Find out how Landscape management is highly relevant to both adaptation and mitigation, which synergies in that landscape management exist and what we should take from that.

1. Adaptation-mitigation synergies in
forest and agricultural landscapes
Bruno Locatelli (CIRAD-CIFOR), Giacomo Fedele (CIFOR)
With contributions by Florie Chazarin, Emilia Pramova (CIFOR), Charlotte Pavageau (CIFOR &
ETH Switzerland), Rico Kongsager (U Copenhagen Denmark), Monica di Gregorio (U Leeds, UK),
Virginie Fayolle, Alastair Baglee (Acclimatise, UK)
Side event on “Linking Adaptation and Mitigation to Address Multiple Risks: New
Research Findings and Field Examples”. Warsaw, Poland, 14 November 2013.

2. Synergies and trade-offs
between adaptation and
mitigation
 Growing interest in exploring how these two
strategies can be pursued simultaneously
• win–win options?
 However, concerns about:
• feasibility of implementing these strategies jointly
• possible drawbacks of a „forced marriage„
 How can landscape management
contribute to both adaptation and
mitigation?
(Dang et al. 2003; Klein et al. 2005; Kok and de Coninck
2007; Swart and Raes 2007; Tol 2005; Locatelli et al. 2011)

3. Landscape management highly relevant
to both adaptation and mitigation
Greenhouse gas concentrations
Climate change
Impacts
Responses
MITIGATION
ADAPTATION
Forests and agriculture in landscapes
Emissions / Removals
Landscape-based
mitigation
(e.g. REDD+)
Vulnerability
Adaptation for
landscapes
(e.g. fire management)
Products and services for people
livelihoods and protection
Landscape-based adaptation
(e.g. protecting watersheds for
downstream vulnerable
populations)

4. Synergies between adaptation and
mitigation in landscape management
1. What do we know?
2. What is being done at the local level?
3. What is being done at the global level?
Systematic literature review,
139 papers
1. Science
2. Local
projects
Analysis of local initiatives,
235 projects
3. Global
funding
Fund analysis,
22 interviews of major fund representatives

5. 1. What do we know?
Science
Systematic literature review,
139 papers

6. 1. Science
Mitigation
Examples of topics in the
reviewed papers
Adaptation
Agroforestry, silvopastoril
systems, soil management
Increased
carbon in
vegetation
or soils,
reduced
emissions
Impacts of
REDD+ projects
Impacts of forest
plantations
Role of mangroves and
coastal ecosystems
Agricultural
resilience
Products as safety nets,
livelihood diversification
Watershed protection,
water balance
and regulation
Coastal
protection
Synergies between ecosystem services (carbon vs. “adaptation services”).
But also trade-offs, e.g.:
more carbon in plantations
less water downstream
forest protected under REDD+
restricted access for livelihoods
vulnerability

7. 1. Science
<5 papers
6-14 papers
>15 papers

8. 2. What is being done at the local
level?
Local
projects
Analysis of local initiatives,
235 projects

9. 2.
Projects
The 235 adaptation and mitigation
project analyzed
Africa (n=111)
Latin America (n=72)
Asia (n=52)
60
60
60
40
40
40
20
20
20
0
0
0
Mitigation
Adaptation
Mixed
Agriculture
Mitigation
Adaptation
Forestry
Mitigation
Adaptation
Number of
projects
1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8
Latin America
Africa
Asia
9-10

10. 2.
Projects
Project consideration of the other goal
More mitigation projects consider adaptation
than the contrary
Mitigation projects (n=123):
Contribution to adaptation?
No
71
Explicit
15
Explicit
with
evidence
37
Adaptation projects (n=112):
Contribution to mitigation?
Explicit
with
evidence
1
Synergies
Possible synergies
Explicit
22
No
89

11. 2.
Projects
Example project
 Adaptation project in Colombia:
Agricultural adaptation
• resilient agricultural practices
• livelihood diversification
• ecosystem restoration with flood-resistant trees
for reducing flooding downstream
People’s adaptation
Ecosystem adaptation
People’s adaptation
“Reducing Risk and
Vulnerability in Region of La
Depresion Momposina,
Colombia”
Mitigation
• expected outcomes likely to result in increased
carbon storage in soils and trees (e.g. soil
restoration, agroforestry and reforestation).

12. 2.
Projects
Large potential for
synergies
 Potential contribution
• A projects  M
78%
- E.g., more carbon in forests, soils,…
• M projects  A
100%
- E.g., livelihood/income diversification,
institution strengthening, capacity building,...
 Larger potential for integrating A and M in:
mixed forest-agriculture
projects (landscape level)
mitigation projects certified
by CCB Gold Standards
adaptation projects under
the Adaptation Fund.

13. 3. What is being done at
the global level?
Global
funding
Fund analysis,
22 interviews of major fund representatives

14. 3.
Funding
Global funders perceive more the
benefits of integrating adaptation into
mitigation projects than the contrary
Clear benefits of integrating A
into M projects?
“it will be difficult, if not impossible, to
undertake REDD+ projects successfully
without incorporating adaptation”
(one fund manager)
Clear benefits of integrating M
into A projects?

15. 3.
Funding
Funders’ interest in synergies but
limited action so far
Fund plans to better harness AM synergies?
37%
Fund more likely to accept projects contributing to other goal?
32%
Fund provides guidance on synergies to project developers?
11%
Project template integrates adaptation and mitigation?
0%
The integration of adaptation
and mitigation will gain
importance in the future
Uncertain
Agree
Strongly agree

16. 3.
Funding
Perceived barriers to integrating
adaptation and mitigation
 Different rationales => Different priority locations and
sectors
 Mitigation where most cost-effective and highest emissions
 Adaptation where most vulnerable (equity, fairness)
 Different agendas and budgets
 Funding from different budgets or agencies, with either
adaptation and mitigation agendas
 Complexity and transaction costs
 Risk of wanting to 'do everything' and losing focus
 Lack of awareness and guidance
 E.g. adaptation metrics

17. Reasons for integrating adaptation
and mitigation
1. Science
46% of reviewed
papers mention 13
reasons (but more
opinions than
evidence)
2. Projects
Reasons
rarely
mentioned
3. Funding
Focus on benefits
at multiple levels
+ policy coherence

18. Reasons for integrating adaptation and mitigation
1.
Science
A

M
A
into
Holistic approach, fairness
Cost efficiency
Dialogue and capacity building
Permanence , lower risk
Local relevance, legitimacy
M
National priorities, policy coherence
M
Carbon funding, certification
into
A
Global benefits
2.
Projects
3.
Funding

19. Conclusions
1. Science
2. Projects
3. Funding
 Gaps in knowledge (e.g.
social aspects)
 Many projects can
harness synergies. But
no clear rationale for
doing so
 Limited action so far on
synergies. But interest
and potential to promote
synergies in the future
Stronger evidence
needed, particularly
at local level
Beyond analyzing
project documents:
Monitoring
implementation
Need to also
understand the role of
national policies

20. Thank you!
bruno.locatelli@cirad.fr
g.fedele@cgiar.org

21. Further reading
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Locatelli B., Imbach B., Wunder S., 2013. Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem
services in Costa Rica. Environmental Conservation
http://www.journals.cambridge.org/article_S0376892913000234
Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Forests and trees for social
adaptation to climate variability and change. WIREs Climate Change 3:581–596.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.195/pdf
Pramova E., Locatelli B., Brockhaus M., Fohlmeister S., 2012. Ecosystem services in the
National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Climate Policy 12(4): 393-409.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14693062.2011.647848
Guariguata M.R., Locatelli B., Haupt F., 2012. Adapting tropical production forests to
global climate change: risk perceptions and actions. International Forestry Review
14(1), 27-38. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AGuariguata1201.pdf
Locatelli B., Evans V., Wardell A., Andrade A., Vignola R., 2011. Forests and Climate Change
in Latin America: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation. Forests 2(1): 431-450.
http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/2/1/431/pdf
CIFOR 2013. Mitigation–Adaptation Synergies. CIFOR Brief
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/factsheet/4263-factsheet.pdf
Locatelli B., 2011. Synergies between adaptation and mitigation in a nutshell. COBAM
Brief, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 4p.
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/cobambrief/3619-cobambrief.pdf
Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2008.
Facing an uncertain future: How forests and people can adapt to climate change.
Forest Perspectives no. 5. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 97 p.
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0801.pdf

22. Pour en savoir plus

Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Le rôle des forêts et des arbres
dans l’adaptation sociale à la variabilité et au changement climatiques. Brief. Center
for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4023-infobrief.pdf

Locatelli B., 2011. Les synergies entre adaptation et atténuation en quelques mots.
COBAM Brief, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 4p.
http://goo.gl/lcvTZ

Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H.
2009. Face à un avenir incertain : comment les forêts et les populations peuvent
s'adapter au changement climatique
http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0901F.pdf

23. Para saber más

Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Bosques y árboles para la
adaptación social al cambio y la variabilidad del clima. Brief. Center for International
Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia.
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4024-infobrief.pdf

Locatelli, B., Evans, V., Wardell, A., Andrade, A., Vignola, R., 2011. Bosques y cambio
climático en América Latina: Vincular adaptación y mitigación, In: Gobernanza forestal
y REDD+: Desafíos para las políticas y mercados en América Latina. Petkova E., Larson A.,
Pacheco P. (eds.). CIFOR, Bogor, pp. 79-95.
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BPetkova1101.pdf

Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H.
2009. Ante un futuro incierto: Cómo se pueden adaptar los bosques y las
comunidades al cambio climático.
http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0901.pdf