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Mace Vaughan, Pollinator Conservation Program Director
The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
Attracting Native Pollinators!
Photo: Rollin Coville
What is the Xerces Society?
Photo:s California NRCS and Ed Ross
Since 1971, the Society has worked to protect
wildlife through the conservation of invertebrates
and their habitat.
Major Programs:
•  Pollinator conservation
•  Endangered species
•  Aquatic invertebrates
Xerces blue butterfly (Glaucopsyche xerces), the first U.S.
butterfly to go extinct due to human activities
Photo: Eric Mader
What is the Xerces Society?
The Xerces Society’s Pollinator
Conservation Program
•  Habitat restoration
•  Technical guides and trainings
•  Documenting at-risk pollinators
•  Applied restoration research
Joint Staff Biologist Positions
•  USDA-Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS)
•  University of Minnesota Extension
Staff Backgrounds
•  Farming, entomology, teaching,
habitat restoration, beekeeping,
wildlife conservation, and native
seed production
Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation
Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation Program
Supported creation of more than 120,000 acres of habitat since 2008
2014 Nature Night: Attracting Native Pollinators by Mace Vaughan
Bring Back the Pollinators
To bring back the pollinators,
I will:
•  Protect and provide bee nests
and caterpillar host plants.
•  Grow a variety of pollinator-
friendly flowers which bloom
from spring through fall.
•  Avoid using pesticides,
especially insecticides.
•  Talk to my neighbors about
the importance of pollinators
and their habitat!
Why Care About Pollinators?
Photo: Matthew Shepherd
Photo: Rollin Coville
More than 85 percent of flowering
plants require an animal, mostly
insects, to move pollen.
Ollerton, Winfree, and Tarrant. 2011. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos. 120:321-326.
Insect Pollinators: Ecological Keystone
Benefits to Other
Wildlife:
•  Pollinator-produced
fruits and seeds
comprise 25% of bird
and mammal diets
•  Pollinators are food
for wildlife, including
89% of birds!!
•  Pollinator habitat is
compatible with the
needs of other
wildlife, such as
songbirds
Importance of Pollinators: Wildlife
© Sierra Vision Stock
USDA-NRCS Mace Vaughan
Pollinators provide an ecosystem service
that enables plants to produce fruits and
seeds.
•  35% of crop production, worldwide
•  Over $18 to $27 billion value of crops in
U.S. ($217 billion worldwide)
•  Most of our vitamins and minerals are from
insect-pollinated plants
•  One in three mouthfuls of food and drink
we consume
Importance of Pollinators: Nutrition
Photo: USDA-ARS/Peggy Greb
Morse RA, Calderone NW. 2000. The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. crops in 2000. Bee Culture 128: 1–15.
Klein et al. 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc. R. Soc. B 274: 303-313.
Eilers et al. 2011. Contribution of pollinator-mediated crops to nutrients in the human food supply. PLoS One 6 6): e21363.
Photo: USDA-ARS/Peggy Greb
Importance of Pollinators: Nutrition
Photo: Whole Foods Market
Whole Foods Produce With Bee Pollinated Crops
Photo: Whole Foods Market
Whole Foods Produce Without Bees
Photos: James Cane; Jeff Adams; Dana Ross; Bruce Newhouse
Main Groups of Pollinators
Photos: Mace Vaughan, Bob Hammond, David Inouye, Bruce Newhouse
Bees: The Most Important Pollinators
Photo: Rollin Coville
• Collect and transport pollen
• Forage in area around nest
• Flower constancy
Photo: Rollin Coville
Non-Native Bees: European Honey Bees
Photo: Robert W. Matthews, University of Georgia; Bugwood.org
Honey Bees Are Not Typical Bees
North America: 4,000 species
Oregon: 600-800 species?
Bee Diversity
Photo: Mace Vaughan
Photo: Stephen L. Buchmann
Bee Diversity
Native Bee Diversity: Bumble Bees
Photos: Eric Mader(Xerces Society), Steve Javorek (AgCanada)
Photo: Rollin Coville
Native Bee Diversity: Leaf-cutter Bees
Photo: Mace Vaughan
Native Bee Diversity: Leaf-cutter Bees
Photos: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
Native Bee Diversity: Mason Bees
Native Bee Diversity: Carpenter Bees (big)
Photo: Rollin Coville
Native Bee Diversity: Carpenter Bees (small)
Photo: Rollin Coville
Native Bee Diversity: Striped Sweat Bees
Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
Native Bee Diversity: Green Sweat Bees
Photo: Rollin Coville
Native Bee Diversity: Green Striped Sweat Bees
Photo: Rollin Coville
Native Bee Diversity: Miner Bees (Tickle Bees)
Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
Native Bee Diversity: Long-Horned Bees
Photo: Rollin Coville
Native Bee Diversity: Sun Flower Bees
Photo: Rollin Coville
European honey bee is the
principal crop pollinator.
Disease, pests, and low honey
prices have lead to:
•  50% decline in managed hives
since 1950
•  70-100% decline in feral
colonies
Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
Honey Bee Declines
Photo: Eric Mader, (Xerces Society)
Annual hive losses…
Before CCD (1995-2006):
15% - 22% per year
After CCD (2006-today):
29% - 36% per year
Honey Bee Losses
Rusty-patched
bumble bee
87% Range Loss
Yellow-banded
bumble bee
31% Range Loss
Western
bumble bee
28% Range Loss
Franklin’s
bumble bee
Possibly Extinct
Western North America
Sources: Cameron et al. 2011, Evans et al. 2009, Colla and Packer 2008; Photos (clockwise from upper left): P Schroeder, L Richardson, J Knutson, JC Jones, P Michaels
American
bumble bee
23% Range Loss
Eastern North America
Native Bees in Decline
According to a new analysis by
the Xerces Society (in press)
30% of North American bumble
bees are at-risk.
Bumble Bee Citizen Monitoring Project
© Pat Michaels
Bumble Bee Watch
bumblebeewatch.org
Pollinators have many threats:
•  Habitat loss
•  Diseases and pests
•  Climate changes
•  Pesticides
Photo: Matthew Shepherd
Threats to pollinators
DISEASE
HABITAT
Threats to pollinators
DISEASE
HABITAT
Threats to pollinators
Bring Back the Pollinators
To bring back the pollinators,
I will:
•  Protect and provide bee
nests.
•  Grow a variety of pollinator-
friendly flowers which bloom
from spring through fall.
•  Avoid using pesticides,
especially insecticides.
•  Talk to my neighbors about
the importance of pollinators
and their habitat!
Beekeeping is not conservation.
Keep honey bees if you:
•  Think it would be fun
•  Want to produce your own honey
Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
Bring Back the Pollinators
Beekeeping is not conservation.
Keep honey bees if you:
•  Think it would be fun
•  Want to produce your own honey
Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
Bring Back the Pollinators
Three Types of Native Bees
Photos: Mace Vaughan, Rollin Coville, Elaine Evans
Bumble Bees (social)
Tunnel-
Nesting
Bees
(primarily
solitary)
Ground-Nesting Bees
(primarily solitary)
Photos: Dennis Briggs
Life Cycle of a Solitary Bee
Mining bee (Andrena sp.): a year in
its underground nest as egg, larva,
and pupa before emerging to
spend a few weeks as an adult.
Photos: Eric Mader, Jim Cane, Matthew Shepherd, and Jennifer Hopwood
Nearly 70% of native
bee species nest
underground
•  Resemble ant-nests
from above ground
•  May be found in turf,
more often on bare,
exposed ground.
•  Sandy to loam soils
preferred but some will
nest in clay too
Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
Photos: Betsy Betros, Rollin Coville, Dennis Briggs
• Nests may be
anywhere from several
cm deep or up to a
meter or more deep
• Nest chambers are
lined with waxy
glandular secretions,
and can sometimes
even resist flooding
Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
Sabin Elementary School: Portland, Oregon
Photos: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
Ground-nesting bees need:
•  Access to bare, sandy soil
Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
Retain or create bare soil:
•  Keep areas of bare ground
•  Maximize untilled areas
•  Clear away some plants
from well drained slopes
•  Experiment with no-till
farming techniques
•  Plant native bunch grasses
Photos: Mace Vaughan
Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
Retain or create bare soil:
•  Keep areas of bare ground
•  Maximize untilled areas
•  Clear away some plants
from well drained slopes
•  Experiment with no-till
farming techniques
•  Plant native bunch grasses
Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
Photos: Mace Vaughan
Illustration: Ken RumbaughPhotos: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
Retain or create bare soil:
•  Keep areas of bare ground
•  Maximize untilled areas
•  Clear away some plants
from well drained slopes
•  Experiment with no-till
farming techniques
•  Plant native bunch grasses
Photos: Mace Vaughan
Illustration: Ken Rumbaugh
Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
Photos: Edward Ross, Darrin O’Brien, Matthew Shepherd
Roughly 30% of native species
•  Nest in hollow or pithy plant stems,
old beetle borer holes, man-made
cavities and even old snail shells
•  Nest tunnel partitions constructed of
mud, leaf pieces, or sawdust
•  Artificially managed for some crops
•  Conserve snags, brush piles
Tunnel Nesting Bees
Photos: Mace Vaughan, Eric Mader, Jennifer Hopwood
Nest cells separated with
mud or leaf partitions
Tunnel Nesting Bees
Hollow stem example:
Silk cocoons with dormant bees inside Mud cap closure
Larva Pupa Adult
Pollen mass Egg Mud wall
Cross-section of silk cocoons
Tunnel Nesting Bees
Photos: Matthew Shepherd; Mace Vaughan
Nest Sites: Tunnel Nesting Bees
Bombus vagans on clover
Bumble Bees (Social)
Photos: Elaine Evans, Nancy Adamson
45 species in U.S.
•  Social colonies founded by single queen
•  Annual, last only one season
•  Nest may contain 25-400 workers
•  Nests in abandoned rodent burrows or
under lodged grasses
•  Conserve brush piles, un-mowed
areas
Life Cycle of a Bumble Bee Colony
Winter: Hibernating queen
Spring: Queen
establishes
nest and lays
eggs
Summer: Colony peak
Early Fall:
Males
leave nest,
then new
queens
leave to
find a mate
Fall: Mated queens
seek overwintering
sites, founding
queen dies
Illustration: David Wysotski
Early
Summer:
Worker
females help
grow the
colony
Bring Back the Pollinators
To bring back the pollinators,
I will:
•  Protect and provide bee nests.
•  Grow a variety of pollinator-
friendly flowers which bloom
from spring through fall.
•  Avoid using pesticides,
especially insecticides.
•  Talk to my neighbors about the
importance of pollinators and
their habitat!
Plants bloom everywhere but bees
need the right type of flower.
•  Retain existing flower patches
•  Create new patches
Forage Patches
Photo: Matthew Shepherd
Photos: Matthew Shepherd; Berry Botanic Garde,n Mace Vaughan
Plant Selection:
•  Abundant pollen and nectar
•  Preferred by pollinators
•  Bloom throughout the year
•  Create blocks of flowers
•  Native vs. non-native
Forage Patches: Plant Selection
Forage Patches: Native Plants are Best
Garden varieties can look pretty but
may offer little or no nectar or pollen.
Photo: Matthew Shepherd
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Gold Currant
Ribes aureum
Tall Oregon Grape
Mahonia aquifolium
Forage Patches: Spring Bloom
Broad Leaf Lupine
Lupinus latifolius
Arrowleaf Balsamroot
Balsamorhiza sagittata
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Forage Patches: Spring Bloom
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Choke Cherry
Prunus virginiana
Serviceberry
Amelanchier alnifolia
Forage Patches: Spring Bloom
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Forage Patches: Spring Bloom
Oregon Sunshine
Eriophyllum lanatum
Fine Tooth Penstemon
Penstemon subserratus
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Forage Patches: Spring Bloom
California Poppy
Eschscholzia californica
Nettle Leaf Horsemint
Agastache urticifolia
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Forage Patches: Spring Bloom
Deerbrush
Ceanothus integerrimus
Desert Yellow Daisy
Erigeron linearis
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Forage Patches: Spring Early Summer
Blue Elderberry
Sambucus nigra
Ocean Spray
Holodiscus discolor
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Annual Sunflower
Helianthus annuus
Forage Patches: Summer Bloom
Yellow Bee Plant
Cleome lutea
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Showy Milkweed
Asclepias speciosa
Narrow Leaf Milkweed
Asclepias fascicularis
Forage Patches: Summer Bloom
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Forage Patches: Summer Bloom
Fireweed
Chamerion angustifolium
Yarrow
Achillea millefolium
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Forage Patches: Summer Bloom
Blue Flax
Linum lewisii
Snowberry
Symphoricarpos albus
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Hairy Gold Aster
Heterotheca villosa
Blanket Flower
Gaillardia aristata
Forage Patches: Late Summer to Fall
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Late Goldenrod
Solidago gigantea
Meadow Goldenrod
Solidago canadensis v. salebrosa
Forage Patches: Late Summer to Fall
Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com
Rabbitbrush
Ericameria sp.
Nuttall’s Sunflower
Helianthus nuttallii
Forage Patches: Late Summer to Fall
Photos: Matthew Shepherd
Forage Patches: Garden Plants
Photos: Matthew Shepherd
Photos: Matthew Shepherd
Forage Patches: Lawns
Photo: Matthew Shepherd
Forage Patches: Urban Meadows
Bring Back the Pollinators
To bring back the pollinators,
I will:
•  Protect and provide bee nests.
•  Grow a variety of pollinator-
friendly flowers which bloom
from spring through fall.
•  Avoid using pesticides,
especially insecticides.
•  Talk to my neighbors about the
importance of pollinators and
their habitat!
Photo: The Oregonian
Mass bumble bee kill in Oregon, June 2013
Mass bumble bee kill in Oregon, June 2013
Mass bumble bee kill in Oregon, June 2013
Mass bumble bee kill in Oregon, June 2013
Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
Pesticides Kill Bees
Avoid using pesticides
If you must use pesticides:
• Minimize their use
• Read guidance carefully
But be warned: even when label
instructions are followed there is
limited protection for native bees.
Pesticides Kill Bees
Photo: Matthew Shepherd
www.xerces.org/pesticides
Neonicotinoid Insecticides
Photo: Regina Hirsch
Neonicotinoid Systemic
Insecticides:
•  Increasingly used on crops
•  Applied as sprays, soil
treatments, trunk injections,
or seed coatings
•  Systemic mode of action
•  Residues in pollen and
nectar
•  Toxic at VERY low levels
•  Can be persistent over time
in plants and soil
•  Also used on ornamental
plants, and lawns
•  Level of application is much
greater than on crops (up to
120x), which increases the risk
to pollinators
•  Avoid use on pollinator-visited
plants in yards, parks (e.g.
maple trees, linden trees,
roses, etc)
•  Check with your nursery to
make sure perennial plants you
purchase have not been
treated with neonicotinoids
Photo: Matthew Shepherd
Neonicotinoids for Ornamental plants
Organic-Approved Pesticides?
•  Pyrethrins = Dangerous for Bees!
•  Spinosad = Dangerous for Bees!
•  Beauveria bassiana = Dangerous!
Okay when not directly applied to
bees (i.e. non-blooming crops or at
night):
•  Insecticidal soap
•  Horticultural oil
•  Neem
Photo: NRCS/Toby Alexander
Insecticides: Organic Approved
Bring Back the Pollinators
To bring back the pollinators,
I will:
•  Protect and provide bee nests.
•  Grow a variety of pollinator-
friendly flowers which bloom
from spring through fall.
•  Avoid using pesticides,
especially insecticides.
•  Talk to my neighbors about
the importance of pollinators
and their habitat!
Get involved!
www.bringbackthepollinators.org
Bring Back the Pollinators
Bring Back the Pollinators
Get involved!
www.bringbackthepollinators.org
Bring Back the Pollinators
Get involved!
www.bringbackthepollinators.org
Bring Back the Pollinators
Get involved!
www.bringbackthepollinators.org
• Xerces Society publications
Bring Back the Pollinators
“Attracting Native Pollinators
belongs on the bookshelf of
everyone who values the future of
the natural world.”
- Douglas W. Tallamy, researcher and author of
Bringing Nature Home
“Precise, elegant and thoughtful,
the recommendations offered by
the Xerces Society will become
essential to advancing a healthy
and diverse food production
system.”
- Gary Nabhan, author of The Forgotten
Pollinators and Renewing America’s Food
Traditions
Attracting Native Pollinators
Gardens bring people together…
Thank You!
Deschutes Land Trust and
Sarah Mowry
Major financial support from:
§  Xerces Society Members
§  USDA Natural Resources
Conservation Service
§  USDA Sustainable Agriculture
Research and Education program
§  Disney Worldwide Conservation
Fund
§  Turner Foundation
§  CS Fund
§  The Ceres Foundation
§  Sarah K. de Coizart Article TENTH
Perpetual Charitable Trust.
§  Whole Foods Markets and their
venders
§  Endangered Species Chocolate

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2014 Nature Night: Attracting Native Pollinators by Mace Vaughan

  • 1. Mace Vaughan, Pollinator Conservation Program Director The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Attracting Native Pollinators! Photo: Rollin Coville
  • 2. What is the Xerces Society? Photo:s California NRCS and Ed Ross Since 1971, the Society has worked to protect wildlife through the conservation of invertebrates and their habitat. Major Programs: •  Pollinator conservation •  Endangered species •  Aquatic invertebrates Xerces blue butterfly (Glaucopsyche xerces), the first U.S. butterfly to go extinct due to human activities
  • 3. Photo: Eric Mader What is the Xerces Society? The Xerces Society’s Pollinator Conservation Program •  Habitat restoration •  Technical guides and trainings •  Documenting at-risk pollinators •  Applied restoration research Joint Staff Biologist Positions •  USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) •  University of Minnesota Extension Staff Backgrounds •  Farming, entomology, teaching, habitat restoration, beekeeping, wildlife conservation, and native seed production
  • 4. Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation Program Supported creation of more than 120,000 acres of habitat since 2008
  • 6. Bring Back the Pollinators To bring back the pollinators, I will: •  Protect and provide bee nests and caterpillar host plants. •  Grow a variety of pollinator- friendly flowers which bloom from spring through fall. •  Avoid using pesticides, especially insecticides. •  Talk to my neighbors about the importance of pollinators and their habitat!
  • 7. Why Care About Pollinators? Photo: Matthew Shepherd
  • 8. Photo: Rollin Coville More than 85 percent of flowering plants require an animal, mostly insects, to move pollen. Ollerton, Winfree, and Tarrant. 2011. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos. 120:321-326. Insect Pollinators: Ecological Keystone
  • 9. Benefits to Other Wildlife: •  Pollinator-produced fruits and seeds comprise 25% of bird and mammal diets •  Pollinators are food for wildlife, including 89% of birds!! •  Pollinator habitat is compatible with the needs of other wildlife, such as songbirds Importance of Pollinators: Wildlife © Sierra Vision Stock USDA-NRCS Mace Vaughan
  • 10. Pollinators provide an ecosystem service that enables plants to produce fruits and seeds. •  35% of crop production, worldwide •  Over $18 to $27 billion value of crops in U.S. ($217 billion worldwide) •  Most of our vitamins and minerals are from insect-pollinated plants •  One in three mouthfuls of food and drink we consume Importance of Pollinators: Nutrition Photo: USDA-ARS/Peggy Greb Morse RA, Calderone NW. 2000. The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. crops in 2000. Bee Culture 128: 1–15. Klein et al. 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc. R. Soc. B 274: 303-313. Eilers et al. 2011. Contribution of pollinator-mediated crops to nutrients in the human food supply. PLoS One 6 6): e21363.
  • 11. Photo: USDA-ARS/Peggy Greb Importance of Pollinators: Nutrition
  • 12. Photo: Whole Foods Market Whole Foods Produce With Bee Pollinated Crops
  • 13. Photo: Whole Foods Market Whole Foods Produce Without Bees
  • 14. Photos: James Cane; Jeff Adams; Dana Ross; Bruce Newhouse Main Groups of Pollinators Photos: Mace Vaughan, Bob Hammond, David Inouye, Bruce Newhouse
  • 15. Bees: The Most Important Pollinators Photo: Rollin Coville • Collect and transport pollen • Forage in area around nest • Flower constancy
  • 16. Photo: Rollin Coville Non-Native Bees: European Honey Bees
  • 17. Photo: Robert W. Matthews, University of Georgia; Bugwood.org Honey Bees Are Not Typical Bees
  • 18. North America: 4,000 species Oregon: 600-800 species? Bee Diversity Photo: Mace Vaughan
  • 19. Photo: Stephen L. Buchmann Bee Diversity
  • 20. Native Bee Diversity: Bumble Bees Photos: Eric Mader(Xerces Society), Steve Javorek (AgCanada)
  • 21. Photo: Rollin Coville Native Bee Diversity: Leaf-cutter Bees
  • 22. Photo: Mace Vaughan Native Bee Diversity: Leaf-cutter Bees
  • 23. Photos: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society) Native Bee Diversity: Mason Bees
  • 24. Native Bee Diversity: Carpenter Bees (big) Photo: Rollin Coville
  • 25. Native Bee Diversity: Carpenter Bees (small) Photo: Rollin Coville
  • 26. Native Bee Diversity: Striped Sweat Bees Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
  • 27. Native Bee Diversity: Green Sweat Bees Photo: Rollin Coville
  • 28. Native Bee Diversity: Green Striped Sweat Bees Photo: Rollin Coville
  • 29. Native Bee Diversity: Miner Bees (Tickle Bees) Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
  • 30. Native Bee Diversity: Long-Horned Bees Photo: Rollin Coville
  • 31. Native Bee Diversity: Sun Flower Bees Photo: Rollin Coville
  • 32. European honey bee is the principal crop pollinator. Disease, pests, and low honey prices have lead to: •  50% decline in managed hives since 1950 •  70-100% decline in feral colonies Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer Honey Bee Declines
  • 33. Photo: Eric Mader, (Xerces Society) Annual hive losses… Before CCD (1995-2006): 15% - 22% per year After CCD (2006-today): 29% - 36% per year Honey Bee Losses
  • 34. Rusty-patched bumble bee 87% Range Loss Yellow-banded bumble bee 31% Range Loss Western bumble bee 28% Range Loss Franklin’s bumble bee Possibly Extinct Western North America Sources: Cameron et al. 2011, Evans et al. 2009, Colla and Packer 2008; Photos (clockwise from upper left): P Schroeder, L Richardson, J Knutson, JC Jones, P Michaels American bumble bee 23% Range Loss Eastern North America Native Bees in Decline According to a new analysis by the Xerces Society (in press) 30% of North American bumble bees are at-risk.
  • 35. Bumble Bee Citizen Monitoring Project © Pat Michaels Bumble Bee Watch bumblebeewatch.org
  • 36. Pollinators have many threats: •  Habitat loss •  Diseases and pests •  Climate changes •  Pesticides Photo: Matthew Shepherd Threats to pollinators
  • 39. Bring Back the Pollinators To bring back the pollinators, I will: •  Protect and provide bee nests. •  Grow a variety of pollinator- friendly flowers which bloom from spring through fall. •  Avoid using pesticides, especially insecticides. •  Talk to my neighbors about the importance of pollinators and their habitat!
  • 40. Beekeeping is not conservation. Keep honey bees if you: •  Think it would be fun •  Want to produce your own honey Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer Bring Back the Pollinators
  • 41. Beekeeping is not conservation. Keep honey bees if you: •  Think it would be fun •  Want to produce your own honey Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer Bring Back the Pollinators
  • 42. Three Types of Native Bees Photos: Mace Vaughan, Rollin Coville, Elaine Evans Bumble Bees (social) Tunnel- Nesting Bees (primarily solitary) Ground-Nesting Bees (primarily solitary)
  • 43. Photos: Dennis Briggs Life Cycle of a Solitary Bee Mining bee (Andrena sp.): a year in its underground nest as egg, larva, and pupa before emerging to spend a few weeks as an adult.
  • 44. Photos: Eric Mader, Jim Cane, Matthew Shepherd, and Jennifer Hopwood Nearly 70% of native bee species nest underground •  Resemble ant-nests from above ground •  May be found in turf, more often on bare, exposed ground. •  Sandy to loam soils preferred but some will nest in clay too Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
  • 45. Photos: Betsy Betros, Rollin Coville, Dennis Briggs • Nests may be anywhere from several cm deep or up to a meter or more deep • Nest chambers are lined with waxy glandular secretions, and can sometimes even resist flooding Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
  • 46. Sabin Elementary School: Portland, Oregon Photos: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society) Ground-nesting bees need: •  Access to bare, sandy soil Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
  • 47. Retain or create bare soil: •  Keep areas of bare ground •  Maximize untilled areas •  Clear away some plants from well drained slopes •  Experiment with no-till farming techniques •  Plant native bunch grasses Photos: Mace Vaughan Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society) Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
  • 48. Retain or create bare soil: •  Keep areas of bare ground •  Maximize untilled areas •  Clear away some plants from well drained slopes •  Experiment with no-till farming techniques •  Plant native bunch grasses Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society) Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
  • 49. Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society) Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
  • 50. Photos: Mace Vaughan Illustration: Ken RumbaughPhotos: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society) Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
  • 51. Retain or create bare soil: •  Keep areas of bare ground •  Maximize untilled areas •  Clear away some plants from well drained slopes •  Experiment with no-till farming techniques •  Plant native bunch grasses Photos: Mace Vaughan Illustration: Ken Rumbaugh Ground Nesting Solitary Bees
  • 52. Photos: Edward Ross, Darrin O’Brien, Matthew Shepherd Roughly 30% of native species •  Nest in hollow or pithy plant stems, old beetle borer holes, man-made cavities and even old snail shells •  Nest tunnel partitions constructed of mud, leaf pieces, or sawdust •  Artificially managed for some crops •  Conserve snags, brush piles Tunnel Nesting Bees
  • 53. Photos: Mace Vaughan, Eric Mader, Jennifer Hopwood Nest cells separated with mud or leaf partitions Tunnel Nesting Bees
  • 54. Hollow stem example: Silk cocoons with dormant bees inside Mud cap closure Larva Pupa Adult Pollen mass Egg Mud wall Cross-section of silk cocoons Tunnel Nesting Bees
  • 55. Photos: Matthew Shepherd; Mace Vaughan Nest Sites: Tunnel Nesting Bees
  • 56. Bombus vagans on clover Bumble Bees (Social) Photos: Elaine Evans, Nancy Adamson 45 species in U.S. •  Social colonies founded by single queen •  Annual, last only one season •  Nest may contain 25-400 workers •  Nests in abandoned rodent burrows or under lodged grasses •  Conserve brush piles, un-mowed areas
  • 57. Life Cycle of a Bumble Bee Colony Winter: Hibernating queen Spring: Queen establishes nest and lays eggs Summer: Colony peak Early Fall: Males leave nest, then new queens leave to find a mate Fall: Mated queens seek overwintering sites, founding queen dies Illustration: David Wysotski Early Summer: Worker females help grow the colony
  • 58. Bring Back the Pollinators To bring back the pollinators, I will: •  Protect and provide bee nests. •  Grow a variety of pollinator- friendly flowers which bloom from spring through fall. •  Avoid using pesticides, especially insecticides. •  Talk to my neighbors about the importance of pollinators and their habitat!
  • 59. Plants bloom everywhere but bees need the right type of flower. •  Retain existing flower patches •  Create new patches Forage Patches Photo: Matthew Shepherd
  • 60. Photos: Matthew Shepherd; Berry Botanic Garde,n Mace Vaughan Plant Selection: •  Abundant pollen and nectar •  Preferred by pollinators •  Bloom throughout the year •  Create blocks of flowers •  Native vs. non-native Forage Patches: Plant Selection
  • 61. Forage Patches: Native Plants are Best Garden varieties can look pretty but may offer little or no nectar or pollen. Photo: Matthew Shepherd
  • 62. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Gold Currant Ribes aureum Tall Oregon Grape Mahonia aquifolium Forage Patches: Spring Bloom
  • 63. Broad Leaf Lupine Lupinus latifolius Arrowleaf Balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittata Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Forage Patches: Spring Bloom
  • 64. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Choke Cherry Prunus virginiana Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia Forage Patches: Spring Bloom
  • 65. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Forage Patches: Spring Bloom Oregon Sunshine Eriophyllum lanatum Fine Tooth Penstemon Penstemon subserratus
  • 66. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Forage Patches: Spring Bloom California Poppy Eschscholzia californica Nettle Leaf Horsemint Agastache urticifolia
  • 67. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Forage Patches: Spring Bloom Deerbrush Ceanothus integerrimus Desert Yellow Daisy Erigeron linearis
  • 68. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Forage Patches: Spring Early Summer Blue Elderberry Sambucus nigra Ocean Spray Holodiscus discolor
  • 69. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Annual Sunflower Helianthus annuus Forage Patches: Summer Bloom Yellow Bee Plant Cleome lutea
  • 70. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Showy Milkweed Asclepias speciosa Narrow Leaf Milkweed Asclepias fascicularis Forage Patches: Summer Bloom
  • 71. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Forage Patches: Summer Bloom Fireweed Chamerion angustifolium Yarrow Achillea millefolium
  • 72. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Forage Patches: Summer Bloom Blue Flax Linum lewisii Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
  • 73. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Hairy Gold Aster Heterotheca villosa Blanket Flower Gaillardia aristata Forage Patches: Late Summer to Fall
  • 74. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Late Goldenrod Solidago gigantea Meadow Goldenrod Solidago canadensis v. salebrosa Forage Patches: Late Summer to Fall
  • 75. Slide and photos courtesy of Humble Roots Nursery (Mosier, OR). www.humblerootsnursery.com Rabbitbrush Ericameria sp. Nuttall’s Sunflower Helianthus nuttallii Forage Patches: Late Summer to Fall
  • 76. Photos: Matthew Shepherd Forage Patches: Garden Plants Photos: Matthew Shepherd
  • 77. Photos: Matthew Shepherd Forage Patches: Lawns Photo: Matthew Shepherd
  • 79. Bring Back the Pollinators To bring back the pollinators, I will: •  Protect and provide bee nests. •  Grow a variety of pollinator- friendly flowers which bloom from spring through fall. •  Avoid using pesticides, especially insecticides. •  Talk to my neighbors about the importance of pollinators and their habitat!
  • 80. Photo: The Oregonian Mass bumble bee kill in Oregon, June 2013
  • 81. Mass bumble bee kill in Oregon, June 2013
  • 82. Mass bumble bee kill in Oregon, June 2013
  • 83. Mass bumble bee kill in Oregon, June 2013 Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society) Pesticides Kill Bees
  • 84. Avoid using pesticides If you must use pesticides: • Minimize their use • Read guidance carefully But be warned: even when label instructions are followed there is limited protection for native bees. Pesticides Kill Bees Photo: Matthew Shepherd www.xerces.org/pesticides
  • 85. Neonicotinoid Insecticides Photo: Regina Hirsch Neonicotinoid Systemic Insecticides: •  Increasingly used on crops •  Applied as sprays, soil treatments, trunk injections, or seed coatings •  Systemic mode of action •  Residues in pollen and nectar •  Toxic at VERY low levels •  Can be persistent over time in plants and soil
  • 86. •  Also used on ornamental plants, and lawns •  Level of application is much greater than on crops (up to 120x), which increases the risk to pollinators •  Avoid use on pollinator-visited plants in yards, parks (e.g. maple trees, linden trees, roses, etc) •  Check with your nursery to make sure perennial plants you purchase have not been treated with neonicotinoids Photo: Matthew Shepherd Neonicotinoids for Ornamental plants
  • 87. Organic-Approved Pesticides? •  Pyrethrins = Dangerous for Bees! •  Spinosad = Dangerous for Bees! •  Beauveria bassiana = Dangerous! Okay when not directly applied to bees (i.e. non-blooming crops or at night): •  Insecticidal soap •  Horticultural oil •  Neem Photo: NRCS/Toby Alexander Insecticides: Organic Approved
  • 88. Bring Back the Pollinators To bring back the pollinators, I will: •  Protect and provide bee nests. •  Grow a variety of pollinator- friendly flowers which bloom from spring through fall. •  Avoid using pesticides, especially insecticides. •  Talk to my neighbors about the importance of pollinators and their habitat!
  • 90. Bring Back the Pollinators Get involved! www.bringbackthepollinators.org
  • 91. Bring Back the Pollinators Get involved! www.bringbackthepollinators.org
  • 92. Bring Back the Pollinators Get involved! www.bringbackthepollinators.org
  • 94. “Attracting Native Pollinators belongs on the bookshelf of everyone who values the future of the natural world.” - Douglas W. Tallamy, researcher and author of Bringing Nature Home “Precise, elegant and thoughtful, the recommendations offered by the Xerces Society will become essential to advancing a healthy and diverse food production system.” - Gary Nabhan, author of The Forgotten Pollinators and Renewing America’s Food Traditions Attracting Native Pollinators
  • 95. Gardens bring people together…
  • 96. Thank You! Deschutes Land Trust and Sarah Mowry Major financial support from: §  Xerces Society Members §  USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service §  USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education program §  Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund §  Turner Foundation §  CS Fund §  The Ceres Foundation §  Sarah K. de Coizart Article TENTH Perpetual Charitable Trust. §  Whole Foods Markets and their venders §  Endangered Species Chocolate