The document provides context and a timeline of events surrounding the 2011 London riots. It began as a protest over the death of Mark Duggan, a 29-year-old black man shot by police, which escalated into widespread rioting, looting, and arson across London over subsequent days. The document examines various factors that potentially contributed to the riots, including poor police relations, social exclusion, unemployment, and gang culture. Press coverage of the riots is also analyzed in terms of how it portrayed and represented the identity of involved youths.

1. REPRESENTATION OF
YOUTHS Contemporary
Case Study
LONDON RIOTS

2. AIMS
 To introduce the context of the London Riots.
 To look at the timeline of events and analyse press reports.
 Sources:
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk -14436499
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_England_riots

3. DAVID GAUNTLETT
“Identities are not „given‟ but are
constructed and negotiated.”
 Consider this quote when looking at the collective identity of
youths through the case study of the London riots.
 How is the identity of youths constructed by the press?
 Is there any opportunity for this representation to be „negotiated‟
between producer and audience?

5. THURSDAY 4 TH AUGUST
 18:15 BST - Mark Duggan, 29, is shot dead by police at
Ferry Lane, Tottenham.
 The death occurs during an operation where specialist
firearm officers and officers from Operation Trident, the unit
which deals with gun crime in the African and Caribbean
communities, are attempting to carry out an arrest.
 Mr Duggan is a passenger in a minicab and is shot after an
apparent exchange of fire. A police officer's radio is later
found to have a bullet lodged in it.
 The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC)
announces it will investigate the incident and later says it
believes two shots were fired by police. It also confirms that
an illegal firearm was recovered from the scene.

6. MARK DUGGEN
 Mark Duggan, a 29-year-old black man, was shot on 4 th
August 2011 by police attempting to arrest him in
Tottenham, North East London, England. He was suspected
of planning a revenge attack following the fatal stabbing of
his cousin and had a gun with him. He died from a gunshot
wound to the chest. The reaction of some people to the
apparent circumstances of his death, a public demonstration
and an attack on police vehicles, were contributory factors
to a riot in Tottenham, which escalated into widespread
riots, looting and arson in London

7. „LONDON DISTURBANCES‟
 This is the first reports of the disturbances in Tottenham.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EggiswpsrY
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4D6BZHBtVo&feature=rel
ated

8. SATURDAY 6 TH AUGUST
 A series of disturbances by
people in Tottenham in Haringey
(8.8% unemployed) followed the
protest march on 6 August. The
rioting occurred shortly after
about 120 people marched from
the Broadwater Farm estate to
Tottenham Police Station via the
High Road.

9. SUNDAY 7 TH AUGUST
 19:45 BST - Around 100 hooded youths gather outside
Enfield Police Station .
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEy72NUvwCw
 22:30 BST - Reports on Twitter of a police presence at
Oxford Circus in London's West End. Police later say a mob
of around 50 people damaged property in the area.

10. MONDAY 8 TH AUGUST
 23:27 BST - Rioting is taking place in Ealing, west
London, where the windows of a Tesco supermarket have
been put out, a car is on fire and rubbish is strewn in public
areas. There is also a fire in Haven Green park, opposite
Ealing Broadway Tube.
 23:30 BST - About 40 vehicles were damaged in a night of
violence in Nottingham described by one senior officer as
"motivated" by the London riots. Most of the incidents
happened in the St Ann's area, but police foiled an attempt
to break into the Victoria Centre in the city centre. The
trouble lasted about three hours.

11. TUESDAY 9 TH AUGUST
 09:43 BST - London Fire Brigade says it faced its busiest
night in recent history. The brigade's 999 control centre
answered 2,169 calls between 18:00 BST on Monday and
07:19 BST on Tuesday. This is around 15 times the normal
rate of calls the brigade would expect on an average day.
 09:55 BST - The Football Association confirms that
England's friendly against Holland at Wembley tomorrow has
been called off because of the rioting in London.
 11:06 BST - David Cameron makes his first statement
outside Number 10 after cutting short his holiday to return to
London. He announces a massive increase in police
numbers and the recall of Parliament.

12. WEDNESDAY 10 TH AUGUST
 09:13 BST - A 21-year-old man is arrested on suspicion of
starting a fire at the House of Reeves furniture store in
Croydon - destroyed during Monday night's rioting in London.
 11:15 BST - Prime Minister David Cameron makes a statement
from Downing Street, paying tribute to police and the
emergency services. He warns that more people will be
arrested and charged. He said: “We will not allow a culture of
fear to exist on our streets”
 Mr Cameron also said there were contingency plans for water
cannon to be used at 24 hours' notice.
 13:43 BST - Ministry of Justice statement says there are
enough prison places for all those sentenced to custody. The
Met Police release a second tranches of images of people they
would like to speak to about the recent disorder. Greater
Manchester Police release a batch of CCTV images of
suspects wanted in connection with the rioting and looting.

13. THURSDAY 11 TH AUGUST
 11:30 BST - Prime Minister David Cameron makes a statement
to MPs in which he admits there are questions to be answered
over the shooting of Mark Duggan in Tottenham last week. He
calls the rioting "criminality, pure and simple“ and says the
courts will continue sitting for as long as necessary to deal
with the extra cases. He says police will be given powers to
force people to remove masks and scarves covering their faces
where there are reasonable grounds to believe they are
planning criminal activity. Mr Cameron also announces a £10m
recovery scheme to make areas safe and clean again.
 11:55 BST - Labour leader Ed Miliband calls for an inquiry to
look at the deeper causes of the "wanton vandalism and
looting". He says the riots have been a “stark reminder” of the
need for police on the streets and he calls on the government
to rethink cuts in police spending.

14. FRIDAY 12 TH AUGUST
 00:22 BST - The Metropolitan Police say 1,103 people have
now been arrested in connection with the riots and 654
people have been charged.
 Greater Manchester Police said they had so far made 147
arrests and more than 70 people had already gone through
the courts. Merseyside Police said they had made 77 arrests
and charged 45 people. West Midlands Police said 445
people had been arrested and Nottinghamshire Police said
they had arrested 109 people and charged 69.
 The night passes off peacefully - with officers still on the
streets in large numbers.

15. WHAT CAUSED THE LONDON RIOTS?
 Suggested Contributory Factors
 Poor relations with police
 Social exclusion
 Family Breakdown
 Government cuts
 Unemployment
 Gang Culture
 Criminal opportunism
 Moral decay at the top
 Failure of the penal system

16. POOR RELATIONS WITH THE POLICE/FAILURE
OF THE PENAL SYSTEM
 Professor Gus John from the University of London has
argued that the tactical use of frequent "Stop and
search", particularly of young black men, has caused
resentment of the police in the black community.
 Kenneth Clarke, writing in The Guardian, described the riots
in part as "an outburst of outrageous behaviour by the
criminal classes".
 He drew attention to the statistic that almost three -quarters
of the adults who had been charged with offences related to
the disorder already had a criminal record. Clarke
characterised this as the legacy of "a broken penal
system", one that did not have a good record for preventing
reoffending.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ift78O95Bw&feature=rela
ted

17. SOCIAL EXCLUSION
 Tony Blair writing in The Observer, stated that the riots were
not caused by a broken society, but due to a group of
young, alienated, disaffected youth who are outside the
social mainstream and who live in a culture at odds with any
canons of proper behaviour, he said that this is found in
virtually every developed nation.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6 -
XAK6kuoFI&feature=related

18. FAMILY BREAKDOWN
 Lack of male role models.
 "Like the overwhelming majority of youth offenders behind
bars, these gang members have one thing in common: no
father at home.“ Daily Telegraph
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeydfZQKbQI&feature=rel
ated

19. GOVERNMENT CUTS
 Scrapping of the Education Maintenance
Allowance, removing of funding for courses where the
student already has an equal or lower level qualification and
trebling of university tuition fees, combined with high youth
unemployment has placed the British youth 'between a rock
and a hard place' alienating and angering the youth
population.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNeYnWL3D9A&feature=r
elated

20. UNEMPLOYMENT
 Tottenham has the highest unemployment rate in London
and the eighth highest in the United Kingdom

21. GANG CULTURE
 In a Newsnight discussion on 12 th August, historian David
Starkey blamed black gangster culture, saying that it had
influenced youths of all races.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YH5HAg7RTKk
 Watch from 1.41 minutes

22. CRIMINAL OPPORTUNISM
 Some argue that motivation for rioters targeting the city
centre was not anger, but greed.

23. MORAL DECAY AT THE TOP
 Rich and powerful generating anger among the British
population.
 Daily Telegraph cited the MPs' expenses scandal, bankers'
bonuses, and the phone hacking scandal as setting poor
examples.

24.  http://www
.bbc.co.uk/
news/uk-
england-
mancheste
r-
17149799

25. TASK 1
 Collect and embed examples of news coverage of the
London riots from YouTube.
 For each news report discuss how youths are represented.
 Who do the reporters interview?
 What images are used in the broadcast? What does this suggest
about representation of the riots?
 Is the broadcast biased?
 Are youths given a fair voice?
 Collate a selection of stories and images from online
news reports from broadsheet and tabloid press and
post onto blog.
 Analyse the images and sensationalist/emotive language used.
 How does the article construct representation of youth identity?
 Is the broadcast biased?
 Are youths given a fair voice?

26. LONDON RIOTS CASE STUDY WRITE UP
1) Overview of Contemporary Case Study
1) What were the context of the riots?
2) What were the reasons given as to why youths were involved in the
riots?
3) Were youths given a fair and unbiased representation in the press
coverage of the riots?
2) Applying Theory
1) How can the coverage of the London riots be understood in relation
to the ideas of Stan Cohen?
2) David Gauntlett stated that “Identities are not „given‟ but are
constructed and negotiated.”
3) From the research which you have conducted into the coverage of
the London Riots, to what extent is the representation of the
collective identity of youths constructed by the press? Consider for
and against argument.