1. GBC PANDO TECH YR 1
ANATOMY TEST 1 NOTES

2. AXIAL SKELETON
• skull
• rib cage
• vertebral column
• pelvis

3. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Upper Extremity:
• clavicle
• scapula
• humerous
• ulna and radius
• carpals
• phalanges
Lower Extremity:
• femur
• tibia and fibula
• tarsels
• phalanges

4. CARDINAL PLANES
Median Sagittal Plane:
• The vertical plane that divides the body into equal LEFT
and RIGHT halves.
Sagittal Plane:
• Any vertical plane that divides the body into LEFT and
RIGHT pieces.

5. CARDINAL PLANES
• Frontal (Coronal) Plane:
• The frontal plane that divides the body into FRONT and
BACK pieces.
• Horizontal Plane:
• The horizontal plane that divides the axial skeleton into
TOP and BOTTOM pieces.

6. DIRECTIONAL and COMPARTIVE
TERMS (NB: relative to anatomical pos.)
Anterior (Ventral):
• Nearer to or at the front of
the body
Medial:
• Toward the median, in the
frontal plane
Posterior (Dorsal):
• Nearer to or at back of the
body
Lateral:
• Away from the median, in
the frontal plane

7. DIRECTIONAL and COMPARTIVE
TERMS (NB: relative to anatomical pos.)
Distal (refers to
appendages):
• Far or further from the
trunk’s centre of mass
• Further from the
attachment of a limp or
structure
Inferior (caudel):
• Below
• Away from the head or
toward the lower part of an
axial structure
Proximal (refers to
appendages):
• Near or closer to the trunk’s
centre of mass
• Nearer to the attachment of
a limb or structure
Superior (cephalic, cranial):
• Above
• Toward the head or upper
part of an axial structure

8. DIRECTIONAL and COMPARTIVE
TERMS (NB: relative to anatomical pos.)
Deep:
• Away from or beneath the
surface of the body
Superficial:
• Toward or on the surface of
the body
i.e.:
• Volar/Palmar: flexor
surface of
forearm, wrist, hand
• Plantar: sole of foot
• Dorsal: back or posterior
aspect
• Dorsum: back of hand/foot

9. DIRECTIONAL and COMPARTIVE
TERMS (NB: relative to anatomical pos.)
Contralateral:
• Other side of the body
• Usually the sound side
Ipsilateral:
• Same side of the body
• Usually the effected side

10. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Describes the movement of one body segment relative to
another.
• Each will have an axis and a plane of motion.

11. PLANES AND AXES OF MOTION
• Motion of any body part can be described as traveling
through or in a plane of motion and about an axis.
• A plane of motion is an imaginary, flat surface through
which a body part moves.
• An axis of motion is an imaginary straight line which is
perpendicular to the plane about which the body part
moves.

12. CORONAL [frontal] (M-L) AXIS AND
SAGITTAL PLANE OF MOTION
• The axis is located in the frontal and horizontal plane. It is
directed horizontally and mediolaterally.
• The coronal axis has a sagittal plane of motion
(remember sagittal plane divides body into left and right).
• i.e.: Flexion / Extension of the shoulder.
• Pg 18 of textbook

13. SAGITTAL (A-P) AXIS &
FRONTAL PLANE OF MOTION
• The axis is located in the sagittal and horizontal plane. It
is directed horizontally and anteroposterioly.
• The sagittal axis has a frontal plane of motion.
• i.e.: aB/aDduction of the shoulder
• Pg 19 of textbook

14. LONGITUDINALAXIS &
HORIZONTAL PLANE OF MOTION
• The axis is located in the frontal and sagittal plane. It is
directed vertically and superioinferiorly.
• The longitudinal axis has a transverse plane of motion.
• i.e.: Internal / External rotation of the shoulder (not elbow).
• Pg 20 textbook

15. SAGITTAL (A-P) AXIS &
FRONTAL PLANE OF MOTION
• The axis is located in the sagittal and horizontal plane. It
is directed horizontally and anteroposterioly.
• The sagittal axis has a frontal plane of motion.
• i.e.: Hip aB/aDduction
• Pg 21 textbook

16. LONGITUDINALAXIS &
HORIZONTAL PLANE OF MOTION
• The axis is located in the frontal and sagittal plane. It is
directed vertically and superioinferiorly.
• The longitudinal axis has a transverse plane of motion.
• i.e.: Hip Int / External rotation
• Pg 22 textbook

17. DEGREES OF FREEDOM vs.
UNI/BI/TRI-PLANAR MOTION
• One degree of freedom = uniplanar motion, hinge joint
(phalanges, ankle), which may or many not be in one of
the 3 cardinal planes.
• If the motion is in ne of the cardinal planes, then the axis
will be parallel to the remaining 2 cardinal planes.
• i.e. shoulder flex / extension: sagittal plane of motion, with a
coronal (M/L) axis which is parallel to the transverse & frontal plane
• i.e. interphalangeal, 2nd, 3rd, 4th rays

18. DEGREES OF FREEDOM vs.
UNI/BI/TRI-PLANAR MOTION
• If the motion is present in more than one cardinal
plane, then bi- or tri-planar motion will result (2 or 3
planes)
• i.e. subtalar pronation / supination: 1 degree of freedom (single axis
or hinge joint) with motion in all 3 cardinal planes
• i.e. ankle, midtarsal, 1st and 5th rays

19. DEGREES OF FREEDOM vs.
UNI/BI/TRI-PLANAR MOTION
• Two degrees of freedom = 2 independent axes of
motion, each providing one plane of motion (bi-planar)
• i.e. metatarsalphalangeal condyloid joints
• Flex / extension
• aBd / aDduction
• Pg 24 textbook

20. DEGREES OF FREEDOM vs.
UNI/BI/TRI-PLANAR MOTION
• Three degrees of freedom = 3 independent axes of
motion, each providing one plane of motion (Triplanar)
• i.e. hip and shoulder ball / socket joints
• Flex / extension
• aBd / aDduction
• Int / external rotation
The more perpendicular an axis becomes to a cardinal
plane, the more of that plane of motion it will have.
i.e. inversion / eversion and then, secondly, in
transverse planar motion (aB / Add)
i.e. plantar / dorsiflexion SEE PG 24 TEXTBOOK

21. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Flexion:
• Is to BEND and make a DECREASED angle between the bones or
parts of the body adjacent to a joint
• Usually in the sagittal plane and in the anterior direction
• Extension:
• Is to STRAIGHTEN a bent part or INCREASE angle between the
bones or parts of the body adjacent to a joint
• Usually in the sagittal plane and in the posterior direction

22. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• BUT THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS:
• Shoulder flexion & extension = sagittal plane
• Lateral flexion:
• Flexion of the trunk away from the median plane in the coronal
plane (left or right)
• Results in a decreased angle between the trunk and the
corresponding thigh
• Plantar flexion:
• Bending of the foot about the ankle, such that it moves downward
in the sagittal plane
• Pg 26 textbook

23. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Dorsiflexion:
• Flexion of the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the
anterior aspect of the leg and the dorsal aspect of the foot
• Sagittal plane of motion
• Digital flexion (CMC, MCP, IP):
• Bending of the phalanges inward, decreasing the angle between
the palmar aspect of the fingers and palm of hand
• Digital extension (CMC, MCP, IP):
• The opposite movement

24. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Thumb flexion (CMC, MCP, IP):
• Bending of thumb inward, decreasing the angle between the
palmar aspect of the thumb and the midline of the hand
• Thumb extension (CMC, MCP, IP):
• The opposite movement
• Hyperextension (recurvatum):
• Extension beyond what is physiologically normal (see pg 28
textbook)

25. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• aBduction:
• Movement of a body part away from the median to the coronal
plane
• There are exceptions
• aDduction:
• Movement of a body part toward the median in the coronal plane
• There are exceptions

26. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• FINGER aBduction
• Coronal planar movement away from a stationary axis through the
long axis of the middle finger
• FINGER aDduction:
• Coronal planar movement toward a stationary axis through the long
axis of the middle finger
• THUMB aBduction:
• Sagittal planar movement anteriorly away from the palm
• THUMB aDduction:
• Sagittal planar movement posteriorly toward the palm PAGE 30

27. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Toe aDduction:
• Transverse planar movement toward a stationary axis through the long
axis of the third toe
• Toe aBduction:
• Transverse planar movement away from a stationary axis through the
long axis of the third toe
• Wrist aDduction (ulnar deviation):
• Movement of the hand in the coronal plane such that it moves closer to
the ulnar side of forearm
• Wrist aBduction (radial deviation):
• Movement of the hand in the coronal plane such that it moves closer to
the radial side of forearm

28. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Forefoot aBduction:
• Movement of the foot about a vertical axis in the horizontal plane
such that the toes move away from the median
• Forefoot aDduction:
• Movement of the foot about a vertical axis in the horizontal plane
such that the toes move toward the median
• Pg 32 text

29. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Foot INVERSION:
• Movement of the foot about its long axis in the frontal plane so the
the sole faces inward medially
• i.e. A-P / sagittal plane pg 33 textbook
• Foot EVERSION:
• Movement of the foot about its long axis in the frontal plane so that
the sole faces outward laterally
• i.e. moves in frontal plane – pg 33 textbook

30. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Foot Open Chain Pronation (lose soup):
• Non-weight bearing
• Triplanar movement of the foot about the subtalar joint
• Calcaneus articulates relative to the talus
• Calcaneal:
• Eversion
• Dorsiflexion
• Forefoot aBduction

31. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Open Chain Supination (hold soup):
• Non-weight bearing
• Triplanar movement of the foot about the subtalar joint
• Calcaneus articulates relative to the talus
• Calcaneal
• Inversion
• Plantarflexion
• Forefoot aDduction
• (talus + calcaneous = subtalar joint)
• Pg 34 textbook

32. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Closed chain pronation
(more critical to alignment):
• Weight bearing
• Ankle-foot complex:
• Calcaneal eversion
• Forefoot aBduction
• Talar Adb & Pflex
• Knee:
• Flexion & valgus (lateral or
distal end)
• knocked knee – vs. bow-legged:
varus
• Also can be ankle or calcanus
• Hip:
• Internal rotation & flexion
Causes:
• Knee & hip flex
• Angle b/t tibia & talus doesn’t
chain

33. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Closed Chain Supination:
• Weight bearing
• Ankle-Foot Complex:
• Calcaneal inversion
• Forefoot aDduction
• Talar aBd & Dflex
• Knee:
• Extension & varus (bow-legged)
• Hip:
• External rotation & extension

34. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Wrist Circumduction (is 2 degrees):
• Movement of a segment so that its free end traces a circle in
space, forming a cone with the apex at the base of the segment
• Simultaneous flex / ext & aBd / aDd
• Other joints capable of circumduction:
• Shoulder
• Hip
• MCP
• Pg 37 textbook
• Opposition:
• Circumduction and flexion of thumb pad as it is brought to touch
another finger pad

35. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Scapular aBduction:
• Upward rotation of glenoid fossa / lateral angle
• Scapular aDduction:
• Downward rotation of glenoid fossa / lateral angle
• Associated with shoulder aB / aD
• This motion takes place in frontal plane
• Pg 37 textbook

36. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Scapular Protraction:
• Forward rotation of glenoid fossa / lateral angle sliding over the rib
cage
• Scapular retraction:
• Opposite motion, where the medial scap borders move toward the
median
• This motion takes place in the horizontal plane
• Pg 37 textbook

37. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Scapular elevation:
• Movement of shoulder girdle superiorly
• Scapular depression:
• Movement of shoulder girdle inferiorly
• This motion takes place in frontal plane
• Pg 38 textbook

38. MOVEMENT CLASSIFICATION
• Internal (medial) rotation:
• Rotation of a segment about its long axis such that the anterior side
of the segment moves toward the median
• Hip is moving
• External (lateral) rotation:
• Rotation of a segment about its long axis such that the anterior side
of the segment moves away from the median
• Hip is moving
• Pg 38 textbook
• This motion takes place through the hip joint

39. LOWER EXTREMITY DEFORMITIES
• Refer to textbook pages 39-44.