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Extending the Growing Season Ideas on how to move toward year-round production through perennial crops and innovative farming practices. Danny Blank, ECHO Farm Manager ECHO Asia Conference, 2009
 
 
Percentage of Population Undernourished
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Average Maize Production in tons/ha ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of risk when depending upon rainy season production alone for year food supply in tropics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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Limited availability of water
Free ranging animals
Fire
Other reasons may include cultural and personal; off-season jobs such as thatching, construction, brick making; weddings and social activities; and lack of knowledge and capital.
We must really understand what are the major constraints to dry season activity and year round production systems before we can promote sensible, sustainable solutions.
Extending the Growing Season   •  Farming practices •  Fuelwood •  Fencing •  Forage •   Fruit •  Foliage– perennial greens
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1. Soil Coverage
Mulch, Mulch, Mulch!!!
 
 
 
Fourfold increase in maize since moving to no-till and no burning
 
Rock mulch, ECHO
Brian Oldreive  No-till, mulch based  farming: Foundations for Farming (FFF)
Former way of farming ...  Burning and tillage High cost Declining yields Low profit margin Results ultimately in a wasteland! Foundations For Farming… Zero Tillage Mulching Biblical Training Management   - excellence   - on time   - no waste  Results in abundance!
Permanent planting stations
God’s blanket
Leave crop residue, reopen planting station during dry season and “give back to receive.” (i.e. soil cover, fertilizer, manure, and/or termite hill soil)
Manure and/or fertilizer is added to planting station
Plant into improved planting station and mulch blanket
Also known as CF or Conservation Farming.  National policy of Lesotho.  Hired by World Bank and FAO– has instructed in 12 African nations.
Farmer in Mozambique
FOUNDATIONS FOR FARMING TRADITIONAL
FOUNDATIONS FOR FARMING TRADITIONAL
FFF training center, Harare, Zimbabwe  7.2X 7.5 m demo. plot—2004 season 11.2 t/ha average
Green manure/ Cover crops, ECHO
Velvet bean cover crop residue, Honduras
 
 
Annual undersowing of Pigeon Pea at ECHO Showed no negative impact on maize yield in 1st year at ECHO vs. same size plot w/out pigeon pea.
Annual undersowing of pigeon pea planted at the same time as maize.  Zambia
2. Succession or relay plant with drought tolerant crops Seven year lima bean Pigeon Pea Lab lab Tepary Bean
3. Water Storage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. Irrigation Technologies
Drip irrigation, Ethiopia
 
 
Treadle Pump with sunken basins,  ECHO,November 2, 2006
December 21, 2006
Second cropping of maize in dry season
4 Farmers share this pump on 2 acres rented land
They irrigate one full day a week
 
5. Sunken beds and fields This approach involves planting in depressions.  Advantages include:  1. Plants are protected from drying winds 2. There is increased soil moisture when planting lower 3. What rain does fall or irrigation added is better  conserved 4. Organic matter accumulates in depressions so there can be more fertility ** Compaction is an important consideration
Meet Mr. Chinkhuntha, a brilliant farmer, who has truly extended the seasons.
 
Sunken fields
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. Tire Gardens
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Extending the Growing Season   •  Farming practices •  Fuelwood •  Fencing •  Forage •   Fruit •  Foliage– perennial greens
 
 
 
 
 
Fuel Wood Usage per household/yr: (in metric tonnes) South Africa  5.3 mt India   2.8 China  4.5 Bhutan 12 Ethiopia  5.5
1. Coppicing  Woodlot
Gmelina arborea, Malawi
Acacia spp., Ethiopia
Eucalyptus spp., El Salvador
 
Senna, Leucaena, Neem woodlot, Haiti
Senna siamea, great coppicing tree.
Senna siamea woodlot, Haiti
Simarouba glauca woodlot, Haiti
 
Woodlot demonstration at ECHO, Leucaena
 
2. Planting borders
Planting a single line of trees on the border of 1 ha at 2 meter apart is around 1/3 the density of a solid 1 ha. plantation planted at 4 m. If you can achieve 30 ton/ha/yr average, then it might be possible to achieve 10 ton/yr by planting the border alone, well above most family’s yearly need.
 
 
3. Trees on farm
Heavily pruned next to corn field
 
 
 
Extending the Growing Season   •  Farming practices •  Fuelwood •  Fencing •  Forage •   Fruit •  Foliage– perennial greens
Live and dead wood fencing for animal exclusion and other valuable products
 
 
 
 
 
An underestimated source of wood and forage
Mixed species fence protecting nursery on right, Haiti
Vetiver, sisal, and yucca fence and trench for goat and pig exclusion, C.A.R.
Cactus and barbed wire, Nicaragua
Livestock enclosure formed by a living fence of a thorny and unpalatable  Caesalpinia  sp. http://ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/mba_project/livefence.html
Gumbo Limbo and barbed wire, Costa Rica  www.tripsource.com/.../Emma/CostaRica/11.htm
Fencing is such a critical part of extending the growing season.  When animals rule the landscape, scarcity is common and the land’s productive potential rarely achieved.
 
Extending the Growing Season   •  Farming practices •  Fuelwood •  Fencing •  Forage •   Fruit •  Foliage– perennial greens
Intensifying animal production with perennial forages
Forage bank of  Calliandra , dry season, Zimbabwe
Nacedero, Rancho Ebenezer, dry season, 2004
Nacedero, Rancho Ebenezer, rainy season, 2008
Gliricidia, dry season, Honduras
Guazuma ulmifolia, dry season, Honduras
Hibiscus– an excellent forage
Tropical highland forage species, Ethiopia
Mulberry, Ethiopia,
 
Tree and Shrub Forage bank at ECHO ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
Rancho Ebenezer, Nicaragua
 
Same slope 3-4 years later
 
Extending the Growing Season   •  Farming practices •  Fuelwood •  Fencing •  Forage •   Fruit •  Foliage– perennial greens
 
Fruits provide diverse food options
danny80 Fruits are perennial providing long-term food production …Congolese village sustained by fruits  during war
They provide valuable nutrition
They provide income
Fruits enhance the quality of life
They offer hope… This gentleman in Central African Republic was so proud to show the young jackfruit tree bearing fruit .
 
 
 
danny34 Home Garden with mango, breadfruit, ambarella, canistel, and jackfruit, Congo
World Vision project Tacuba, El Salvador.  Promoting backyard fruit production
And small-scale fruit production.  World Relief Project, Nicaragua Helping farmers damaged by Hurricane Mitch with new crops such as grapes
2. The planning stage… Discovering options– Network! Botanical gardens Roadside markets International organizations Local discoveries Government & Universities NGOs & commmercial enterprises
danny77 Minister of Agriculture and missionaries, Central African Republic, 2001
3. Fruit Resources
Mango– a true gift from God Mango– a true gift from God Begin with in-country resources Don’t forget common fruits and their potential for improvement
Extending the season with early and late maturing varieties
Avocado… the importance of different cultivars
Variety ‘Haas’–1,500 meters Nicaragua
Carambola
 
Papaya– enormously productive and underutilized
danny119 On 1.4 hectares, 110,000 kg. in 18 months
Bananas– ideas for improvement Mulched bananas, height of dry season Mozambique
 
Trench or deep planting of bananas… another simple means of improvement.
danny's pict12 Bananas in sinkhole, 45+ kg. bunch, Bahamas
Weeds and leaves piled high.  Dry season, Zambia
danny82 Consider lesser known species
danny27 Jackfruit– an underutilized  fruit The largest tree fruit in the world!
danny28
 
Canistel
Mamey Sapote
Santol
Consider even minor fruits like the Peanut Butter Fruit. This tree grows rapidly and begins bearing in about 1 year from seed
Barbados Cherry
Understanding Importance of Climate and Altitude
Rollinia
Atemoya
Custard Apple
Pulusan
Rambutan
danny131 Lychee
Genep
 
Apples at 1800 meters (6,000 feet), Zimbabwe
Peaches at 1800 meters, Zimbabwe
 
Identify species and cultivars with high potential for improvement and success
Improved giant Jujube from Thailand
Macadamia
 
danny44 4. The Importance of Fruit Collections
Citrus Collection, Malawi
Fruit resource center for World Relief, Nicaragua Approximately 1500 meters (5,000’)
5. Observation and Evaluation
 
 
6. Nursery program and infrastructure
Some may require special propagation techniques such as grafting
 
 
7. Distribution and Promotion
8. Training people… in how to care and plant
How to propagate and start your own fruit tree nurseries
Training in fence construction
Or protecting individual trees
Extending the Growing Season   •  Farming practices •  Fuelwood •  Fencing •  Forage •   Fruit •  Foliage– perennial greens
Chaya, Bahamas
Chaya hedgerow, ruminant feed and delicious cooked green, ECHO
Chaya, Zimbabwe
Moringa oleifera, Mozambique
Moringa leaf production, Zimbabwe
Moringa leaf production, MPP, Haiti
 
 
 
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Garlic chives, ECHO
 
Malabar spinach, Mozambique
 
Basket Vine,  Trichostigma octandrum ,  Edible leaf, also good rabbit forage
Extending the Growing Season   •  Farming practices •  Fuelwood •  Fencing •  Forage •   Fruit •  Foliage– perennial greens
Summary 1)  Current challenges facing small-scale farmers…  Small farms, declining fertility, low yields, huge  wood needs, poor landcare practices, etc. 2)  Risk of depending on rainy season alone in tropics.  3)  Importance of extending the season beyond the  rainy season.    * Innovative farming practices Mulch, irrigation cisterns, drip irrig., tire gardens *Emphasis on year round cropping with perennials  Fuel, fences, forage, fruit, foliage *  Diversification, intensification, and integration of small  scale farms 4)  Encourage you to help others expand their vision!
My people perish for lack of vision
God bless you as you communicate the vision of God’s intended abundance for people’s lives and in their land.
 
Extending the Season with Fruits
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God bless you as you communicate the vision of God’s intended abundance for people’s lives and in their land.
Remember even with the common fruits to think about extending the season with early and late maturing varieties
Pitaya, also known as Dragonfruit

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Extending The Growing Season 2009 Asia Conference (No Text)

Editor's Notes

  1. My name is Danny Blank. I have been with ECHO since 1994. ECHO is an organization that equips international development workers with agriculture resources and skills to improve the lives of the poor.
  2. Today, I want to speak about Extending the Growing Season. This is a talk about the significance of year round production for farmers in the tropics. how to move toward year-round production through perennial crops and innovative farming practices the significance of year round productin ideas of innovative farming practices and
  3. We are now producing corn, beans, bananas, yuca and forage. We have fruit trees and we have dozens of individual trees that have benefitted from the soil and water conservation resulting from using SALT.
  4. We are now producing corn, beans, bananas, yuca and forage. We have fruit trees and we have dozens of individual trees that have benefitted from the soil and water conservation resulting from using SALT.
  5. We are now producing corn, beans, bananas, yuca and forage. We have fruit trees and we have dozens of individual trees that have benefitted from the soil and water conservation resulting from using SALT.
  6. We are now producing corn, beans, bananas, yuca and forage. We have fruit trees and we have dozens of individual trees that have benefitted from the soil and water conservation resulting from using SALT.
  7. Five years ago, this one acre plot was mostly abandoned and only produced a bit of pasture grass for the Center’s oxen.
  8. We are now producing corn, beans, bananas, yuca and forage. We have fruit trees and we have dozens of individual trees that have benefitted from the soil and water conservation resulting from using SALT.
  9. We are now producing corn, beans, bananas, yuca and forage. We have fruit trees and we have dozens of individual trees that have benefitted from the soil and water conservation resulting from using SALT.
  10. We are now producing corn, beans, bananas, yuca and forage. We have fruit trees and we have dozens of individual trees that have benefitted from the soil and water conservation resulting from using SALT.
  11. We are now producing corn, beans, bananas, yuca and forage. We have fruit trees and we have dozens of individual trees that have benefitted from the soil and water conservation resulting from using SALT.