Icao sms m 04 – hazards (r013) 09 (e)

Module N° 4 – Hazards

Revision N° 13

ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

06/05/09

Course structure

Safety
Management
System
Module 8

Module 10
Phased approach to
SSP and SMS
Implementation

SMS planning
Module 5
Module 5
Risks
Risks
Module 1
SMS course
introduction
Module N° 4

Module 9
SMS operation

Module 6
SMS regulation
Module 2
Basic safety
concepts

Module 7
Introduction to SMS

Module 3
Module 3
Introduction
Introduction
to safety
to safety
management
management


Module 4
Module 4
Hazards
Hazards
2

Objective
 At the end of this module, participants will be able to apply
the fundamentals of hazard identification and analysis
through a case study

Module N° 4


3

Outline
 Two definitions
 First fundamental – Understanding hazards
 Second fundamental – Hazard identification
 Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
 Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
 Questions and answers
 Points to remember
 Exercise 04/01 – International airport construction project
(See Handout N° 3)
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4

Two definitions
 Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of causing
injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures,
loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a
prescribed function
 Consequence – Potential outcome(s) of the hazard
A wind of 15 knots blowing directly across the runway is
a hazard
A pilot may not be able to control the aircraft during
takeoff or landing is one of the consequences of the
hazard
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First fundamental – Understanding hazards
 There is a natural tendency to describe hazards as their
consequence(s)
“Unclear aerodrome signage” vs. “runway incursion”
 Stating a hazard as consequence(s) :
disguises the nature of the hazard
interferes with identifying other important consequences.
 Well-named hazards :
allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the hazard
allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s)
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First fundamental – Understanding hazards
 Types of hazards
Natural
Technical
Economic

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Examples of natural hazards
 Severe weather or climatic
events:
E.g.: hurricanes, major
winter storms, drought,
tornadoes, thunderstorms
lightning, and wind shear
 Adverse weather conditions:
E.g.: Icing, freezing
precipitation, heavy rain,
snow, winds, and
restrictions to visibility
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Examples of natural hazards
 Geophysical events:
E.g.: earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, tsunamis, floods
and landslides
 Geographical conditions:
E.g.: adverse terrain or large
bodies of water
 Environmental events:
E.g.: wildfires, wildlife activity,
and insect or pest infestation.
 Public health events:
E.g.: epidemics of influenza
or other diseases
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Examples of technical hazards
 Deficiencies regarding:
E.g.: aircraft and aircraft
components, systems,
subsystems and related
equipment
E.g.: an organization’s
facilities, tools, and
related equipment
E.g.: facilities, systems,
sub-systems and related
equipment that are
external to the
organization
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Examples of economics hazards
 Major trends related to:
 Growth
 Recession
 Cost of material or
equipment
 Etc.

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Second fundamental – Hazard identification
 In order to identify hazards, consider:
Design factors, including equipment and task design
Procedures and operating practices, including
documentation and checklists
Communications, including means, terminology and
language
…

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 … consider:
Organizational factors, such as company policies for
recruitment, training, remuneration and allocation of
resources
Work environment factors, such as ambient noise and
vibration, temperature, lighting and protective equipment
and clothing
...

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 … consider:
Regulatory factors, including the applicability and
enforceability of regulations; certification of equipment,
personnel and procedures; and the adequacy of
oversight
Defences including detection and warning systems, and
the extent to which the equipment is resilient against
errors and failures
Human performance, including medical conditions and
physical limitations
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Sources of hazard identification
 Internal
Flight Data Analysis
Company voluntary
reporting system
Audits and surveys
 External
Accident reports
State mandatory
occurrence system
 As a reminder
Predictive
Proactive
Reactive
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Hazard identification
 By whom?
By anybody
By designated personnel
 How?
Through formal processes
Depends on the organization
 When?
Anytime
Under specific conditions
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Hazard identification
 Specific conditions
Unexplained increase in
safety-related events or
infractions
Major operational
changes are foreseen
Periods of significant
organizational change

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Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
ABC of hazard analysis
State the generic
hazard

Identify specific
(Hazard statement) components of Naturally leading
the hazard
 Airport construction Construction
to specific
consequence(s)
equipment
 Closed taxiways
…

Module N° 4

Aircraft colliding with
construction equipment
 Aircraft taking wrong
taxiway
 …


18

Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
 Efficient and safe operations or provision of service require
a constant balance between production goals...
maintaining regular aerodrome operations during a
runway construction project
 ...and safety goals
maintaining existing margins of safety in aerodrome
operations during runway construction project.
 Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may not be
cost-effective to address even when operations must
continue
(Cost-benefit analysis further discussed in Module 5)
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Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
 Appropriate documentation
management is important
as:
It is a formal procedure
to translate operational
safety data into hazardrelated information
It becomes the “safety
library” of an
organization
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 Tracking and analysis of
hazards is facilitated by
standardizing:
Definitions
Understanding
Validation
Reporting
Measurement
Management

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Hazards

Hazards

Method

Identification

Management

Reactive method
•ASR
•MOR
•Incident reports
•Accident reports

Assess the
consequences
and prioritize
the risks

Assign
responsibilitie
s

Proactive method
•ASR
•Surveys
•Audits

Develop
control and
mitigation
strategies

Predictive method
•FDA
•Direct
observation systems

Documentation

Information
Safety
management
information

Trend analysis

Implement
strategies

Inform
person(s)
responsible for
implementing
strategies

Safety
bulletins
Report
distribution

Re-evaluate
strategies
and
processes

Seminars and
workshops

Feedback
Module N° 4


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The focus of hazard identification

Accidents

1 – 5
Serious incidents

30 – 100

 Hazard identification is a
wasted effort if restricted to
the aftermath of rare
occurrences where there is
“Practical drift”
serious injury, or significant
damage.

Incidents

100 – 1000
Latent conditions

SMS
Module N° 4

1000 – 4000


“Practical drift”

23

Hazards

Questions and answers

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 Q: Define the concept of hazard.
 A:
Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of
causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or
structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to
perform a prescribed function.

Slide number: 5
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25

 Q: Provide three examples of areas/factors to consider
when identifying hazards.
 A:
Design factors, including equipment and task design.
Procedures and operating practices, including
documentation and checklists.
Communications, including means, terminology and
language.
Slide number: 12
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 Q: Name three specific circumstances when hazard
identification is essential.
 A:
Unexplained increase in safety-related events or
infractions.
Major operational changes are foreseen.
Periods of significant organizational change

Slide number: 17
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Points to remember
1. Hazards have potential consequences
2. Sources of hazard identification
3. ABC of hazard analysis
4. Hazard documentation: the “safety library” of an
organization

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Hazards

Exercise 04/01 – International airport
construction project (Handout N° 3)

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29

International airport construction project
 Group activity:
A facilitator will be appointed, who will coordinate the
discussion
A summary of the discussion will be written on flip charts,
and a member of the group will brief on their findings in a
plenary session
 Scenario:
Construction project to enlarge and repave one of the
two crossing runways at an international airport (150,000
movements a year)
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Aerodrome layout

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Construction project – Phase 1

Phase 1

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Scope of the work

Phase 1
Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters
from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 1028 to the south and strengthen the runway (from asphalt
to concrete) to increase its Pavement Classification
Number (PCN)
Estimated time to complete the work
Seven (7) months

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Phase 2
Phase 1

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Scope of the work

Phase 2
Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters
from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 1028 to the north and strengthen the runway (from asphalt
to concrete) to increase its PCN
Estimated time to complete the work
Seven (7) months

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Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 1

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Scope of the work

Phase 3
 Complete the construction work of runway 17-35 for
the central area of the last 400 m at the intersection
of runway 17-35 and runway 10-28 (from asphalt to
concrete), increasing its width from 45 to 60 meters
and its PCN
 Estimated time to complete the work
Four(4) months

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Scope of the work
 Runway 10-28 utilization during the construction work
Continuous utilization of runway 10-28 during the threephase of runway 17-35 construction project. [To maintain
regular aerodrome operations (production) and existing
margins of safety (protection) in the operations during the
runway construction project]
Length of runway 10-28 is currently 4.100 m and during
Phase 3 its length will be reduced, leaving a distance of
2.600 m for aircraft operations measured between
threshold 10 and the intersection of runway 10-28 with
taxiway Golf
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Identify hazards
 Your task
Identify the hazards using brainstorming techniques.
Brainstorm a list of possible hazards, their
components and their related consequences (use a
flip chart)
Complete the attached log (Table 04/01) as follows:
List type of operation or activity
State the generic hazard (hazard statement)
Identify specific components of the hazard
List hazard-related consequences
It is recommended to conduct the hazard identification
and analysis per each construction phase of runway 1735
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Table 04/01 – Hazard identification
N°

Type of
operation
or activity

Generic hazard
(hazard statement)

Specific
components of
the hazard

Hazard-related
consequences

1
2
3
4
5
Module N° 4


40

Icao sms m 04 – hazards (r013) 09 (e)

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