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ANALYSIS OF CRIME,[object Object],CJS 380 Crime Science:Principles, Strategies and Practice of,[object Object],Crime Prevention and Reduction©,[object Object],J.A. Gilmer,[object Object]
What is Crime Analysis,[object Object],“Crime analysis is the systematic study of crime and disorder problems as well as other police-related issues—including sociodemographic, spatial, and temporal factors—to assist the police in (1) criminal apprehension, (2) crime and disorder reduction, (3) crime prevention, and (4) evaluation.”,[object Object],Rachel Boba,[object Object],Boba, Rachel (2009)  Crime Analysis with Crime Mapping, 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, p. 3.,[object Object]
Components of Crime Analysis,[object Object],Qualitative data and methods,[object Object],Non-numerical data to discover underlying meanings and patterns (e.g., field research, content analysis),[object Object],Quantitative data and methods,[object Object],Statistical analysis of numerical or categorical data,[object Object],Sociodemographic information,[object Object],Personal characteristics of individuals or groups (gender, race/ethnicity, income, age, education, etc.),[object Object],Spatial information,[object Object],Crime locations relative to features of the environment,[object Object],Temporal information,[object Object],Long-term (annual, seasonal), short-term (monthly, weekly, daily) patterns,[object Object]
Development of Crime Analysis,[object Object],Vollmer’s vision – professionalize policing,[object Object],Police deployment,[object Object],Used pin maps for calls for service in police beats ,[object Object],MO (modus operandi) analysis,[object Object],Tool in offender identification and apprehension,[object Object],August Vollmer,[object Object],(1876-1955),[object Object],Chief of Police, Berkeley, CA, 1905-1932,[object Object]
Other Factors in Development of CA,[object Object],Crime analysis unit to systematically review all daily reports (O.W. Wilson – Vollmer’s protégé),[object Object],Response time effectiveness challenged,[object Object],(Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment),[object Object],Detective units highly unproductive,[object Object],(RAND, 1975.  The Criminal Investigation Process.),[object Object],Routinely identify habitual offenders,[object Object],(Integrated Criminal Apprehension Program),[object Object],Rise and development of computer-aided technology ,[object Object]
Professionalizing Crime Analysis,[object Object],1980 – IALEIA  ,[object Object],1989—SCCA (Society of Certified Crime Analysts),[object Object],Now part or IALEIA ,[object Object],1990—IACA,[object Object],Int’l Assoc of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts,[object Object],Law Enforcement Analytic Standards,[object Object],Int’l Assoc of Crime Analysts,[object Object],IACA Certification,[object Object]
Challenges of Crime Analysis,[object Object],Computerized data for police record-keeping is not always easily accessed for analytic purposes,[object Object],Usually limited to the specific jurisdiction,[object Object],‘Turf’ issues hinder sharing across jurisdictions,[object Object],Inter-jurisdictional sharing issues,[object Object],Software compatibility,[object Object],Differential reporting/recording of incidents,[object Object],Limited to information the PD already collects,[object Object],Non-routine data collection (surveys, interviews etc.) are difficult to obtain permission/resources to conduct,[object Object]
Types of Crime Analysis,[object Object],Administrative—Analytic reports for executives, legislators, public,[object Object],Investigative—part of a criminal investigation, e.g., offender or geographic profiling,[object Object],Tactical—daily summaries/compilations (incidents, arrests, FIRs, CFS, etc.) to determine a crime pattern or series,[object Object],Strategic—longer-term (months) analysis of crime problem area or pattern,[object Object]
‘Hot Spots’ and ‘Burning Times’,[object Object],Hot Spots,[object Object],Crime concentration/cluster,[object Object],Distinct geographic location,[object Object],address, corner, ‘place’,[object Object],Less than a ‘high crime area’,[object Object],Hot spot underlying causes,[object Object],Crime Generators:  numbers of people interacting in one place,[object Object],Crime Attractors: locations known for crime opportunity,[object Object],Crime Enablers: little or no regulation of behavior ,[object Object],Burning Times,[object Object],Repeated moments of high crime in a temporal cycle,[object Object],Not analyzed as often as hot spots,[object Object],Affected by ‘routine activities’ (daily, weekly),[object Object]
3 X 3 Hotspot Matrix – Concepts,[object Object],Temporal,[object Object],Spatial,[object Object],Diffused –various time of day or day of week,[object Object],Focused—occurring at various but regular times throughout period,[object Object],Acute—occurring at regular frequency in narrow window,[object Object],Dispersed—fairly evenly spread,[object Object],Clustered—most incidents occurring at a few places,[object Object],Hotpoint—single location that triggers most incidents,[object Object],Jerry Ratcliffe,[object Object],“…the aim of this work is to enable operational police officers to include spatial and temporal factors in their thinking. Although there may be some disagreement between officers as to the exact nature of a crime hotspot, chances are that the discussion will still generate positive thinking about the best operational tactic to employ to combat the particular hotspot problem.”   Ratcliffe, J.H. (2004) “The Hotspot Matrix: A Framework for,[object Object],the Spatio-Temporal Targeting of Crime Reduction”. Police Practice and Research5(1):5–23,[object Object]
Hotspot Matrix and Crime Reduction,[object Object],Jerry Ratcliffe.  The Hotspot Matrix as a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction. Paper from the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, 20th June 2003, held in Cincinnati, OH. Used by permission.,[object Object]
Hotspot Matrix and Crime Reduction,[object Object],Jerry Ratcliffe.  The Hotspot Matrix as a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction. Paper from the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, 20th June 2003, held in Cincinnati, OH. Used by permission.,[object Object]
Hotspot Matrix and Crime Reduction,[object Object],Jerry Ratcliffe.  The Hotspot Matrix as a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction. Paper from the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, 20th June 2003, held in Cincinnati, OH. Used by permission.,[object Object]
Hotspot Matrix and Crime Reduction,[object Object],Jerry Ratcliffe.  The Hotspot Matrix as a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction. Paper from the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, 20th June 2003, held in Cincinnati, OH. Used by permission.,[object Object]
Strategic Crime Analysis,[object Object],Use more ‘immediate’ data from tactical  crime analysis to identify/analyze problems to generate more innovative solutions (responses),[object Object],Community problems may include both criminal activity and quality of life issues,[object Object],Crime analysis – the most important element of the problem-solving process.,[object Object],“Crime analysis often focuses on generating reports on overall reported crime or searching for patterns to solve individual crimes. For problem-solving to be effective, analysis must be a more mainstream police activity than is traditionally the case. Although there is no one specific method or structure to best accomplish this, the analysis function must be central to the problem-solving process.”  ,[object Object],Bynum, T. S.  (2001).  Using Analysis for Problem Solving: A Guidebook for Law Enforcement.  Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.,[object Object]
Study Points,[object Object],What are the components of crime analysis?,[object Object],How can crime analysis be used to further the goals of policing?,[object Object],What are the different types of crime analysis and when is each appropriate?,[object Object],What is Ratcliffe’s Hotspot Matrix and how can/should it be used?,[object Object],How does strategic crime analysis fit with community policing?,[object Object]

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