1. Dr.Zulcaif Ahmad
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Topic Name : Anaemia
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2. Anaemia
From Greek anaimia,
meaning lack of blood) is a decrease in
number of red blood cells (RBCs) or less
than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in
the blood.
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3. Anaemia
Mean corpuscular volume:
or"mean cell volume" (MCV),
The normal reference range is typically
80-100 fL
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4. Anaemia
Types:
 Microcytic Hypochromic MCV<80fL
 Macrocytic MCV >100fL
 Normocytic normochromic MCV=80-
100fL
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5. Anaemia
Microcytic hypochromic.
Microcytic anaemia is a type of anemia
characterized by small red blood cells. The
normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is
less than 80fL
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6. Anaemia
Microcytic hypochromic anaemia:
 Iron deficiency anaemia.(childhood & adult)
 Thalassemia.(childhood & adult)
 Sidroblastic anaemia.
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7. Anaemia
Iron Deficiency anaemia
Iron is an important building block for red
blood cells.
When iron loss exceeds its intake for a long
time, iron storage decreases and insufficent
amount of iron is available for haemoglobin
production.
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8. Anaemia
Iron deficiency anaemia
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9. Anaemia
Cause of iron deficiency anaemia:-
~Parasitosis
~Dietary insufficiency
~Malabsorption
~Chronic blood loss
~Intravascular hemolysis
~General fatigue
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10. Anaemia
Thalassemia
heterogenous hemolytic disorders
characterized by quantitative abnormalities
of haemoglobin synthesis
~Genetic defect in globin production
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11. Anaemia
α-thalassemia : α-chain deficiency
β-thalassemia : β-chain deficiency
(Cooley's anaemia)
α -thalassemia (Thalassemia major) due to
gene deletion : genes from both parents
β-thalassemia(Thalassemia minor) due to
point mutation : gene from one parent
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12. Anaemia
Causes of thalassemia
~Iron overload
~Enlarged spleen
~Infection
~Bone deformities
~Slowed growth rate
~Heart disease
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13. Anaemia
Thallasemia minor
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14. Anaemia
Sideroblastic anemia,
Disorder associated with various defects in
the porphyrin biosynthetic pathway
~porphyrin biosynthesis defect
~Diminished heme synthesis
~Increased cellular iron uptake
Bone marrow produces ringed
sideroblasts rather Ahmadhealthy red blood
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15. Anaemia
Sideroblastic anaemia
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16. Anaemia
Causes:-
The cause of sideroblastic anemia cannot
always be identified.
~Toxins: lead or zinc poisoning
~Drug-induced: ethanol, cycloserine
~Nutritional: pyridoxine or copper deficiency
~Genetic: (X-linked)
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17. Anaemia
Macrocytic anaemia
These are the anaemias in which the RBC
have the MCV greater than 100fl
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18. Anaemia
Macrocytic:
 Megaloblastic anaemia
 Non megaloblastic anaemia
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19. Anaemia
Megaloblastic anaemia
~Haemoglobin production probably normal.
~Defects in nuclear replication and division.
~Inhibition of DNA synthesis
~Impaired DNA synthesis leading to
defective cell maturation and cell division
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20. Anaemia
Cause
The cause of megaloblastic anemia is due to
deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid.
The macrocytes in this condition is usually
“oval” - hence they are also called as
MACRO OVALOCYTES
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21. Anaemia
Megaloblastic anaemia
Red beefy tongue
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22. Anaemia
Megaloblastic anaemia
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23. 12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4
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24. Anaemia
Folic acid
~It a vitamin necessary for the production
of the RBC, WBC and platelets.
~It is not synthesized in the body.
~It is found in large number of green fresh
vegetables, fruits.
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25. Anaemia
Non megaloblastic anaemia
~These are disorders in which the macrocytosis is not due to
vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency
~Here the macrocytes are “ROUND
Non-megaloblastic anemia is usually caused by alcohol
abuse. DNA synthesis is not defective, and there are no
megaloblastic changes on the blood smear.
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26. Anaemia
Presenter: Ayla Armaghan
Presented to: Mr Tabish
Hajvery University Lahore, Pakistan
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27. Anaemia
Normocytic normochromic anaemia
A form of anaemia in which concentration of
haemoglobin in RBCs is
with in the standard range
but low in number.
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28. Anaemia
Normocytic normochromic anaemia.
 Aplastic anaemia.
 Haemolytic anaemia.
 Increase Plasma.
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29. Anaemia
Aplastic anaemia
It is the condition where bone marrow does
not produce sufficent new cells to replenish
blood cells.
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30. Anaemia
Symptoms
~weakness or fatigue
In severe cases leads to heart failure
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31. Anaemia
Disease
~Lymphoma
~Myeloma
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32. Anaemia
Test
Bone marrow aspiration test
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33. Anaemia
Hemolytic anaemia
It is a form of anaemia due to break down of
RBCs
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34. Anaemia
CBC test (Complete blood count test)
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35. Anaemia
Plasma increase
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36. References
 MedicineNet.com --> Definition of Anemia Last Editorial Review
 World Health Organization (2008). Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993–2005. Geneva:
World Health Organization.ISBN 9789241596657. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
 Table 12-1 in:Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto,
Nelson. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders.ISBN 1-4160-2973-7. 8th edition.
 Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins
Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 432 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1
 National Heart Lung and Blood Institute > What Causes Anemia? Retrieved on June 9,
2010
 GYton
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