By C. K. Goel, DIIMTS

1. WRI INDIA -9th Talking Transit in Bangalore
Presentation on Future of Electric Bus: e-Bus
1
C K Goyal, Associate VP-Road Transport, DIMTS, Delhi

2. CLEAN FLEET:WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
PM (g/kWh)
0.15
0.10
0.02
2 6 7 84 5
Nox (g/kWh)
INDIA(EU I 2000)
EU II
(2005)
EU III
(2010)EU VI
(2020)
EU V EU IV
(2017)
3
EU VI
On road Plug-in
emissions
 PM & NOx: Hundredfold improvement
from EURO I to EURO IV.
 BS VI standards will go into effect for all
vehicles in these categories
manufactured on or after April 1, 2020.
2 4
Next “greening” step:
 EURO VI
 zero emission “ New Energy Buses”
0.360
Euro vehicles standards & emissions

3. ELECTRIC BUSES:OPTIONS
Electric
emission free at point of operation
Hybrid bus
TrolleybusPlug-in
Hybrids
Battery
Buses
(full battery
electric)
Diesel auxiliary
power unit
Oil/diesel heater /
range extender
with diesel engine
Series and parallel
combination with
CNG/ Diesel engine
With option of
opportunity charging

4. ELECTRIC BUSES: OPTIONS FOR CHARGING
OF VEHICLES
Continuous
charging
• Expensive
infrastructure
• Loses flexibility
• Heavy
vehicles
• Reduced
capacity
Overnight
charging
Inductive
charging
Opportunity
charging
Conductive
charging
4
• Expensive vehicles
• Magnetic
shielding
• Expensive
installation
• Low energy
transfer
efficiency
• Expensive
infrastructure
• Loses
operational
flexibility?

5. WHAT IS THE TOP OBSTACLE TO THE INTRODUCTION OF
ELECTRIC BUSES IN AN EXISTING FLEET FACED BY ?

6. HIGH UPFRONT COST
E-bus = 2.5 x the price of a conventional bus
(battery=50-55% cost)
Charging infrastructure cost and installation
Fast charging infrastructure
Or…More buses (spare)
TCO models

7. CHALLENGING OPERATION
E-bus performance = conventional bus
performance?
A good analysis of the operational needs is key
Define the right type of E-Bus solution for the
operational needs
Losing flexibility & versatility?

8. PROCUREMENT & CONTRACTS
Functions sharing between stakeholders
 Project governance including ALL actors
with a clear definition of roles &
responsibilities: PTA, PTO, Industry, Grid
Owner, Electricity Supplier, etc.
 Who pays? At what cost? Who owns
rolling stock/infra?
Service/operation provider contract length &
extensions
Equipment ownership: what happens at the end of
a contract?
Modelling the tender evaluation criteria
2

9. INTEROPERABILITY
 Charging infrastructure
standardization is key
 Slow charging / overnight
 Fast charging / opportunity
UITP eBus
standardizat
steering &
technical gr
ion
Stan
oups
wo
VDV
dardization
rking group
ZeEUS
Basis for standardisation – www.zeeus.eu

10. ENERGY SECTOR: BUILDING TRUST &
COOPERATION
Different models in
different cities
Urban location of charging
point
Quality of the electricity
distribution network
Stability of electricity cost

11. TECHNICAL EVOLUTION TOWARDS
ELECTRIC BUSES
 Technical developments have
accelerated very fast
 Driven by environmental
requirements rather than
business requirements
 Sometimes influenced by national
energy policy
 Financial and operational impact not
always taken into account

12. Electric Buses IN EUROPE
 Total Buses planned: 1200 Buses
 No of buses delivered till
September-16: 770 Buses
 Preference for night charging
versus opportunity charging:
Ratio-2:1
 Top countries in Europe to
introduce EVs: UK, Germany,
Netherlands, Switzerland

13. Electric Buses in Shenzhen, China
 New Energy Buses in Shenzhen, China ( 35% of total bus
transport share: 4215
 Pure Electric Buses: 2418 ( Standard) + 26 ( Mini)
 Diesel Hybrid Electric: 1751
 Agency: Shenzhen bus group company limited [The company
was founded in 2005 and is based in Shenzhen, China. Shenzhen Bus
Group Company Limited operates as a subsidiary of Transport
International Holdings Limited]
 Charging System:- Battery operated based on single charge
at night.
 Driving Range-190 Kms/ day ( BO) and 203 Kms/ day ( Hybrid)
 Consumption of Power: 112KWH/ 100KMs
 Kms run per percent of battery: 2.01
 Input Voltage: 380V-AC
 Motor: Permanent Magnet Synchromesh Motor-2X90KW
 Battery Pack-324KWH

14. External energy supply
On-board energy generation
Energy storage
Battery
Overhead
line
Cable &
plug
Conductive Inductive
Opportunity charging
Traction electrics
Generator
Fuel cell
Diesel/CNG Engine
Electricmotor
centralorintegratedinaxle
ELECTRIC BUS DRIVELINE
BASIC
PRINCIPLE

15. Central motor
+ Proven technology
+ Lower price
–Takes up space in
interior
– Comparatively loud
6
EVALUATION IN ELECTRIC MOTOR TECHNOLOGY
Mounted in axle
+ No interior intrusion
+ Quiet
+ Commonality in
parts and tyres
– HV training required
for work on axle/tyres
Wheel hub
+ Highest efficiency
+ Exceptionally quiet
–No commonality of
parts and tyres
– More susceptible to
shock damage
ELECTRIC BUS DRIVELINE

16. In-Wheel drive axle assemble is low floor rear gear that includes in-wheel drive
technology and regenerative braking technology:
ELECTRIC BUS: In-wheel drive axle
In-Wheel Drive Axle Assemble Structure
Drive motor Axle housing
Brake System
Wheel hubGear speed and
transmission
mechanism
Regenerative braking working principle

17. THE BATTERY IN THE HEART OF THE
CHALLENGES
0
20
40
80
60
100
PuissancemassiqueCoût
1 KG
DIESEL
Battery PerformanceEnergy Density
50 KG
BATTERY
Battery Mass
Useful Charge
Cost
Energy density
SpecificPower
SafetyLife

18. Performance and Price
FEATURES OF BATTERIES AND RELATED
FACTORS
Batteries
Price
Performance
Units
• Price/kWh
• kWh/kg
Key Drivers
• Production Volume
and economies of
scale
• Energy Density
• Range

19. SOME TYPES OF BATTERIES
Fast chargingSlow charging
NMC (Lithium Nickel
Manganese Cobalt Oxide):
NMC has good overall
performance and excels
on specific energy. This
battery is the preferred
candidate for the electric
vehicle and has the
lowest self-heating rate.
19
LTO (Lithium titanate oxide):
excels in safety, low-
temperature performance
and life span. Efforts are
being made to improve
the specific energy and
lower cost.
Li-Iron-Phosphate: Li-
phosphate has excellent
safety and long life span but
moderate specific energy
and elevated self-discharge
LMP (Lithium Metal Polymer): are
stand out for their high
energy density and safety of
use. With its limited
sensitivity to temperature
variation, gives a competitive
advantage for applications like
level-floored electric buses

20. E-BUS: HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

21. 7
Strongly depends on specification, local conditions, style of
driving
‘Household’ figures
 Without heating/cooling/air-conditioning
12m bus: ~1.3 kWh/km in urban conditions
18m bus: ~2 kWh/km in urban conditions
 With heating/cooling/air-conditioning
12m bus: up to ~2.5 kWh/km in same conditions
18m bus: up to ~3.5 kWh/km in same conditions
 Worst case to ensure all-year performance
 Heating more energy intensive than air-conditioning
ELECTRIC VEHICLES:ENERGY
CONSUMPTION

22. BATTERY CAPACITY VERSUS RANGE OF OPERATION
RANGE VS. BATTERY LIFE
250 km range required
x 1.3 kWh/km consumption
= 325 kWh battery ???
Depth of discharge (DOD) determines battery
degeneration
Strongest effect closest to full/empty battery
Limited DOD reduces range but extends battery life
90% DOD?
25% DOD?

23. CHARGING STRATEGIES
Balancing choices
Number buses / Higher autonomy Number of charging stops / Infrastructure cost
Energy supply/consumption cost Fast/slow charging (battery life)
Handling/automatic
23

24. Electric Buses Trial Results in Delhi
Pure Electric Bus: BYD (K9D)
 Charging System:- Battery operated
based on single charge at night.
 Energy Conumption-1.61 units per
Km
 Motor: Permanent Magnet
Synchromesh Motor-2X90KW
 Battery Pack-324KWH
Type:- AC, Low Floor Entry Bus

25. TYPE OF CHARGING – SUM UP
Type Charging Location
A Plug in At depot
B Pantograph - catenary During operation ¹
C Inductive charging During
operation ¹
¹ Often named “Opportunity charging”

26.  CONTACT CHARGING
ROOF FINGER TOSA Project – ABB
SIDE FINGER WATT Project – PVI
PANTOGRAPH SIEMENS & Others
 INDUCTIVE CHARGING
PRIMOVE Project - BOMBARDIER
Electric Buses-Opportunity Charging

27. OVERNIGHT CHARGING - CONDUCTIVE
 PLUG – IN
 Up to 150 kW
 Fleet Smart Charging
 Dynamic Energy Management
 Use Active Network Management: highly effective in
connecting large volumes of distributed energy
 Communication protocol between the vehicle and the charger
2
7
At the depot

28. FLASH CHARGING
Trolleybus Optimisation Systeme Alimenation ( TOSA)
15 seconds charge ( 600 KW boost)-sufficient to meet requirement of 2 kms; Full charge at
terminal in 5 minutes. ( Technology Provider: ABB & SIG-Geneva Power Utility)

29. SIDE FINGER
CHARGE AT EVERY STOP - 15 s.
SIDE FINGER

30. INDUCTION POWER TRANSFER

31. Induction Power Transfer
PRIMOVE PROJECT-BOMBARDIER

32. Core Demonstrations
Observed Demo
Core Demonstration
• Barcelona, Bonn, Cagliari, London,
Münster, Plzen, Stockholm
• Under discussion: Randstad (NL),
Paris (FR) & Warsaw (PL)
~40 electric buses
• 12 meters, articulated, double-
deckers
• Plug-in Hybrid, Full-electric, Battery
Trolleys
Energy supply modes:
• plug-in, conductive, inductive,
overhead
Fast and slow charging
strategies
• Overnight (depot)
• Opportunity (terminals, bus-stops)
Observed / Monitored Demos
• 60 contacts already!
ZERO EMISSION URBAN BUS SYSTEM
PROJECT( ZeEUS)

33. VEHICLE MANUFACTURES ( e-BUSES)

34. Electric Buses [Known as New Energy Buses]
Sr.
No
Vehicle
Manufacturer
country Size Remarks
1 Alexander Dennis Ltd UK 12 M Environ 400
2 Optare UK 9M/12M
3 IRIZAR Spain 12 M / 10 M i2e
4 SKODA Czech Republic Battery Electric Buses,
PERUM
5 SOLARIS Poland 12 M / 18 M / 24M Solaris Urbino 18 Electric
6 VDL Netherlands 12 M / 10 M VDL Citea electric
7 VOLVO Swedish 12 M Plug-in-Hybrid Bus,Volvo 7900
8 BOLLORE USA 12 M / 18 M Blue Bus
9 BYD China
10 EBUSCO China 12M
11 HESS Switzerland 12 M / 18 M / 24M
12 HEULIEZ BUS France 12M
13 LINKKER Finland 12 M
14 NEW FLYER Canada 12 M
15 PROTERRA USA 12 M
16 VANHOOL Switzerland 18 M / 24M
16 YUTONG China 12 M

35. 12 m & Double Deck
ALEXANDER DENNIS, UK

36. 12 m
BOLLORE – BLUEBUS, USA

37. 12 m &18 m
BYD, China

38. 12 m
EBUSCO, China

39. 12 m, 18 m & 24 m
HESS, Switzerland

40. HEULIEZ BUS, France
12 m

41. IRIZAR, Spain
12 m & 18 m

42. LINNKER, Finland
12 m

43. 12 m
NEW FLYER, Canada

44. 12 m
PROTERRA, USA

45. 12 m , 18 m and 24 m
SOLARIS, Poland

46. 18 m & 24 m
VAN HOOL, Switzerland

47. 12 m & 18 m
VDL, Netherlands

48. 12 m
VOLVO, Swedish

49. 12 m
YUTONG, China

50.  The buses are fitted with an electric
motor and a battery pack that is
quickly charged at the terminus
 It takes about 6 minutes to
charge
 Fully-charged batteries enable the
buses to travel quietly and entirely
without fumes using electricity for
seven of the route's eight km
 Volvo: supplies and is responsible
for the buses
 Vattenfall: builds and is responsible
for the charging stations at the two
end stops5
0
FACTS ABOUT THE DEMO PROJECT IN
STOCKHOLM

51. RATP Going Green – Bus 2025
• RATP is focusing on green
technology and has
launched “Bus 2025” – high-
tech bus programme
• It is targeted to reduce CO2
emissions by 50% by 2025
and has stopped the
procurement of diesel buses
• By 2025, RATP will covert the
fleet – 80% electric vehicles
and 20% renewal gas
vehicles
Electric Mini Buses – 16
Electric Bluebus (12 m) – 23
Hybrid Buses – 636
CNG Buses – 90
(as on August 2016)

52. WAY FORWARD:SYSTEM APPROACH IS
NECESSARY
USERS
PTO
Industry
ResearchSuppliers
PTA
 Operational context, costs and
technical performances set the
characteristics of the system elements