Photography has evolved significantly since its origins in the early 19th century. Early forms included the camera obscura and experiments capturing images on light-sensitive surfaces. The first permanent photograph was taken by Nicephore Niepce in 1826 using a process called heliography. Louis Daguerre later refined the process, known as the daguerreotype. William Fox Talbot invented the calotype process, allowing prints from negatives. George Eastman developed roll film and simplified cameras like the Kodak and Brownie, making photography accessible to the masses. Throughout its history, photography has been used for art, social documentation, science and industry, and new digital technologies continue its advancement.

1. THE HISTORY OF
PHOTOGRAPHY
By Connor Whelan

2. Photographs are now common within the modern world with millions being shared daily through
social networking and used everyday to capture memories, to create art and are a vital piece of
modern medicine.
To mid-19th century observers photography seemed capable of capturing the world whole rather
than describing and interpreting it as drawing did they called it “The mirror with a memory” a
phrase coined by
Dr Oliver .W. Holmes

3. Giphante
 Giphante is a fictional story written by de la Roche.
 Within the book De La Roche writes about capturing images from nature on a canvas
which had been coated in a sticky substance.
 When left in the dark these images would become permanently etched onto the
canvas
 Little did this man know he was predicting the invention and early forms of a
fundamental piece of technology that is used in modern life.
 De La Roche died decades before the camera was invented
and never knew that this would hold any relevance in
mass society as it does today.

4. The Origin of Photography
 The first use of the word Photography
was by a man names John F.W.
Herschel and translates from the greek
origin φωτός (Photos), genitive of φῶς
(phōs), "light"and γραφή (graphé)
"representation by means of lines" or
"drawing",together meaning "drawing
with light".

5. Camera Obscura
 The camera obscura is a dark box/room which is lens-less and holds the ability to
project an image from whatever it is that is facing the pinhole on the side of the box
onto the opposing wall. The incorporation of a lense to the camera obscura in the
17th century allowed for a crisper and brighter image, resulting in the foundations for
modern day camera’s.
 It can be used to safely view both solar eclipses and the sun.
 Light from only one part of a scene will pass through
the hole and strike a specific part of the back wall.
The projection is made on paper from which
an artist can then copy.

6. Camera Obscura and Art
Photgraphy created an impetus for painters to forsake straight forward description in favour of
more interpretive abstract styles such as impressionism, cubism and abstract impressions
It is believed that many artists would use the camera obscura in secrecy to cut down on time
and effort taken and put into a painting, there is much supporting evidence towards this theory
and it is believed that artists such as Vermeer were partial to the method.

7. Chemical Photgraphy
 Chemical photography revolutionized the process and sealing it through the medium
of creating permanent images.
 The earliest recorder photograph was by a man named Nicephore Niepce
 It was taken in 1836 and took 8 hours to develop and be exposed, The image was
over exposed as can be seen by the amount of sunlight on both building within the
picture
 The method consisted of using a metal plate
within the camera of which the image
would be etched onto.
 He called the method
heliography (sun writing)

8. Daguerrotypes
Nicephore continued his exploration into this field with the help of a man named Lois
Daguerre, They experimented with Johann Heinrich Shultzs discovery in 1724 that a silver and
chalk mixture darkens when exposed to light. This led to more visibly pleasing photographs
with a sharper definition.
Nicephore died in 1833 but the work was carried on by Daguerre who polished the method to
a point that cut the exposure time down substantially and photgraphs only took half of an
hour to expose. These pictures became known as Daguerrotypes.
He did this by Braising a coating on to a copper plate with silver eventing in fine rich details.
This meant that Early photographers would also have to have a basic knowledge as a
chemist.
This soon took off as a massive trend and was referred to by a Paris news paper as
“Dagurotypomania” which consisted of post mortem portraits and calling cards for the
wealthy. It still remained an expensive process and the prints could not be reproduced

9. Calotype
A method invented by William Henry Fox Talbot The calotype negative provided the first
practical method of producing prints on paper from a camera exposure.
This provided a solution to the limitations of the daguerrotypes in that the prints could be
reproduced an unlimited number of times compared to the one of a kind prints that that the
daguerreotype permitted.
The earliest paper negative was taken in August 1835 by Fox Talbot at his home Lacock abbey
The print was poor in quality compared to the daguerreotype and was one 1” in size. By 18 44
he had made improvements to the method and published a photography book called “The
Pencil of Nature”

10. Fredrich Scott Archer
Interest in daguerreotypes dwindled in Europe after 1851, when English photographer Frederick
Scott Archer invented the collodion, or wetplate process. This was a negative-topositive process,
but because the negatives were made of smooth glass rather than paper, the collodion process
produced much sharper images.
Using the collodion method, French painter and photographer Adolphe Disdéri in 1854 invented the
carte-de-visite, a form of photographic calling card, which soon became the new rage
Photographers using the collodion, or wet-plate, process hauled their large cameras, tripods, and
portable darkrooms to the farthest reaches of Europe‟s imperial quest in the years between 1850
and 1870.

11. Civil War
The Civil War in the United States (1861-1865) was the first war to be thoroughly recorded by
photography Matthew Brady

12. Photography and Industrialisation
As industrialization came to define Western life in the 19th century, industry employed
photography to portray its successes and strengths. For example, in 1857 British photographer
Robert Howlett took pictures of the British steamship Great Eastern, the largest vessel of its
day.

13. Medical uses of photography
photography proved useful to medicine
and the social sciences Doctors wanted
beforeand-after pictures of wounded Civil
War soldiers to study the effects of
amputation and invasive surgery…
Psychologists studied photographs of
mental patients in an attempt to visually
discern their disorders. Photographers
recorded the features of criminals, not
only as a means of identification, but also
in an effort to identify physical
characteristics, which criminologists then
believed might correspond with criminal
behaviour.

14. Photography and the study of Human & Animal
movement
The development of faster cameras in the
1870s spurred scientists and others to
use photography in the study of human
and animal movement. In 1878 Muybridge
used a series of photographs of a
galloping horse to demonstrate to the
world that the animal lifts all four feet off
the ground at once.
French physiologist Etienne-Jules Marey
also followed Muybridge‟s example and
devised a special camera to record
sequential photographs on a single plate.
The resulting photographs showed an
echoing trail of images that recorded the
subject‟s movement in both time and
space. Marey used this method to
develop insights into the flight of birds,
human movement, and the workings of
the human eye.

15. Photography and Poverty
In the last quarter of the 19th century the
camera helped record the plight of the
dispossessed, displaced, and overlooked.
One of the earliest attempts to document
urban poverty was made by Scottish
photographer Thomas Annan, who aimed
his camera at the empty, unsanitary
alleyways of Glasgow in 1868 City officials
commissioned Annan’s documentation to
justify replacement of Glasgow’s unsavory
slums with new development.

16. Photography’s 50th birthday
photography celebrated its 50th
anniversary in 1889, the average person
was familiar with what photographs
looked like and probably kept some at
home, but few people took photographs
themselves. In addition, most
photographs existed as unique originals,
because copies were still difficult to
make. All this soon changed as a result of
two important introductions: the simple-to-
use Kodak camera and the halftone
printing process.

17. The Kodak
The use of photographic film was
pioneered by George Eastman, who
started manufacturing paper film in 1885
before switching to celluloid in 1889. His
first camera, which he called the "Kodak,"
was first offered for sale in 1888. It was a
very simple box camera with a fixed-focus
lens and single shutter speed, which along
with its relatively low price appealed to
the average consumer. The Kodak came
pre-loaded with enough film for 100
exposures and needed to be sent back to
the factory for processing and reloading
when the roll was finished.

18. The Brownie
In 1900, Eastman took massmarket
photography one step further with the
Brownie, a simple and very inexpensive
box camera that introduced the concept
of the snapshot. The Brownie was
extremely popular and various models
remained on sale until the 1960s.

19. The Snapshot
The snapshot expanded photography‟s
territory to include casual family scenes,
candid views of everyday life, and
instantaneous images that stopped
motion in midair.Frenchman Jacques
Henri Lartigue, began taking snapshots at
the age of six. In this snapshot, taken
when he was a child of his cousin appears
suspended over a flight of stairs,
miraculously posing for the camera in the
middle of her flying leap.

20. The Simplicification of Photography
35mm As early as 1905, Oscar Barnack
had the idea of reducing the format of
negatives and then enlarging the
photographs after they had been
exposed. As development manager at
Leica, he was able to put his theory into
practice. He took an instrument for taking
exposure samples for cinema film and
turned it into the world's first 35 mm
camera: the 'Ur-Leica'.

21. Photography to a mass audience
As the technology for reproducing
photographs improved in the first decade
of the 20th century, a new world of
images began to make the world seem
smaller and its manufactured goods more
desirable. Along with motion pictures,
which the Lumière brothers of France
introduced to the world in 1895,
photographs in reproduction led to new
concepts of celebrity, culture, advertising,
and entertainment, all of which depended
on the availability of a mass audience….

22. Fashion Photography
Fashion photography developed along
with the new picture magazines. Confined
at first to studio portraits of society
women in their finery, it turned to
professional models and professional
photographers to enliven images and
entice the reader.

23. Digital Photography
Digital Photography Digital camera
technology is directly related to and
evolved from the same technology that
recorded television images. In 1986,
Kodak scientists invented the world's first
megapixel sensor, capable of recording
1.4 million pixels that could produce a
5x7-inch digital photo-quality print.
resolution images could be stored in
internal memory
Today, the technology is massively
advanced, with high res cameras even
incorporated as commonplace in mobile
phones

24. Photography Today
“Today photography remains a vital and
inextricable part of contemporary art, as
well as retaining its commercial and more
everyday uses. The invention of various
digital means of making, altering, and
transmitting images has thus far failed to
curtail interest in traditional methods of
picture making. Nor has such technology
lessened the faith most people have in
the documentary truth of photographs.”
Cindy Sherman