The Semantic Web for Librarians and Publishers, by Michael Keller, Stanford University

Seman&c
Web

for

Libraries
&
Publishers

Charleston
Conference

111103

Monday, November 21, 11

so, what’s the problem?

The
Problem
Set

2



Silos


More silos


Lots of different silos


Blue silos


Old Silos
We in the library and publishing trades force readers, some of them who are authors as
well, to search iteratively for information they want or need or thinks might exist, in
many different silos, using many different search engines, forms, and vocabularies. We
do not make it easy for them to discover what is locally available, what is more or less
easy to get, or everything that might be available.
No wonder the young and foolish depend upon and believe in Google’s searches.
Google is quick...and in terms of search terms of relevance, very, very dirty.


We give them better interfaces, ones that permit reﬁnement of results, to our holdings at
the title level, BUT...


Simulateneously, we show them many other tools, each excellent in some ways, to
continue their exploration of the literature. No single tool is comprehensive. We do not
refer our clients to the Web, at least not on our own web sites! // Our OPACs refer to our
holdings. While Indices and abstracts refer our readers to articles in journals to which
we may have licensed. SFX and similar provide readers with links to titles revealed to
which we have subscribed. Neither our opacs nor the secondary databases directly to
more than a tiny, percentage of the vast collection of pages that is the World Wide Web.
The Web, of course, refers in fragmentary fashion to information resources we might, I
emphasize, MIGHT have on hand for our readers.


And the results of using other, often very good, discovery tools differ in relevance
ranking, format, and options than the ones we provide for our OPAcs, thus adding
confusion.


some of us provide our readers with lots of databases to search. Too many really, for all
but a few are not forensic-level scholars.


Selecting a licensed data base is an art in itself!
Once again notice that we rarely offer a web search engine as an option, and for good
reasons. Nevertheless, the discoverable relevant information resources on the web
apparently are not part of our repertory.

!!!


We have not conspired to make the search for relevant information objects difﬁcult. We
just have not yet had the tools, the methods, the vision, and yes, the gumption to try
something new.

ATLAS at LHC -- 150*106 sensors

Ntl Cntr for
Biotech Info

NSF CyberInfrastructure
quake engineering simulation


Here’s a teensy slice of the information and communication environment in which our
faculty and students ﬁnd themselves. And it gets more complex every day. Alas the
larger the number of websites indexed by Bing or Google or whatever search engine du
jour, the more likely it is that the relevance of the returns will be less pointed and
precisely matched to what the searcher hoped to ﬁnd.


Too many silos.
Here’s the biggest of the lot...

One size fits all???
17


Does
one
size
ﬁt
all?

18


Not
quite.

Even
Google
has
silos
and
uses,
as
do
others,
clever
interfaces
to
hide
the
fact
of
the

silos.


Given all these silos and search engines, our users, our authors, and readers, and
teachers, and students, people on the street, our nations...need us to find a better way.
Facts about the information objects we have acquired or leased, facts about books,
articles, films, and so forth that we have published need to be found in the wild, on the
web. Ideally, we, librarians and publishers will get the facts about what we have and
what we are making public, for fun or profit, discoverable on the Web.

Discovery & Access

... the problems

Let’s dwell on the problems
briefly...

1. Too many stovepipe systems

2. Too little precision
with inadequate recall

3
3. Too far removed from W
Web
Wide
World



The landscape of discovery & access
services is a shambles




It can’t be mapped in any logical way




• not by us (the supposed information pros)
• not by the faculty & students who must navigate the chaos




• not by us (the supposed information pros)
• not by the faculty & students who must navigate the chaos

This state of affairs shouldn’t be a surprise



Some of the problem ... too many stovepipe systems



Some of the problem ... too many stovepipe systems
• dumbing-down effects of federation often hinder explicit searches
• each interface has its own search-refinement tricks
• numerous, overlapping discovery paths hamper full recall



Some of the problem ... too many systems
• dumbing down effects of federation often hinder explicit searches
• each interface has its own search-refinement tricks
• numerous, overlapping discovery paths hamper full recall

Most of the problem ...
limitations in the design & execution of infrastructure
that supports discovery & access


the 1st limiting factor ... ambiguity


Most of our metadata uses a string of bytes
to label a semantic entity [people, places, things, events, ...]


to label a semantic entity [person, place, thing, event, ...]
• discovery based on matching text labels
• not on the gist of semantic entities


For libraries, the fix is authorities
• authoritative forms of strings
(names, organization, titles, places, events, topics, etc.)


• authoritative forms of strings (names, organization, titles,
places, events, topics, etc.) work to improve precision and recall

hold on
... what about cases where no one-to-one relationship exists
between a string-of-text label & the underlying semantic entity


• authoritative forms of strings (names, organization, titles,
places, events, topics, etc.) work to improve precision and recall

hold on
... what about cases where no one-to-one relationship exists
between a string-of-text label & the underlying semantic entity
Take for example the text string: jaguar
byte string: 4a 61 67 75 61 72


... a rose is a rose is a rose
company

Ltd.

cars

XK series, in pro-
duction since 1996

E-Type (UK) or
XK-E (US) mftg
1961 to 1974

etc.

hardware & software

Atari video
game console

Macintosh
OS X 10.2

John Giannandrea, CTO, Metaweb

Imagine this keyword search and realize the ambiguity of the term “jaquar”

inspired by John Giannandrea, CTO, Metaweb ... from his presentation at PARC in
April, 2008

company music

Ltd. heavy metal band formed
in Bristol, England. Dec 1979

cars
Fender electric guitar,
XK series, in pro- introduced in 1962
duction since 1996

Philadelphia-based
singer/songwriter
E-Type (UK) or Jaguar Wright
XK-E (US) mftg
1961 to 1974

etc. military
type 140 Jaguar
class fast attack
craft [torpedo],
hardware & software Germany WWII

Atari video
game console Anglo-French ground
attack aircraft

Macintosh XF10F prototype swing-wing
OS X 10.2 fighter, early 1950s, Grumman


inspired by John Giannandrea, CTO, Metaweb
... from his presentation at PARC in April, 2008

company music


cars
Fender electric guitar, heros
duction since 1996
The Jaguar is a superhero
published by Archie Comics
Philadelphia-based
singer/songwriter
XK-E (US) mftg
1961 to 1974 DC Comics' Impact series,
... loosely based on Archie
Comics' character

etc. military
type 140 Jaguar
class fast attack pro footbal
craft [torpedo],

Jacksonville
Atari video
attack aircraft




Prrrrr
company music


cars
Fender electric guitar, heros
duction since 1996
The Jaguar is a superhero
published by Archie Comics
Philadelphia-based
singer/songwriter
XK-E (US) mftg
1961 to 1974 DC Comics' Impact series,
... loosely based on Archie
Comics' character

etc. military
type 140 Jaguar
class fast attack pro footbal
craft [torpedo],

Jacksonville
Atari video
attack aircraft




the 2nd limiting factor
... instance-based metadata


Most of our metadata uses focuses
on publication artifacts
• identify responsibility for its creation
• list topical headings



For simple cases ... few worries
• as with ambiguity, one-to-one relationships pose few problems
• things work for authors with a few books in several editions



For simple cases ... few worries
• as with ambiguity, one-to-one relationships pose few problems
• things work for authors with a few books in several editions

But, as complexity increases,
precision & recall suffer

Prolific authors ... search:
Shakespeare’s Hamlet
Wading thru search results for authors 811 entries
like Shakespeare shows clearly the
effects that instance-based metadata
has on precision & recall

A Socrates (Stanford Libraries OPAC) keyword search for the terms shakespeare and
hamlet

Unflagging patience marks the task of
flipping back & forth between hundreds
of brief and full records to sort thru
the varied instances of a single entity


Unflagging patience marks the task of
flipping back & forth between hundreds
of brief and full records to sort thru
the varied instances of a single entity, e.g.
• critical editions based on primary sources
• 18th & 19th century collections of the plays
• social, historical and literary essays
• histories & critiques of such writings
• video and audio recordings of performances
• reviews and indices of the same
• treatments of stagecraft, costumes, music
• life & works of notables associated with the
plays (e.g., performers, directors)
• other art forms inspired by the plays

3
Web
Wide
World


3
Web
Wide
World

Together, our metadata & collections
make up a big chunk of the “dark web”
[ info resources that search-engine spiders can’t see ]


3
Web
Wide
World


It’s clear that visibility on the web promotes
dramatic increases in discovery and access


3
Web
Wide
World


• Library of Congress & Smithsonian images (FLICKR)


3
Web
Wide
World


• SULAIR’s Highwire Press ( > 2x increase via Google)


3
Web
Wide
World


• SULAIR’s Highwire Press ( > 2x increase via Google)

The state of affairs is well known ...


Our
Working
Environment

54


academy

publisher

pr
od
ce u

library
pr

Scholars
ov

&
students
e id


Here is a schematic to suggest how our ecosystem works. It is more complex, of
course, but the basics are embodied here.

Once
upon
a
&me…the
Internet
internet

And here is the way the e-discovery and e-communication environment is developing.
First there was the Internet. Prophets such as Vannevar Bush, Ted Nelson, and Doug
Englebart showed us the way.

Then…the
World
Wide
Web

web
of
pages

internet

Thanks to another profit, Tim Berners-Lee, the Internet, a network of communicating
computers, became a web of pages of information. Scholarly journal publishers and some
librarians realized early on that there were functional advantages to scholarship and to
publishing in the web of pages. Yahoo, Google, and others realized that mining the web o
pages by words on those pages, could make the rapidly growing web of pages reveal mor
through indexing and cataloging the web. Indexing won out as we now know over catalog

The next thing is the subject of this talk. It is the web of data. It is the web of relationships
constructed and expressed so that both computers and humans can identify and understa
relationships in that web. The web of data lives with the web of pages and is carried on th
Internet, the global carrier.

web
Under
construc&on
of
data
web
of
pages

internet

This web of data is the next big thing in discovering relevant information objects and the n
big thing in empowering individuals, communities, and industries in making better use of
information that they or others create. What distinguishes this web of data, this linked dat
environment, is the principal of identifying entities, virtual & real by statements of relations
and descriptions in machine readable form. More about this as we go along.

web
Under
construc&on
of
data
web
of
pages

internet

aka Linked Data

We
are
calling
this
next
phase
the
Linked
Data
phase,
because
it
is
enGrely
dependent
upon

statements
of
relaGonships
and
descripGons
in
machine
readable
form,
but
this
phase
may
be
onl
a
pre-‐cursor
to
another,
more
complex
and
more
diﬃcult
web
world
to
engineer.
The
next
phase
i
the
SemanGc
Web,
which
in
theory
allows
the
machine
readable
relaGonships
and
descripGons
to
interoperate
to
saGsfy
a
person’s
requirements,
albeit
without

constant
interacGon.

In
short,
in
th
SemanGc
Web,
the
machines
will
understand
meaning
and
presumably
act
on
it.

Scarey,
eh?

ConstrucGon
Tools

60


How
to
we
work
to
alleviate
our
problems
as
informaGon
professionals,
librarians
and

publishers?

Recipe
for
crea+ng
the
web
of
data
• identify people, places, things, events,
and other entities embedded in the
knowledge resources that a research
university consumes and produces


Recipe
for
crea+ng
the
web
of
data

• tie those facts together with
named connections


Recipe
for
crea+ng
the
web
of
data

named connections
• publish the relationships as
crawl-able links on the web


Recipe
for
crea+ng
the
web
of
data

named connections
• publish the relationships as
crawl-able links on the web
 Build/use apps supporting discovery
via the web of data


65


Here
is
a
pile
of
words
represenGng
all
the
words
on
the
web
that
most
search
engines
index

constantly.

Good
search
engines
today
can
do
a
lot
with
this
pile.

BUT,
the
search
engines

create
the
percepGon
of
relaGonships,
not
based
on
meaning,
but
on
other
factors,
such
as

number
of
links
to
a
site
containing
the
words
of
interest
OR
the
traﬃc
to
a
site.

From
this
pile
of
words,
structure! 66


The
Linked
Data
approach
aSempts
to
structure
the
pile
in
anGcipaGon
of
the
need
for

discovery.

That
structure
is
based
on
meaning,
on
relaGonships.

I
will
make
this
clearer
in
the

next
slides.

67


Here’s
a
graph
of
a
very
few
relaGonships
to
Yo
Yo
Ma,
the
great
‘cellist.

Linked
Data
Web 68


Here’s
a
graph
of
relaGonships
to
Haggis,
just
a
fun
one
I
could
not
resist
throwing
in.

Meaning

is
provided
by
understanding
relaGonships.

RDF$triples$&$URIs$
•  RDF$triples$=$subject$–$object$–$predicate$
–  A$way$to$describe$objects$or$even$ideas$on$the$web$
–  An$object$or$idea$might$have$many$RDF$triples$describing$it$
–  Objects$or$ideas$need$not$exist$on$the$web!$
•  URIs$=$Uniform$Resource$IdenDﬁers$
–  Allows$machine$interacDon$among$Web$objects$
–  Various$syntacDcal$schemes$&$protocols$used$to$construct$
URIs$
–  At$least$3$needed$to$support$an$RDF$(subject$–$objectJ$
predicate)$

69


Geek
ingredients
to
the
construcGon
of
the
Linked
DAta
Web.
RDF
means
Resource
DescripGon

Framework,
always
expressed
as
a
simple
sentence,
though
mulGple
such
statements
might

aSach
to
a
single
enGty.

In
fact,
we
need
mulGple
RDFs
in
this
scheme.

70


A
graph
of
RDF
statements
and
URIs

The Linked Data Principles
1. Use Resource Description Frameworks as
names of things (people, places, times, objects,
ideas...anything really)
2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up
those names
3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful
RDF information
4. Include RDF statements that link to other
URIs so that they can discover related things

71


The
really
great
aspect
of
RDFs
is
that
they
can
refer
to
ideas,
not
just
to
physical
or
virtual

enGGes.

Any
kind
of
idea
could
be
treated.

Library'Metadata'
•  Library'metadata'standards'closed'
•  '
“Passive”'metadata,'searchable,'but…'
•  In'Silos ''
•  Readable,'but'not'ac=onable'
•  Search'results'reﬁnable,'but'ﬁnal'

72


These
are
some
of
the
edges
of
the
problem
of
library
metadata.

Library'Metadata' Seman/c'Web'Metadata'
Library'Metadata' Seman/c'Web'Metadata'
•  Library'metadata'standards' •  Open'
•  Library'metadata'standards' •  Open'
closed'
closed'
•  “Passive”'metadata,' •  Dynamic,'Contextualized'
•  “Passive”'metadata,' •  Dynamic,'Contextualized'
searchable,'but…'
searchable,'but…'
•  In'Silos '' •  In'the'wild'
•  In'Silos '' •  In'the'wild'
•  Readable,'but'not' •  Interac<ve,'Responsive'
•  Readable,'but'not' •  Interac<ve,'Responsive'
ac<onable'
ac<onable'
•  Search'results'refinable,'but'
•  Search'results'refinable,'but' •  Leading'to'other'queries'&'
final' •  Leading'to'other'queries'&'
final' views'
views'

73


And
here
is
the
comparison
between
the
library
metadata
scene
now
and
the
one
we
advocate

for
the
Linked
Data/SemanGc
Web.

Library
metadata
in
the
Linked
Data
Web
should
be
freely

available,
constantly
updated,
o[en
reconciled
with
RDF
triple
statements
from
non-‐library

sources.

Library
Linked
Data
should
be
enGrely
open
on
the
web.

Make
Library

bibliographic
facts
in
to
RDFs
&
URIs;
Release
them
into
the
wild.
Make
Library
Linked
Data
OPEN.

74


I
should
add
that
accounGng
for
physical
objects
in
our
collecGons,
locaGng
them,
making
our

collecGons
auditable,
and
managing
our
collecGons
seems
to
be
possible
using
Linked
Data
too,

at
least
in
principal.

What
about
Publishers?

75


Publishers*&*Socie/es**
making*use*of*Linked*Data*
•  Aggregate*content*in*their*own*realms*&*beyond*
•  Aggregate*informa/on*about*
–  Conferences*
–  Career*building*&*employment*opportuni/es*
–  Communi/es*in*collabora/on*
–  Commercial*&*other*services*suppor/ng*research*with*
specimens,*source*material,*processing,*trials*
–  Produc/ve*rela/onships*with*others*
•  Provide*ac/onable,*constantly*updated*links*in*
support*of*scholars,*teachers,*and*learners*
•  Provide*compelling*services*tying*users*to*them*
76


Libraries
too
can
use
Linked
Data
to
reveal
and
adverGse
compelling
services
oﬀered
to
their

clients.

Seman4c
Web
adopters 77


Here
are
some
of
the
big
players
in
the
Linked
Data
/
SemanGc
Web
world.

The
BriGsh
Library

has
released
RDFs/URIs
for
the
enGre
BriGsh
NaGonal
Bibliography.

The
Library
of
Congress
has

released
the
same
for
LCSH
&
Name
Authority
Files.

LCSH
includes
links
to
AGROVOC,
RAMEAU,

DNB,
GLIN
Subject
Thesaurus,
and
the
NaGonal
Agriculture
Library's
Subject
Index.

Every

Personal
and
Corporate
entry
in
LC/NAF
links
to
VIAF,
the
Virtual
InternaGonal
Authority
File

based
at
OCLC.

The
N
Y
Times
18
months
ago
made
all
500,000
(and
growing)
of
its
index

terms
available
in
the
wild
as
RDFs
and
URIs.

78


For
publishers
and
libraries...though
we
should
not
neglect
services.

...if
users
can
ﬁnd
it
in
their
own
context
79


Context

Users Content

Users
=
readers,
authors,
teachers,
students 80


Context

Users Content

Publishers
must
make
content
VISIBLE 81


I
am
using
the
imperaGve
here,
because
invisible
published
content
means
invisible
beneﬁt
to

the
author
and/or
the
publisher.

82


Here
is
a
recent
PLoS
arGcle
from
PLoS
Neglected
Tropical
Diseases.

83


And
here
is
the
semanGcally
enhanced
version
of
this
arGcle,
enhancements
provided
by
David

ShoSen
et
al.
in
the
form
of
links
to
further
informaGon,
interacGve
ﬁgures,
re-‐orderable

reference
list,
citaGons
in
context
and
tag
trees.
These
enhancements
took
10
man
weeks
in

2009!

However,
with
the
growing
ecology
of
linked
data,
much
of
this
could
be
accomplished

by
auto-‐tagging
and
algorithmic
construcGon
of
the
basic
RDFs
&
URIs
for
the
unique
arGcle.

Microdata
submiSed
by
some
publishers
and
their
supporGng
services
to
schema.org
lead
to

these
exciGng
possibiliGes.

aggrega+on
84


AggregaGon
counts,
but
think
how
much
more
we
would
get
if
we
could
aggregate
from

libraries,
publishers,
and
the
wild
and
weird
variety
of
sources
on
the
web?

Disambigua4on

86


RDFs
and
URIs
can
operate
in
many
languages
and
relaGonships
can
be
expressed
across

languages,
a
potenGal
big
beneﬁt
to
research
and
collaboraGon
in
research.

Web
of
Data
Progress

87


2007
88


FOAF
=
Friend
of
a
Friend.

Hundreds
of
millions
of
RDFs/URIs.

Fortunately
they
do
not
take

much
space
in
memory!

89


This
is
the
2011
graph
of
enGGes
supplying
RDFs
and
URIs.

Now
the
populaGon
is
in
the

hundreds
of
billions,
heading
to
trillions.

2011
90
hSp://inkdroid.org/lod-‐graph/

Encouragement
Examples

91


Linked'Open'Data'Value'Proposi4on'
•  Linked'open'data'(LOD)'puts'informa4on'where'people'are'looking'for'it'–'on'
the'Web;''
•  LOD'can'expands'discoverability'of'our'content;''
•  LOD'opens'opportuni4es'for'crea4ve'innova4on'in'digital'scholarship'and'
par4cipa4on;''
•  LOD'allows'for'open'con4nuous'improvement'of'data;''
•  LOD'creates'a'store'of'machineDac4onable'data'on'which'improved'services'can'
be'built;''
•  Library'linked'open'data'might'facilitate'the'break'down'the'tyranny'of'domain'
silos;''
•  LOD'can'provide'direct'access'to'data'in'ways'that'are'not'currently'possible;''
•  LOD'provides'unan4cipated'beneﬁts'that'will'emerge'later'as'the'stores'of'LOD'
expand'exponen4ally.''
'
A"product"of"the"Stanford/CLIR"Linked"Data"Workshop"June"2011."

92


25
ParGcipants
from
the
BriGsh
Library,
the
Bibliothèque
naGonale
de
France,
the
Deutsch

NaGonalbibliothek,
the
Royal
Library
of
Denmark,
Aalto
University
in
Finland,
the
Library
of

Congress,
the
Bibliotheca
Alexandrina,
the
NaGonal
InsGtute
of
InformaGcs
of
Japan,
Google,

Seme4,
Emory,
University
of
Virginia,
University
of
Michigan,
California
Digital
Library,

Knowledge
MoGfs,
CLIR,
and
Stanford.

Google
using
Stanford
bib
facts
+
web
resources 93


This
is
a
movie
of
a
live
interacGon
with
Freebase
using
bibliographic
facts
from
Stanford,
and

linked
informaGon
resources
from
the
web.

It
shows
in
a
limited
way
the
potenGal
for
discovery

and
retrieval
in
the
Linked
Data
Web.

BnF
using
data
only
from
its
catalogs
&
Gallica
94


This
is
another
movie
of
the
Linked
Data
prototype
based
enGrely
on
bibliographic
facts
from

the
BnF
catalogs
and
digital
texts
in
Gallica.

There
are
no
other
web
resources
drawn
into
this

prototype...yet.

A"Bibliographic"Framework"for"the"
Digital"Age"(October"31,"2011)!
•  “The!new!bibliographic!framework!project!will!be!focused!on!
the!Web!environment,!Linked!Data!principles!and!
mechanisms,!and!the!Resource!Descrip?on!Framework!(RDF)!
as!a!basic!data!model.!!The!protocols!and!ideas!behind!
Linked!Data!are!natural!exchange!mechanisms!for!the!Web!
that!have!found!substan?al!resonance!even!beyond!the!
cultural!heritage!sector.!!Likewise,!it!is!expected!that!the!use!
of!RDF!and!other!W3C!(World!Wide!Web!Consor?um)!
developments!will!enable!the!integra?on!of!library!data!and!
other!cultural!heritage!data!on!the!Web!for!more!expansive!
user!access!to!informa?on.”!
Deanna%Marcum,%Associate%Librarian%of%Congress,%introducing%a%
transi7on%from%MARC.%

96


Value
Proposi-on
for
LAM’s
We
in
the
cultural
heritage
and
knowledge
management
institutions
are
discovering

better
ways
of
publishing,
sharing,
and
using
information
by
linking
data
and

helping
others
do
the
same.

Through
this
work,
we
have
come
to
value
and
to

promote
the
following
practices:
1.
Publishing
data
on
the
web
for
discovery
and
use,
rather
than
preserving
it
in

dark,
more
or
less
unreachable
archives
that
are
often
proprietary
and
pro?it

driven;

2.
Continuously
improving
data
and
Linked
Data,
rather
than
waiting
to
publish

“perfect”
data;
3.
Structuring
data
semantically,
rather
than
preparing
?lat,
unstructured
data;
4.
Collaborating,
rather
than
working
alone;
5.
Adopting
Web
standards,
rather
than
domain
speci?ic
ones;
6.
Using
open,
commonly
understood
licenses,
rather
than
closed
and/or
local

licenses.

from
the
Stanford/CLIR
Workshop
on
Linked
Data,
June
2011
97


In
each
couplet,
we
emphasize
the
second
half,
a[er
“rather
than”,
admitng
that
someGmes

the
ﬁrst
half
of
the
couplet
has
to
be
operaGve.

DARPA
Internet
98


This
is
where
we
started
2.5
decades
ago.

World
Wide
Web 99


Thanks
to
Tim
Berners-‐Lee
and
many
others,
we
advanced
in
this
environment
from
the
early

1990s
unGl
today.

SOCIAL
WEB

100


We
cannot
ignore
the
social
web
that
exists
in
the
current
WWW,
but
think
how
much
more,

some
of
it
scarey,
could
be
done
in
the
Linked
Data
Web
with
the
behaviors
of
the
Social
Web.

Linked
Data
Web 101


Just
that
funny
reminder
of
the
fundamental
nature
of
the
Linked
Data
Web:
expressing

machine
acGonable
relaGonships.

Seman+c
Web 102


And
in
the
next
web,
the
SemanGc
Web,
who
knows
what
may
be
possible.

Ubiquitous
compu+ng

103


To
the
progression
of
network
types,
we
need
to
add
a
couple
of
enormously
important

environmental
factors.

Ubiquitous
compuGng
is
a
very
important
one.

Having
lots
of

computers
on
the
net
makes
the
possibility
of
an
open
global
linked
data
web
very
strong.

Mobility

104


And
our
ability
to
communicate
by
voice
(how
about
that
Siri?)
and
by
bits/bytes
from

everywhere,
is,
perhaps,
just
another
aspect
of
ubiquitous
compuGng.

Ubiquitous
Compu4ng

Linked
Web
M
o
b
i
l
e

Web

Social
Web
Internet

105


The
black
box
in
the
upper
right
corner
is
the
SemanGc
Web,
a
level
of
sophisGcaGon
yet
to
be

achieved.

The
linked
data
web
is
at
hand,
though.
Will
Librarians
and
Publishers
join
the
development
of
the
Linked
Open
Data
web?

I
certainly

think
we
should.


NO MORE SILOS ARE NEEDED or wanted.

W3C Library Linked Data Incubator
Group
http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/lld/
A Bibliographic Framework
Initiative General Plan for the
Digital Age (October 31, 2011)
http://www.loc.gov/marc/
transition/news/
framework-103111.html

Linked
Data
Survey
&
Workshop
June
2011
hSp://www.clir.org/pubs/archives/linked-‐data-‐
survey/ 107


The Semantic Web for Librarians and Publishers, by Michael Keller, Stanford University

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