3. Measuring Development Gross National Product (GNP) Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year. Includes things produced inside and outside a country’s territory. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year. Gross National Income (GNI) Measure of the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country. ** Most common measurement used today.
28. Dependency Ratio by Country, 2005 A measure of the number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 65 that depends on each working-age adult.
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30. Three Tier Structure Core Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology * Generate more wealth in the world economy Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. * Serves as a buffer between core and periphery Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology * Generate less wealth in the world economy
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Notas do Editor
Top photo-boatmen in China on the Hwang He pull a barge in bare feet Bottom photo a Chinese textile plant In 2000 the GNP of Japan was $32,350 US $29,240 European Union $26,348 India $ 440 Nigeria $ 300 Indonesia $ 640
Underdeveloped had a negative connotation-thus was changed to the more politically correct developing nation-which incorrectly implies that all nations have the potential to develop.
Washing dishes on the banks of the Niger River Rwanda refugees in 1994
Many countries have per capita GNI of less than $1,000 per year –key to survival in these countries is the informal economy the illegal or uncounted economy. Garden plots in backyard, to black market and even illegal drug sales
Do Core-Periphery Activity?
North-South Gap-most countries in the Core are above 30 degrees latitude Viewed from a Polar Projection-more countries are clustered in an inner core, while less developed countries are relegated to a periphery or outer ring. 20% of the World’s population controls 85% of the wealth Poorest 20% lives in the Southern Hemisphere
World Bank -a Wash. DC based agency that promotes global economic development divided the world into 4 categories: High Income -US, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, South Korea, New Zealand, Israel and some oil rich nations like Kuwait & UAE. Upper Middle Income -Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Poland, Czech Rep., Slovakia, Hungary & Saudi Arabia Lower Middle Income- rest of S. America, Russia, most of Soviet Republics, Algeria, Morocco and South Africa. Low Income -India, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan and most of Africa
The World Bank projects that China will have the largest economy by the year 2020 ahead of the US & Japan. India and Indonesia will be next Then Germany, South Korea, France, Taiwan, Brazil, Italy, Russia, the United Kingdom and Mexico Thus-7 of the top 14 economies will be those that are currently considered less developed.
Italian troops guarding Boxers in China 1900 Cecil Rhodes astride Africa in an 1892 newspaper cartoon-he hoped to extend British influence from Cairo, Egypt of the Cape of Good Hope
Rubber plantation worker in Indonesia attaches a small cup to catch the latex. This plantation was established by the Dutch using an nonnative (American) commercial crop for a distant market using Chinese labor supervised by Dutch managers. Present day ownership, management, and labor has changed, but the nature and market orientation remains Nigerian Oil Boom-oil 95% of exports 80% revenue-1960s palm oil and cacao were major exports-today oil-rich Nigeria imports food & fuel annual income only $1,400 below Senegal which exports fish & nuts Fragile State of armed conflict-epidemic disease & failed governments-corruption, sabotage, murder-n 2003 70% of oil profits stolen or wasted.
Industrialization-Export Processing Zones are areas where favorable taxes, lack of regulations invite foreign firms Maquiladoras and Special Economic Zones of China are types of Export Processing Zones- Maquiladoras started in 1965, but really took off after the 1980s and especially after 1994 NAFTA agreement Today 2,000 plants employ about 600,000 workers or 20% of Mexico’s labor force.-produce electronics, electrical appliances, textiles, plastics and furniture Agriculture- is subsistence in most periphery countries for personal consumption or large scale agricultural conglomerates-producing export crops that locals can’t afford-poor internal distribution systems, outdated equipment, small plots of poor land
Sioux from South Dakota prepares for a powwow dance Tourism-Papua New Guinea-a small charter bus delivers tourists to a small thatched hut at the base of Mount Wilhelm to prepare for a climb.
Favelas of Rio with Ipanema Beach in Back ground with towering luxury hotels
Sugar being loaded in Cebu, Philippines Coffee Plantation
China, Cuba and North Korea remain socialist-but China is especially shifting to a market economy Western Europe, especially in Scandinavia-mixed economies with much socialism or state ownership of
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