Hydrogen from aluminium - coming soon to a parallel universe.

1. Aluminium as a Fuel Aluminium Eamon Keane Co-Authors: Dr David Browne & Dr Alun Carr University College Dublin

2. Water + Aluminium-Gallium Fuel Pellets

4. = 1L 2.2L

5. energy trapped

6. + = + Water Hydrogen on Demand Aluminium Hydroxide

7. Aluminium Fuel Cycle Inputs

8. Calcining Smelting Aluminium Fuel Cycle 13.5% energy efficiency, not 50% Aluminium Hydroxide Alumina

9. Energy and CO 2 Per Km Travelled

10. Pourbaix Diagram

11. Aluminium-Gallium Phase Diagram 33um Pure gallium in grain boundaries, β phase α phase: solid solution

12. Fuel Pellet The Reaction Gallium is not inert in the reaction

13. Standard Electrode Potential Large difference, galvanic corrosion expected. Reaction Mechanism Element E°V (V) Lithium -3.04 Aluminium -1.66 Gallium -0.56 Hydrogen 0 Gold +0.80

15. Surface After Reaction

17. Gallium Production Enough for ~ 30,000 cars – not 1 billion!

18. Elements with very low worldwide 2008 production (Up to ~ 10,000 tons)

19. Aluminium as a Fuel Aluminium Any Questions? Renewable ≠ Green