7. Le lien entre l’eau et l’alimentation
2-5L 20-500L 500-3000L
par jour Par jour Par Kg
Un régime végétarien consomme 2000 L/jour
Un régime à base de viande nourrie au grain 5000 L/jour
12. La demande en eau pour l’alimentation
augmente avec le niveau de vie
Lundqvist, 2008
GDP US$/cap/yr
13. 30 à 40% de notre alimentation -
donc de l’eau agricole - est gaspillée
14. Il y a assez d’eau pour couvrir nos
besoins, mais nous la gérons mal !
Rendre les écosystèmes
plus productifs
Partager les bénéfices de
façon équitables
Faire évoluer les institutions
actrices de l’eau
17. Innover pour sortir de la pauvreté
Marchés locaux
Responsabilisation des
produteurs (50% de
femmes), meilleure
gestion des pâturages
remplaçant 15$US par
chèvre de fourrage
Elevage amélioré:
60$US / chèvre
150$US par an Sécheresses récurrentes
Mortalité 10%
variabilité climatique
croissante, faible
connection aux marchés
Maïs pluvial : 16$US par exploitation
Elevage: 30$US par an – mortalité 20%
19. Soif d’énergie mais faim de poisson…
Un bassin riche en eau
La pêche fournit 50-80% des
protéines animales pour
60 millions d’habitants et MRC, 2010
50% du revenu des ruraux
Pêche et sécurité
alimentaire menacées
par les discontinuités dues
aux grands barrages
hydroélectriques
20. Comment faire co-exister durablement
pêche et production d’énergie ?
Techniques et pratiques de
gestion de l’eau améliorant les
bénéfices des communautés
riveraines
Systèmes riz-poisson
Recréation de zones humides
dans les réservoirs
21. La montée des eaux : une opportunité
pour les pauvres du Delta du Ganges ?
22. Une des régions les
plus pauvres de la planète
Pauvreté, insécurité alimentaire,
vulnérabilité
Exploitations 0,2 à 0,6 ha
Revenu par famille 700$US/an
80% de la population sous le seuil de pauvreté
Excès d’eau en saison des pluies
Salinité et pénurie en saison sèche BBS / WorldBank / WFP (2009)
23. Un potentiel inexploité mais une
pression croissante de la salinité
Large potentiel
d’amélioration de la
sécurité alimentaire
et des revenus
Salinité : une
contrainte à
transformer en Soil salinity
opportunité None
Very slight
Slight
Strong
Very strong
24. Intensification durable des polders:
enjeux techniques et institutionnels
Daily water salinity Lower threshold limit of salinity - Shrimp
Upper threshold limit of salinity - Rice
Water salinity (ppt) Rice Shrimp
Plusieurs
mises en valeur
possibles :
diversification des
cultures, poisson
Date
et crevettes
Des changements politiques nécessaires à tous les niveaux :
maintenance des canaux, abandon de la monoculture de riz
25. Et chez nous,
de nouveaux styles de vie ?
Déjà adoptés pour le carbone et le réchauffement
climatique:
De la voiture au transports en
commun / vélo
Energies « renouvelables »
Isolation des bâtiments
Et vous, que faites-vous ?
26. De nouveaux styles de vie ?
Et pour l’eau ?
Effet quasi-immédiat (contrairement au carbone)
Economiser l’eau domestique (douche, WC, brossage des
dents…)
Changer nos habitudes alimentaires :
1 jour par semaine sans viande
= 50% d’eau domestique en plus !
Boycotter les agrocarburants de 1ère
génération (SP95-E10): 1 plein = 15600 litres !
Et vous, qu’êtes-vous prêt(e)s à faire ?
Poor communities, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa will be the most at risk, given the high degree of natural resource-based livelihoods, social and climatic vulnerability, food insecurity, future growth in water demand, and decline in food production as a result of droughts or floods. In 2012, Eighteen million people in the Sahel region face food shortages from a combination of climate change, low productivity, political conflict and soaring prices.
The Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) of the CGIAR has analyzed poverty-water relationships on 10 river basins including: the Andes and São Francisco in South America; the Limpopo, Niger, Nile and Volta basins in Africa; and the Ganges, Indus, Karkheh, Mekong, and Yellow in Asia. These basins – distinct and gargantuan geographic areas defined by water flows from high-ground to streams that feed major river systems – cover 13.5 million square kilometers and are home to some 1.5 billion people, and half of the world ’ s poorest .
Climate change and increased disaster risks being mostly felt through alterations in the hydrological cycle, impacting on water availability, communities access to water and sanitation, and ultimately affecting people ’ s health, nutrition and food security.
It costs about 21,000 litres of water to produce 1 kg of roasted coffee. For a standard cup of coffee we require 7 gram of roasted coffee, so that a cup of coffee costs 140 litres of water. Assuming that a standard cup of coffee is 125 ml, we thus need more than 1100 drops of water for producing one drop of coffee. Drinking tea instead of coffee would save a lot of water. For a standard cup of tea of 250 ml we require 30 litres of water.
The water footprint of pure chocolate is 2400 litres for a 100-gram bar (as a world average!). Composition of dark chocolate: 40% cocoa paste (water footprint 33260 litres/kg); 20% cocoa butter (water footprint 50730 litres/kg); 40% sugar (water footprint 1526 litres/kg). We then can calculate: 40% 33260 + 20% 50730 + 40% 1526 = 24060 litres/kg = 2400 liters for one 100gr chocolate bar. The water footprint of milk powder is 4600 litres/kg, so that milk chocolate will have a bit larger water footprint (about 2500 litres for one 100gr chocolate bar) than dark chocolate when total cocoa content remains the same. Most crucial for the water footprint of chocolate is the cocoa paste and cocoa butter content.
The major part of the water footprint of a hamburger refers to the water needed to make the feed for the cow.
Huge potential to continue to increase production in areas where levels are currently low, if proper access to water and markets is given to communities. This, in turn, could create the right incentives for 'sustainable intensification ’ . There is a need to go beyond concepts of 'transfers', such as Payment for Environmental Service schemes, to more nuanced agreements that promote collaboration and 'win-win' situations where benefits are shared between different groups. Benefits (and risks) need to be shared in order for all of the diverse actor groups that make up society to be able to develop. While globally there is enough water to sustain human development and environmental needs, water-related conflicts will continue if we do not manage our resources well. A radical reform of how water is managed and used is necessary. This includes reform of the institutions that govern water resources . For the most part, there is a complete fragmentation of how water is managed amongst different actors, and even countries, where the water needs of different sectors—agriculture, industry, environment, mining—are considered separately, rather than as interrelated and interdependent. Institutions must develop a holistic approach to address the issues of unequal development that lead to unequal sharing of resources and benefits.
Long-standing project in Zimbabwe. In Gwanda district, a diverse and active innovation platform has created a strong local market for goats , helping raise the value of one goat from US$10 to $60. The increased value serves as an incentive for farmers to invest in the survival of their goats, by growing their own stock feed, purchasing commercial stock feed and improving rangeland management. The innovation platform has engendered a virtuous cycle, in which farmers ’ self-esteem and confidence has improved and a more biodiverse and productive farming system has emerged. And the system is more resilient than before; the rainwater that falls on the improved production systems is now adding value to the system and water is also saved by the sharp reduction in goat mortality.