1. The Child with Special Needs Part 1

2. Dominick M. Maino, O.D., M.Ed., F.A.A.O ., F.C.O.V.D-A. Professor, Pediatrics/Binocular Vision Service Illinois College of Optometry Illinois Eye Institute 3241 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago, Il. 60616 312-949-7280 (Voice) 312-949-7358 (fax) [email_address] MainosMemos.blogspot.com www.ico.edu nw.optometry.net

5. Learning Disabilities Reading/Dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia

6. Learning Disabilities Reading/Dyslexia Reading disabilities common Dyslexia rare

7. Learning Disabilities Reading/Dyslexia Language Based Vision Based Combination of Language/Vision

8. Learning Disabilities Dyscalculia (Math Disability) 3 and 6% of the population Neurological Dyscalculia Deficits in working & short term memory Congenital/hereditary (Gerstmann syndrome: Dyscalculia + Dysgraphia)

9. Learning Disabilities Dysgraphia Working memory (orthographic coding) Motor planning Attentional issues

10. Learning Disabilities ADHD/ADD Etiology Brain Functioning Heredity Exposure to Toxic Substances Brain Trauma, Tumors, Strokes or Disease Functional Vision Problems

11. Learning Disabilities ADHD/ADD Not Caused By: Diet Hormones Vestibular dysfunction Poor parenting Television

12. Learning Disabilities ADHD/ADD Treatment Medication Psychotherapy Education or Training A combination of treatments Oculomotor therapy/Vision Therapy

30. Down Syndrome Children with Down syndrome have been included in regular academic classrooms in schools across the country. In some instances they are integrated into specific courses, while in other situations students are fully included in the regular classroom for all subjects. The degree of mainstreaming is based in the abilities of the individual; but the trend is for full inclusion in the social and educational life of the community. From: http://www.ndss.org/aboutds/aboutds.html#Down

62. Autism The incidence of autism has increased from 1 in 10,000 in the 1970s to 1 in 110 today, an increase of over 6,000 %. …

63. Autism Do Parents cause their children to be autistic ? There are autistic children born to parents who do not fit the autistic parent personality pattern. Parents who do fit the description of the supposedly pathogenic parent have normal, non-autistic children. Frequently siblings of autistic children are normal. Autistic children are behaviorally unusual "from the moment of birth." *** There is a consistent ratio of three or four boys to one girl. Virtually all cases of twins reported in the literature have been identical, with both twins afflicted. *** Autism can occur or be closely simulated in children with known organic brain damage. *** The symptomatology is highly unique and specific. There is an absence of gradations of infantile autism which would create "blends" from normal to severely afflicted.

64. Autism Etiology Yeast infections Intolerance to specific food substances ( Gluten intolerance (" Leaky Gut Syndrome "/ Casein intolerance causing intestinal permeability and allowing improperly digested peptides to enter the bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier which may mimic neurotransmitters and result in the scrambling of sensory input. I've also heard "Leaky Gut Syndrome" described as lack of the beneficial bacteria that aids digestion, and that the resulting matter in the bloodstream invokes an unnecessary immune reaction) Phenolsulphertransferase (PST) deficiency--theory that some with autism are low on sulphate or an enzyme that uses this, called phenol-sulphotransferase-P. This means that they will be unable to get rid of amines and phenolic compounds once they no longer have any use for them. These then stay in their body and may cause adverse effects, even in the brain.

65. Autism Etiology Brain injury, Constitutional vulnerability Developmental aphasia , Deficits in the reticular activating system, An unfortunate interplay between psychogenic and neurodevelopmental factors, Structural cerebellar changes, Genetic causes, Viral causes, Immunological ties, Vaccines, Seizures

66. Autism Etiology My Goodness! Maino DM, Viola, SG, Donati R. The Etiology of Autism. Optom Vis Dev 2009:(40)3:150-156.

67. Autism Etiology What the research shows…

68. Autism Impairment in social interactions Impairment in communication Restricted repertoire of activities

69. Autism Autism Asperger Syndrome Rett Syndrome Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

70. Autism Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

71. Autism US FDA Statement Childhood Disintegrative Disorder IOM Report: No Link Between Vaccines and Autism By Michelle Meadows There is no link between autism and the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR ) vaccine or the vaccine preservative thimerosal , according to a report released by the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) Immunization Safety Review Committee. http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2004/504_iom.html

72. Autism Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Thompson WW , Price C , Goodson B , Shay DK , Benson P , Hinrichsen VL , et al. Early thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological outcomes at 7 to 10 years. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 27;357(13):1281-92 Our study does not support a causal association between early exposure to mercury from thimerosal-containing vaccines and immune globulins and deficits in neuropsychological functioning at the age of 7 to 10 years.

73. Autism Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Andrew Wakefield (born 1956) is a British former surgeon and researcher best known for his discredited work regarding the MMR vaccine and its claimed connection with autism and inflammatory bowel disease. Wakefield was the lead author of a 1998 study, published in The Lancet , which reported bowel symptoms in twelve children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders, to which the authors suggested a possible link with the MMR vaccine. Though stating "We did not prove an association between measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and the syndrome described," the paper tabulated parental allegations, and adopted these allegations as fact for the purpose of calculating a temporal link between receipt of the vaccine and the first onset of what were described as "behavioural symptoms “ .