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Dr Agata Cieszewska
Department of Landscape Architecture
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Polish Association for Landscape Ecology IALE PL

Rural Landscape Services
from food security to better environment
within greenbelts of metropolitan areas
Green belts
structure
- system of open spaces
in urban fringe
/within metropolitan area/
- belt / wedges / areas

tool
- planning instrument
formed to limit
urban sprawl

Agata Agata Cieszewska, Warsaw University of LifeHow green is the Greenbelt?
Cieszewska, Joanna Adamcyk
Sciences

15-18.04.2013, UT, Austin, Texas
15-18.04.2013, UT, Austin,
Greenbelt research

UK

London
Manchester

The Netherlands

Ranstad

Denmark

Copenhagen

Sweden

Stockholm

Austria

Wien

Germany

Berlin
Frankfurt

France

Paris

Italy

Rome

Canada

Ottawa
Toronto
Vancouver

USA

Seattle
Portland
San Francisco
Austin – Barton Creek

Brazil

Sao Paulo

Japan

Tokyo

Korea South

Seoul

China

Beijing
Hong Kong

Thailand

over 40 green belts

Bangkok

Pakistan

Islamabad

Australia

Adelaide
Melbourne
Sydney

New Zealand

Dunedin

RPA

Durban
Greenbelt research
Great Britain

London
Manchester

The
Netherlands
Denmark

Ranstad
Green Heart
Copenhagen

Sweden

Stockholm

Austria

Vienna

Germany

Berlin
Frankfurt

France

10 green belts
and the like planning tools in Europe

Paris

Italy

Rome
Greenbelt’s like structures – European examples
London
Manchester
Paris

Green belts

system of open spaces
that surrounds the city

Copenhagen
Stockholm

Green wedges

system of green wedges
that split development areas

Randstad – Green
Heart of the
Netherland

Greenheart

system of open spaces which is
located inside the group
of cities (polycentric regions)

Berlin
Vienna

System of protected
open areas

Rome
Frankfurt

Green network

system of protected open
spaces within metropolitan
area
ecological network in
metropolitan area

similar aim and idea of application vs. different approaches
Fuctions of Green belts
Structural Functions (Carrier ES)

Feeding function

Separating cities from each other

(Provisioning ES)

To check the further growth of large built up area

Preserving farmland, Preserving forest

Preserve openness, Allows/controls some growth

Preserving resources mineral extraction

Yang, Jinxing, 2007 Ministry of Housing and Local Government 1955,
Bengston, Youn 2006, Amati Yokohari 2006

Howard, Yang, Jinxing 2007 Amati Yokohari 2006

Environmental function
(Regulation ES)
Preserving natural environments
Reduction of pollution, Flood prevention
Yang, Jinxing 2007, Kahn , Abbasi 2000, Yokohari et all 2000

Recreation
(Cultural ES)
Recreation activities
Amenity (leisure facilities)
Bengston, Youn 2006, Amati
Yokohari 2006

Other

Ecological (Habitat ES)

Local facilities (low-cost housing to promote
community facilities)

Landscape protection and

Unavoidable urban fringe development
Amati Yokohari 2006

Green corridor, green wedges
Amati Yokohari 2006, Mortberg and Wallnuts
2000, Turner 1995, Frey 2000
Green Belt Functions

- feeding

o feeding

o feeding

o feeding

o feeding

o structural

o structural

o structural

o structural

o recreational o recreational
o environmental

o recreational
o environmental

(natural hazard

(natural hazard

protection)

protection)
o ecological
Greenbelts land cover
London

Manchester

Berlin

Vienna

Paris

Rome

Copenhagen

Randstad –
Green Heart

Stockholm

Frankfurt
Greenbelts – Feeding Function
London

Berlin

Manchester

Vienna

Paris

Randstad –

Copenhagen

Rome

Stockholm

Frankfurt

Green Heart

Protected Forests
Greenbelts – Environmental Function

Groundwater resources
protection

Manchester
Greenbelts – Environmental Function
London

Manchester

Berlin

Vienna

Paris

Randstad –
Green Heart

Copenhagen

Rome

Stockholm

Frankfurt
Greenbelts Recreation Function
London

Manchester

Berlin

Vienna

Paris

Rome

Copenhagen

Randstad –
Green Heart

Stockholm

Frankfurt
Greenbelts Main Functions Comparison

Feeding Function

Recreation Function

Environmental Function

Habitat Function
Greenbelts Main Functions Comparison

Main Goals
Structural

London
Manchester
Paris

Green belts

Copenhagen
Stockholm

Green wedges

Feeding
Recreation
Ecological
Recreation
Feeding

Randstad – Green
Heart of the
Netherland

Greenheart

Berlin
Vienna

System of protected
open areas

Structural
Recreation
Recreation
Feeding
Structural

Rome
Frankfurt

Green network

Ecological
Recreation

Environmental function is invisible
Conclusions:
-

Idea of protection of open spaces within metropolitan areas reflect
different structures / tools

BUT
- Beside feeding function that secure food / timber production
There are many different functions:
- Environmental: erosion control, flood control,
local climate control, water resources
- Ecological : biodiversity and connectivity protection
- Cultural – recreation…

Invisible in greenbelt strategies

- Environmental function
Agata Cieszewska
contact
agata_cieszewska@sggw.pl

Thank you

Polish National Science Centre Award
Nr N 305 175240

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Rural Landscape Services 
from food security to better environment 
within greenbelts of metropolitan areas

  • 1. Dr Agata Cieszewska Department of Landscape Architecture Warsaw University of Life Sciences Polish Association for Landscape Ecology IALE PL Rural Landscape Services from food security to better environment within greenbelts of metropolitan areas
  • 2. Green belts structure - system of open spaces in urban fringe /within metropolitan area/ - belt / wedges / areas tool - planning instrument formed to limit urban sprawl Agata Agata Cieszewska, Warsaw University of LifeHow green is the Greenbelt? Cieszewska, Joanna Adamcyk Sciences 15-18.04.2013, UT, Austin, Texas 15-18.04.2013, UT, Austin,
  • 3. Greenbelt research UK London Manchester The Netherlands Ranstad Denmark Copenhagen Sweden Stockholm Austria Wien Germany Berlin Frankfurt France Paris Italy Rome Canada Ottawa Toronto Vancouver USA Seattle Portland San Francisco Austin – Barton Creek Brazil Sao Paulo Japan Tokyo Korea South Seoul China Beijing Hong Kong Thailand over 40 green belts Bangkok Pakistan Islamabad Australia Adelaide Melbourne Sydney New Zealand Dunedin RPA Durban
  • 4. Greenbelt research Great Britain London Manchester The Netherlands Denmark Ranstad Green Heart Copenhagen Sweden Stockholm Austria Vienna Germany Berlin Frankfurt France 10 green belts and the like planning tools in Europe Paris Italy Rome
  • 5. Greenbelt’s like structures – European examples London Manchester Paris Green belts system of open spaces that surrounds the city Copenhagen Stockholm Green wedges system of green wedges that split development areas Randstad – Green Heart of the Netherland Greenheart system of open spaces which is located inside the group of cities (polycentric regions) Berlin Vienna System of protected open areas Rome Frankfurt Green network system of protected open spaces within metropolitan area ecological network in metropolitan area similar aim and idea of application vs. different approaches
  • 6. Fuctions of Green belts Structural Functions (Carrier ES) Feeding function Separating cities from each other (Provisioning ES) To check the further growth of large built up area Preserving farmland, Preserving forest Preserve openness, Allows/controls some growth Preserving resources mineral extraction Yang, Jinxing, 2007 Ministry of Housing and Local Government 1955, Bengston, Youn 2006, Amati Yokohari 2006 Howard, Yang, Jinxing 2007 Amati Yokohari 2006 Environmental function (Regulation ES) Preserving natural environments Reduction of pollution, Flood prevention Yang, Jinxing 2007, Kahn , Abbasi 2000, Yokohari et all 2000 Recreation (Cultural ES) Recreation activities Amenity (leisure facilities) Bengston, Youn 2006, Amati Yokohari 2006 Other Ecological (Habitat ES) Local facilities (low-cost housing to promote community facilities) Landscape protection and Unavoidable urban fringe development Amati Yokohari 2006 Green corridor, green wedges Amati Yokohari 2006, Mortberg and Wallnuts 2000, Turner 1995, Frey 2000
  • 7. Green Belt Functions - feeding o feeding o feeding o feeding o feeding o structural o structural o structural o structural o recreational o recreational o environmental o recreational o environmental (natural hazard (natural hazard protection) protection) o ecological
  • 9. Greenbelts – Feeding Function London Berlin Manchester Vienna Paris Randstad – Copenhagen Rome Stockholm Frankfurt Green Heart Protected Forests
  • 10. Greenbelts – Environmental Function Groundwater resources protection Manchester
  • 11. Greenbelts – Environmental Function London Manchester Berlin Vienna Paris Randstad – Green Heart Copenhagen Rome Stockholm Frankfurt
  • 13. Greenbelts Main Functions Comparison Feeding Function Recreation Function Environmental Function Habitat Function
  • 14. Greenbelts Main Functions Comparison Main Goals Structural London Manchester Paris Green belts Copenhagen Stockholm Green wedges Feeding Recreation Ecological Recreation Feeding Randstad – Green Heart of the Netherland Greenheart Berlin Vienna System of protected open areas Structural Recreation Recreation Feeding Structural Rome Frankfurt Green network Ecological Recreation Environmental function is invisible
  • 15. Conclusions: - Idea of protection of open spaces within metropolitan areas reflect different structures / tools BUT - Beside feeding function that secure food / timber production There are many different functions: - Environmental: erosion control, flood control, local climate control, water resources - Ecological : biodiversity and connectivity protection - Cultural – recreation… Invisible in greenbelt strategies - Environmental function
  • 16. Agata Cieszewska contact agata_cieszewska@sggw.pl Thank you Polish National Science Centre Award Nr N 305 175240