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Chapter 7 Virtue Ethics: Be a Good Person Copyright © 2019 W. W. Norton & Company Virtue Ethics Both consequentialist and nonconsequentialist moral theories are concerned with action and attempt to answer the question “What should I do?” Virtue ethics is a theory of morality that makes virtue the central concern. Virtue ethics attempts to answer the question “What should I be?” Discussion Question: How could a utilitarian (who asks, “What should I do?”) incorporate virtues (that ask, “What should I be?”) into his theory without doing violence to the principle of utility? ‹#› Aristotle’s Ethics – 1 Almost all modern virtue ethicists trace their theoretical roots back to Aristotle. His ethics consists not in following moral rules that stipulate right actions but in striving to be a particular kind of person—a virtuous person whose actions stem naturally from virtuous character. Discussion Questions: How does Kant's idea of duty differ from Aristotle's conception of virtue? Which do you find more compelling? ‹#› Aristotle’s Ethics – 2 For Aristotle, every living thing has an end toward which it naturally aims, the thing that represents its greatest good. The greatest good for humans—their true goal—is eudaimonia, which means “happiness” or “flourishing” and refers to the true realization of the good life. Discussion Question: Does your life have a chief end (a state or point of great value) toward which you strive? ‹#› Eudaimonia To achieve eudaimonia, human beings must fulfill the function that is natural and distinctive to them: living fully in accordance with reason. The life of reason entails a life of virtue because the virtues themselves are rational modes of being. Discussion Question: According to Aristotle, the virtuous life both helps us to achieve happiness and is happiness. What does this mean? ‹#› Virtues To Aristotle, a virtue is a stable disposition to act and feel according to some ideal or model of existence. It is a deeply embedded character trait that can affect actions in countless situations. Aristotle distinguishes between intellectual and moral virtues. Intellectual VirtuesMoral VirtuesWisdomFairnessPrudenceBenevolenceRationalityHonestyLoyaltyConscientiousnessCourage Discussion Questions: Can virtues be acquired over time? Must we be born with virtues in order to have them? If they can be acquired, how should this be done? Is a lecture on virtues helpful? ‹#› The Golden Mean – 1 Moral virtues occupy what Aristotle calls the “Golden Mean”—a balance between two behavioral extremes. For example, a moral virtue such as courage is the midpoint between the extremes of recklessness, on one side, and cowardice, on the other. Discussion Question: Are all virtues a balance between two behavioral extremes? ‹#› The Golden Mean – 2 For Aristotle, the Golden Mean expresses a fundamental truth: the virtuous—and happy—life is a life of moderation in all things. Discussion Question: What person ...
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