1. Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks
DTU - Technical University of Denmark
Department of Electrical Engineering
This course is intended for professionals of electric power and control systems, power system
consultants, researchers and post-graduate and ph.d.-students.
the Grid-Integrated
Electric Vehicle
by
Willett Kempton
College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Center for Carbon-free Power Integration
University of Delaware
Lyngby, Denmark, 22 Sep 2010

2. What is an Electric
Vehicle?

3. What is an EV...
WHEN DRIVING?
• Must perform as a Motor Vehicle
• Must meet codes and safety standards
• Must meet driver expectations for
mobility, performance

4. What is an EV...
WHEN PLUGGED IN?
• A Load (Conventional View)
• A Smart Load (1st refinement)
• A Storage Resource (2nd refinement)
• Distributed Storage at the ends of the
distribution system
• A dispatchable storage resource for a
world of variable generation

5. The Grid-Integrated Vehicle,
with
Vehicle-to-Grid power

6. EV as load

7. GIV: Control by Grid

8. GIV+V2G: 2-Way Power Flow

9. Basic GIV/V2G Math
• US car used 1 hour/day, parked 23 h/d
• Battery 150 km, daily travel = 50 km, thus
• Most storage unused most days
• Drive train output = 100 kW
• Practical power via US grid = 10 - 20
kW
• In EU, some residential only 3.6 - 6 kW
• Cars as significant power? Compare:
• Average load with power in cars, by
country

10. How Much Power in cars?
Denmark UK USA
Light vehicles
(106) 1.9 28.5 191
Vehicle GW 29 427 2,865
(@ 15 kW each)
Avg. Electric
Load (GW) 3.6 40 417

11. UD Developed GIV
components

12. Three Components of GIV
• VSL: Vehicle Smart Link
• Control charging, report to server
• Log or predict next trips and times
• EVSE: Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
• Grid location, internet portal, power
connection, interconnect permit
• Aggregation Server
• Real time operation of a set of vehicles

13. Vehicle Smart Link
(VSL)

14. Vehicle Smart link (VSL) in
Car
• No moving parts, fits • Automotive-grade Linux
under dash computer
• Receives signal from
coalition server
• Reports capacity and
current state back to
coalition server
• Attempt to predict next
use of car (time, distance)

15. VSL

16. VSL Licensee
VSL, licensed from UD,
Built in to cars during
vehicle assembly

17. EVSE

18. EVSE
prototype
now being
field tested

19. EVSE
prototype
now being
field tested
With EV
simulator

20. Vehicle Aggregation
Server

22. Motivation
• TSOs control many-MW power plants
• EVs 3–19 kW
• TSOs require predictable power
resources
• Cars drive away, sometimes unpredictably
• Contract minimum:
• 1 MW minimum for PJM regulation market (US)
• 10 MW minimum for Energinet.dk

23. The Aggregator
• Provides a single, large, stable and
reliable power source
• TSO does not see details of single cars,
only sees aggregate
• Aggregator participates in TSO market
• Bids in power market
• Dispatches TSO Requests to vehicles

24. Aggregator software
manages complexity
• Insure each vehicle is has enough charge
for next trip, while dispatching idle
storage capacity
• Calculate how much capacity to offer in
the market
• Dispatch ISO/TSO regulation service
requests
• And other services ...

25. Coalition Server

26. Testing: Signal response
• Power response is very close to command signal.
• Far higher fidelity than any rotating equipment.

27. Power markets

28. Sequence of Markets
• High-value markets, are ancillary services
(A/S)
• Frequency regulation
• Spinning reserves

29. Sequence of Markets
• Later -- larger markets, lower value per kW
• Defer upgrades to distribution feeders,
transformers
• Peak load reduction, valley filling
• Power factor correction
• Balancing wind, reducing ramp rate
• Shifting solar peak to load peak

30. Favorable Rules and
Laws

31. Permitted by Load-Serving Entity
(local utility)

32. Permitted by Load-Serving Entity
(local utility)
“meets IEEE 1547 standards”

33. Law to codify interconnects, net
metering for V2G
Define:
Aggregator
Grid-integrated
electric vehicle

34. law to codify interconnects
Net metering for V2G
Net is at rate at time of use
Interconnection requirements, etc
same as distributed renewables

35. Interfacing with OEMs

36. Documentation for partners
Modularized interfaces

37. Patents

38. Patents
• Patent Applications, 2007-2010:
• U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2007/0282495 A1
"System and Method for Assessing Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
Integration" filed May 2007 (UD; Kempton and Tomic)
• U.S. Patent application publication No. "Hierarchical Priority
and Control Algorithms for the Grid-Integrated Vehicle", filed
March 2009, (UD; Kempton)
• Three US and PCT applications in 2010, Electric Vehicle
Station Equipment for Grid-Integrated Vehicles; Electric
Vehicle Equipment for Grid-Integrated Vehicles; Aggregator
Server for Grid-Integrated Vehicles. Filed Sept 2010 (UD;
Kempton and co-inventors)

39. So even when your car is
parked, it is working
earning money for you

42. Thanks to our sponsors

44. END
More information:
www.udel.edu/V2G
www.magicconsortium.org