trade(overcome the artificial barriers b/w
individuals and unite them into one community)
• Kant’s view, (war can be eliminated by
establishing republic govet.)-Pacific federation
• Equality before law, free speech and civil
liberty,respect for private property can stop war

9. Democratic peace theory
• According to this theory, “mutually
acceptance of shared legitimacy of political
rights save the liberal democratic states from
war”.
• Legitimate shared common principles are,
• 1st
a commitment to rule of law
• 2nd
individuals rights and equality before law
• 3rd
representative govets. Having popular
consent of people

10. The spirit of commerce
• Liberalists think that spirit of war and commerce are mutually
incompatible
• Many wars fought by states to achieve their mercantilist goals
• Carrs’s views, “aims of mercantilism were not to promote welfare of
community but to increase the power of state”.
• Free trade best way to achieve national wealth, it breakdown the division
b/w states and unite individuals everywhere in one community.
• Free trade break artificial commerce barriers and increase contact b/w
people and increase international.friendship
• World conflicts are due to the barriers erected by states, these conflicts
can removed through free trade.
• J.s.mills view, “free trade was a mean to end war”.
• Leaders know now that benefits of free trade are more then the cost of
territorial conquest and colonial expansion

11. Interdependence and liberal
institutionalism
• Main core belief of interdependence theory:
• Free trade and removal of barriers to commerce
• Conflicts can remove by creating common interest in
trade
• Economic collaboration among members of same
geographical region e.g, Europe union.
• States increased the scope of cooperation by the
development of Intl (liberal) institutions
• Institutions means “sets of rules which govern state
behaviour in specific policy areas e.g law of the sea.

12. Continu:
• Liberals institutionalist give little importance
to hegemonic player (which can enforce
compliance with agreement).

13. Difference at point of comparative
advantage
Liberal institutionalist
• Intl,relations need not to be
Zero-sum-game
• As many states feels secure
to maximize their interests
regardless what other
achieved
Neo-Realist and Neo-liberalist
• Waltz argue “states are
concerned with relative
gains”(who will gain more?)
• States not cooperate when
they expect gain less than
their rivals.
• States always concernd
about the absolute gain

14. Economic interdependency
liberalist
• Economic interdependency
is pacifying Intl.relations
Neo-realist
• Anarchic nature of
Intl.system creat the
feelings of insecurity among
states ,so these feelings
deviate states from
cooperation ( economically)

15. Human Rights
• The concept of human rights is the not new thing in
modern world, it found in history,E.g-ancient Babylon,
early Buddhist and Hindu texts etc
• 1st
properly describe charter about human rights is
found in west E.g-Magna carta 1215,The Bill of rights
1689,
• Human rights are found in U.S.A declaration of
independence 1776 e.g- all men are created equal,
rights of life,liberty etc
• France declaration of the rights of man and the citizen
in 1789,e.g-all men are born free and equal in their
rights

16. Universal Human rights:
• Right of life and liberty
• Human free from starvation
• Justice
• Human freedom
• To protect these Human rights Intl.institutions are
developed,E.g-Universal declaration of human rights in
1948, ILO,ICJ
• At the issue of human rights few states are reluctant to give
power the institutions which compel them to improve their
ethical performance
• Marxists rejects the liberals idea importance of institutions
as they said bourgeoise(upper class) violating the human
rights of proletariates(lower class)

17. Economy and Terrorism
Liberalists
• 1st
Talks about global
political economy for zone
of peace
• This sudden attack issue
Creats intellectual dilemma
for liberals for which they
were not prepared
• 2nd
Talks about free trade
give no support to state
intervention in economy
Realists
• 1st
While sudden terrorists
attacks(9/11) blockage the
path of globalization
• 2nd
There is no free trade
without the agreed opinion
of any state, state is still
powerful than institutions

18. Liberalism and Globalization
Liberalists
• Talks about global liberal
economy, based on free of
state intervention policy
Realists
• Give importance to state
intervention role (without it
sovereignty factor
damaged)
• Keynesian Formula, “state
intervene in economy to
smooth out the business
cycle,provide a degree of
social equity,security and
maintain full employment”.

19. The Nature of Free Trade
liberalist
• No national barriers for
traders to exchange their
money and goods
• Free trade promote the
most efficient use of
resources,people and
capital
• Reject protectionism
Realists
• Promote the protectionism,
“trade under guardianship
of state”, (which support
states sovereignty)

20. Sovereignty and Foreign Investment
Liberalists
• For free trade F.I is
inevitable
Realists
• F.I damage sovereignty of
states E.g, foreign investor
come with
conditions(subsidies,
security, protection etc)

21. Non-State Terrorism
liberalists
• Two prominent beliefs,
• 1st
liberal democracy is the
universal destination for the
species
• 2nd
that globalization is
inexorable
Realists
• Current wave of militancy
challenge the both liberal’s
beliefs (that the whole
world not want what liberal
believe)

22. Conclusion:
Liberalists
• Liberalism is an inside-out approach,
favor a world in which endogenous
(internal cause or origin)determines
the exogenous
• Global peaceful order is only possible
through liberal democracy and liberal
capitalism
• Free trade a guarantee to global peace
• Liberal democracy expand zone of
peace
• Globalization decreased the power of
nation-state
• Trade and commerce are more
beneficial than the cost of Territorial
conquest
Realists
• Nation-state is more powerful
than anything else, despite the
globalization of world
• States has the power to control
weapons of war and their
legitimate use
• Power to impose taxes on its
citizens
• Only the states has the political
allegiances of its citizens
• Nation-state has the power to
bind the whole community to
Intl.Law

23. END:::::
Thanks
Thank U