Investigates how people adapt their multitasking strategies to varying performance objectives. Augments our understanding of how cognitive constraints limit dual-task strategy adaptations in complex dynamic environments.
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
Focus on Driving: How Cognitive Constraints Shape the Adaptation of Strategy when Dialing while Driving
1. Focus on Driving: How Cognitive Constraints Shape
the Adaptation of Strategy when Dialing while Driving
Duncan Brumby, University College London
Dario Salvucci, Drexel University
Andrew Howes, University of Manchester
2. DIALING
!quot;#$%&#$'()*
average dial time 4.67 seconds
how to dial and drive?
3. QUESTIONS
• is it safer to dial quickly or slowly?
• how do people adapt their strategy to drive safely?
4. OVERVIEW
• framework for understanding multitasking
• well-controlled study that investigates the effect
of relative task priority on strategy adaptation
• use a model to ask what if ...
5. STRATEGIC CHOICE
• there are potentially many interleaving strategies
• choice of strategy affects performance and
impacts safety
6. SIMPLE MODEL
OF TASK SWITCHING
Task A
Switch Cost
Task B
Time (s)
• at any given time task A or task B can be “active”
• model the information flow between tasks
• switching between tasks carries a time cost
- i.e., shifting visual attention, recalling previous goal state
information, etc
9. STRATEGIC CHOICE
• there are potentially many interleaving strategies
• choice of strategy affects performance and
impacts safety
10. DECISION RULES
• planned: switch at subtasks boundaries (Salvucci, 2005)
• reactive: switch when the car veers
11. PREVIOUS WORK
• Horrey et al. (2004): behavior and performance
dependent on relative task priority
• resource allocation function: safer driving with
more time looking at the road than at a phone
12. STUDY
• how do people adapt their strategy for interleaving
dialing and driving to different objectives?
• objectives can be influenced by many things ...
- dial quickly, minimize perceived risks, conform to social
expectations, etc
13. DIALING TASK
!quot;#$%&#$'()*
dial as quickly as possible
very few errors (4/160)
average dial time 4.67 seconds
70 ms pause between chunks, t(7)=2.58, p=.04
14. stay close to lane center
drive for 10-seconds, controlling only steering
less stable at faster driving speed, t(7)=5.40, p<.01
22. COGNITIVE CONSTRAINTS LIMIT
STRATEGY ADAPTATION
• the only improvement in lane keeping came during
prolonged delays in between chunks
• even when extreme vehicle drift implies a more
reactive strategy could be safer
23. CONCLUSIONS
• interleaving intricately shaped by the structure of
the secondary task
• drivers steer at chunk boundaries
24. OUTSTANDING QUESTION
• data show what strategies were adopted
• cannot infer how alternative strategies would fair
• is there a more efficient strategy?
26. STEERING CONTROL
• model parameters estimated from steering data
• data segmented into steering episodes
• periods where the steering wheel was not adjusted
• focus on relationship between lateral deviation at
the start of an episode and vehicle heading
28. DRIFTING
• discrete steering updates alter vehicle heading
• in between steering updates the vehicle drifts
29. FOCUS-ON-DIALING: DATA
• drivers did not interleave while dialing
Drift rate at slow speed Drift rate at fast speed
30. FOCUS-ON-DIALING: MODEL
• no-interleaving strategy used to fit drift rate at
different driving speeds
Drift rate at slow speed Drift rate at fast speed
31. QUESTION
• with drift rate across conditions fit ...
• how do various interleaving strategies perform?
32. STRATEGIES TO EVALUATE
S2 S5
xxx -- xxxxxxx xxx -- xxx -- xx -- xx
S3 S6
xxxxxx -- xxxx xx -- xx -- xx -- xx -- xx
S4 S7
xxx -- xxx -- xxxx x -- x -- x -- x -- x -- x ...
43. CONCLUSIONS
• drivers’ adapt their strategy to changing objective
• task interleaving strategy shaped by structure of
secondary dialing task
• it is safer to take the time to interleave even for
short tasks