3. Origins: late 19th century to
early 20th century
The ability to record sounds is often connected to the production of
electronic music, but not absolutely necessary for it. The earliest known
sound recording device was the phonautograph, patented in 1857
by Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinsville. It could record sounds
visually, but was not meant to play them back.
In 1876, engineer Elisha Gray filed a patent for the electromechanical
oscillator. This "Musical Telegraph," evolved out of his experiments with
telephone technology and is the earliest extant patent for producing
electronic sound. This oscillator was expanded on by Alexander
Graham Bell for the early telephone.By 1878, Thomas A. Edison further
developed the oscillator for the phonograph, which also used cylinders
similar to Scott's device. Although cylinders continued in use for some
time, Emile Berliner developed the disc phonograph in 1887.Lee De
Forest's 1906 invention, the triode audion tube, later had a profound
effect on electronic music. It was the first thermionic valve, or vacuum
tube, and led to circuits that could create and amplify audio
signals, broadcast radio waves, compute values, and perform many
other functions.
4. Mid-to-late 1950s
In 1954, Stockhausen composed his Elektronische Studie II—the first
electronic piece to be published as a score. In 1955, more experimental
and electronic studios began to appear. Notable were the creation of
the Studio de Fonologia (already mentioned), a studio at
the NHK in Tokyo founded by Toshiro Mayuzumi, and the Phillips studio
at Eindhoven, the Netherlands, which moved to the University of
Utrecht as the Institute of Sonology in 1960.
The world's first computer to play music was CSIRAC, which was
designed and built by Trevor Pearcey and Maston Beard.
Mathematician Geoff Hill programmed the CSIRAC to play popular
musical melodies from the very early 1950s. In 1951 it publicly played
the Colonel Bogey March, of which no known recordings
exist.However, CSIRAC played standard repertoire and was not used
to extend musical thinking or composition practice. CSIRAC was never
recorded, but the music played was accurately reconstructed. The
oldest known recordings of computer generated music were played by
the Ferranti Mark 1 computer, a commercial version of
the Baby Machine from the University of Manchester in the autumn of
1951. The music program was written by Christopher Strachey
5. Live electronics
In America, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s by
members of Milton Cohen's Space Theater in Ann
Arbor, Michigan, including Gordon Mumma and Robert Ashley, by
individuals such as David Tudor around 1965, and The Sonic Arts
Union, founded in 1966 by Gordon Mumma, Robert Ashley, Alvin
Lucier, and David Behrman. ONCE Festivals, featuring multimedia
theater music, were organized by Robert Ashley and Gordon
Mumma in Ann Arbor between 1958 and 1969. In 1960, John
Cage composed Cartridge Music, one of the earliest live-electronic
works
In Europe in 1964, Karlheinz Stockhausen composed Mikrophonie
I for tam-tam, hand-held microphones, filters, and
potentiometers, and Mixtur for orchestra, four sine-
wave generators, and fourring modulators. In 1965 he
composed Mikrophonie II for choir, Hammond organ, and ring
modulators
7. Tomorrowland
Tomorrowland is an electronic music festival in the
town of Boom in Belgium. It is organized by ID &
T, Entertainment and Media Enterprise. The first
edition of the festival was the August 14, 2005, the
first artists who participated in the event were
Push (MIKE), Armin Van Buuren, Cor
Fijneman, Yves Deruyter, Technoboy and Coone
8. exponents
1. Armin Van Buuren (Record, 4th.
Consecutive year as the Best!!)
2. David Guetta
3. Tiësto (it was also number one a few
years ago)
4. Deadmau5
5. Above & Beyond (holds the record for
attendance at a concert, something like 2
million people in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ...)
