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An LDU short course
                    presentation



Dissertations & Major Project
           Writing
                    Week 5 of 5:

   Referencing, bibliographies,
   plagiarism & the ‘final stages’
Robert Walsha, LDU City campus, Calcutta House, CM2-22
Dissertations & Major Project
                  Writing week 5
This week’s topics:
• Referencing & Bibliographies;
• Plagiarism – and how to avoid it;
• The final stages:
  – Writing & focusing your introduction &
    conclusion
  – Critical analysis of your own work, editing
    & proofreading, troubleshooting.
• Damage limitation
'bibliographies'
& 'referencing'
       'references'
       'references
      &     'citation'
Referencing & Bibliographies

• Everything in the next 17 slides should be
  a reminder of what you hopefully know
  well already ~
  – it’s all about good practice in bibliographies
    and referencing.
  – In this sense, your dissertation/project should
    be no different from what you have been
    trying to do with other written assignments so
    far.
Referencing & Bibliographies
• A Bibliography is a listing, placed at the very end
  of your work, of every source referenced in your
  assignment.
  – In Psychology, the Bibliography section is called
    ‘References’.
• Referencing is what you do within the written
  sections of your work to show evidence of where
  you are incorporating any thinking or other
  material that is not your own. In other words, you
  reference to show where you are utilising material
  derived from your various sources.
  – In Psychology, referencing is referred to as ‘citations’.
Referencing & Bibliographies

• Written Assignments require BOTH a
  Bibliography AND Referencing
  – not one or the other!!
Referencing & Bibliographies:
               Your bibliography ...
• ... should provide a full listing in one place of
  all the sources you have referred to in your
  assignment.
• … should list sources in alphabetical order, by
  author surname.
• … should not include page references - that is
  the job of referencing.

• What should I include in my bibliography?
  Basically, every source you have used in
  working on your assignment. Only include
  material you directly reference in your work.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
          Format of your Bibliography
• There are two basic bibliography formats,
  the ‘Cambridge’ (or‘British Standard’)
  and the ‘Harvard’ Systems.
• This is Harvard:
          Cambridge:
 Ball, Stuart (1988), Baldwin and the
       Stuart, Baldwin and the Conservative
 Party: The Crisis of The Crisis London: Yale
 Conservative Party: 1929-1931,of 1929-1931,
 University Press, 1988.
 London: Yale University Press.
 Carlton, David (1969), ‘The Anglo-French
           David, ‘The Anglo-French Compromise
 on Arms Limitation 1928’, Journal of British
 Compromise on Arms Limitation 1928’, Journal
 Studies, 1969, no.
 of British Studies, 8, pp. 141-62.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                  Bibliographies
•   You may benefit from breaking down your
    bibliography into sub-sections, such as
    ‘Primary sources’, and ‘Secondary sources’
    perhaps including sub-sub-sections such as:
    ‘books’, ‘journal articles’ and ‘web-based
    sources’.

•   What should not be included in a bibliography?
    There are some things which you should not
    include: for example, mentioning your lecture
    notes is unnecessary, as is any general
    reference materials such as dictionaries or
    thesauruses.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                   Bibliographies
•   Please note that, in some disciplines, two lists
    at the end of assignments is encouraged, both
    listing their respective sources in alphabetical
    order by surname:
      – ‘References’: sources visited and referred
          to in your written sections;
      – ‘Bibliography’: other sources that were
          useful to you, but which you do not
          reference in your work.
      Consult your supervisor over his/her
       preferences with regard to this.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                      Referencing
•   Referencing provides proof of exactly where
    you are taking ideas and facts from, at the
    point of use of those ideas/facts in your
    work.
•   The italicised section above is the justification
    for referencing: the reason why we must both
    provide both references and a bibliography.
•   There are different forms of referencing.
    Certain departments favour one approach over
    others, though with some departments you
    may have a choice.
    –   Stick with department-favoured models or consult
        your supervisor over your options.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                   Referencing
Referencing options(?)
•   (the ‘Harvard system’)
•   ‘British Standard’ a.k.a. ‘Cambridge’
    system, which may take two forms:
     – ‘footnoting’; or

     – ‘endnoting’.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
               Harvard Referencing
• The Harvard System makes its references in the
  main text itself, and appears within brackets.
  For example:
   ... The consequent publicity pushed the issue of
   race relations to a very high place on the political
   agenda (Seymour-Ure, 1974, pp. 99-136). The...

  Under this system you must include:
              (i)   author surname
              (ii) date of publication, and
              (iii) page references.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                 Harvard Referencing
ADVANTAGES:
• Efficient with space … cuts down a lot of repetition
  between references and bibliography (in Cambridge).
  For fuller information, cross-reference with the full
  information located in the bibliography (title and
  publication details are confined to the bibliography).

DISADVANTAGES:
• Long, difficult sentences are made longer by having
  to include additional bracketed reference information
  – and thus become even more confusing. For
  students who struggle with grammar and written
  communication, this can be a problem.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                     Cambridge Referencing
    •       The Cambridge System makes its references via a
            system of number references, corresponding to
            detailed references …
             •    … at the bottom of the page (footnoting’) or
             •    … at the end of each chapter, or by chapter at
                  the end of the written sections (endnoting).

... The consequent publicity pushed the issue of race
relations to a very high place on the political agenda.3
Another blah blah blah blah blah more text blah blah
blah blah blah more text blah blah blah blah etc. etc. ...
_________
3
 Colin Seymour-Ure, The Political Impact Of The Mass Media (London:
Constable, 1974), pp. 99-136.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
              Cambridge Referencing
• To create and manage your references, use
  Microsoft Word’s ‘Referencing’ function (called
  ‘Footnote’ in pre-Office 2003 versions of Word)
  to create your references:
   – when you reorder text, it will automatically re-
     sequence your references in the new correct
     order.

   1. Click at the point at where you want to insert
     a reference in your main text (e.g., the end of
     a sentence).
Referencing & Bibliographies:
               Cambridge Referencing


2. Click on
  ‘Insert’,
  then, on the
  drop-down
  menu,
  ‘Reference’,
  then click
  on
  ‘Footnote’.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                     Cambridge Referencing
3. Choose your options from
  the command box (left),
  then click on ‘Insert’.
  A footnote number is
  created, with a space to
  enter the desired reference
  text.
•   Note: whether using Cambridge or
    Harvard for your actual referencing,
    you can also use footnoting to
    include (small amounts of) useful
    supplementary information that
    would distract if in your main text.
    (Larger useful additional information
    should be placed in appendices).
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                               Cambridge Referencing:
                                      BOOKS
     • First reference to book sources:
        – Include full author name(s), full title (italics or underline), place of
          publication, publisher, date of publication, page reference(s)
13
     Stanley Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation
         of Mods and Rockers, Oxford: Blackwell, 1972, p. 137.


     • Second & subsequent references to the same source
       (short version):
        – author surname, short version of title (italics or underline), page
          reference(s).
16
     Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics, p. 137.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                                Cambridge Referencing:
                                 JOURNAL ARTICLES
 • First reference to journal sources: include:
      – full article author name(s), ‘full title of article’ (in quote-marks), in full
        title of journal publication (italics or underline), place of publication,
        publisher, volume, number, year of publication, page reference(s).
 Richard S. Grayson, ‘Mods, Rockers and Juvenile
14

Delinquency in 1964: The Government Response’, in
Contemporary British History, London: Frank Cass,
      vol. 12, no. 1, 1998, p. 33.

 • Second & subsequent references to the same article in
   the same source (short version):
       – author surname, ‘short version of title’ (in quote-marks), page refs.
17
     Grayson, ‘Mods, Rockers and Juvenile Delinquency’,
         p. 33.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                            Cambridge Referencing:
                         EDITED (ANTHOLOGY) TITLES
     • First reference to edited collections: include:
        – full article author name(s), ‘full title of article’ (in quote-marks), in
          full editor name(s) (ed.(s)), full title of publication (italics or
          underline), place of publication, publisher, date of publication,
          page reference(s)
15
     Gordon A. Craig, ‘Churchill and Germany’, in Robert Blake
         and Wm. Roger Lewis (eds.), Churchill, Oxford: Oxford
         University Press, 1993, p. 25.

     • Second & subsequent references to the same article
       in the same source (short version):
        – surname article author(s), ‘short version of title’ (in quote-marks),
          page reference(s).
18
     Craig, ‘Churchill and Germany’, p. 25.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                 If these same references were in Harvard …

  … they’d look like this (bracketed within the main text)!
  • Books:
(Cohen, 1972, p. 137)

  • Journals:
(Grayson, 1998, p. 33)

  • Articles in Edited titles:
(Craig, 1993, p. 25)

  (NB, with Harvard, the reader has to cross-reference with the
    Bibliography to find out the nature of the source, i.e., whether it
    is book, journal, other).
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                     referencing e-based sources
  • This example is for web-site referencing (Cambridge)
  1. Author            2. Full title of               3. The
   name, if             document in                title of the
   known             ‘ ’ quote marks.           complete work, if
                                                applicable (italics
                                                  or underline)
Richard Davis, ‘New Zealand Labour Government and the ALP, 1939-40’,
The Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History, 1996.
<http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/ articles/davis.htm> (5 Feb 2007).

       5. The
                                          4. Date
 full http address                                          6. The date of
                                    of publication (or
       (URL)                                                your access in
                                     last revision) if
 within < > angle                                            ( ) brackets
                                          known
      brackets
Referencing & Bibliographies:
              referencing e-based sources
  •   … and if it was Harvard …
In your references:
(Davis, 1996)

In your bibliography:
Davis, Richard (1996), ‘New Zealand Labour
Government and the ALP, 1939-40’, The Electronic
Journal of Australian and New Zealand History. <http://
www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/articles/davis.htm>
(5 Feb. 2007).
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                         Other sources
    •  Apply the logic of conventional referencing to other
    sources. For example, referencing a TV documentary
    might follow this format:
7
    ‘Taking On The Taliban: the Soldiers’ Story’, Panorama, BBC
     documentary, first broadcast 5 Nov. 2007.
    •   Newspapers:
8
     James Bloom, ‘Power from the final frontier’, Guardian
    ‘Technology’ section, 1 Nov. 2007, p.1.
    •    Surveys, polls, etc.:
9
    Gallup poll on ‘British Attitudes to Race Relations’ (following
    the publication of the MacPherson Report), Apr. 1999.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                  Referencing primary sources
     • Interviews:
       – Referencing (Cambridge):
13
         Interview with Gordon Brown, MP (5 Nov. 2007).
17
         Interview with Matt Phillips, Communications Manager,
         British Phonographic Industry (16 Apr. 2006).
       – Referencing (Harvard): use footnotes as above, or in main text:
(Interview with Gordon Brown, MP, 5 Nov. 2007)
(Interview with Matt Phillips, 16 Apr. 2006).
       – In the bibliography:
Interview with Gordon Brown, MP (5 Nov. 2007).
Interview with Matt Phillips, Communications Manager, British
Phonographic Industry (16 Apr. 2006).
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                  Referencing primary sources
     • Private papers:
       – Referencing (Cambridge):
13
        L.S. Amery, 14 Jul. 1918, in Barnes, John & Nicolson, David (eds.), T
        he Leo Amery Diaries: vol.1, London: Hutchinson, 1980, p.226.
17
        Austen Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 20 Jan. 1924, AC5/1/303,
        Birmingham University Library.
      – Referencing (Harvard ): use footnotes as above, or in main text:
(Amery diary, 14 Jul. 1918, 226)
(A. Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 20 Jan. 1924, AC5/1/303)
        – In the bibliography:
[name of collection]           [location of source]
 L.S. Amery                    Barnes, John & Nicolson, David (eds.), The
                               Leo Amery Diaries: vol.1, London: Hutchinson,
                               1980.
Austen Chamberlain MSS         Birmingham University Library.
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                  Referencing primary sources
     • Public papers (government, business, etc.):
       – Referencing (Cambridge):
13
        Cabinet decision to go to war, CAB 23/100 folders 474-83; see also:
        FO 800/317 folder 84.

17
       ATOC minutes of Extraordinary General Meeting, 2 Mar. 2005.
     – Referencing (Harvard ): use footnotes as above, or in main text:
(CAB 23/100 folders 474-83); FO 800/317 folder 84)
(ATOC EGM minutes, 2 Mar. 2005)
      – In the bibliography:
[name of collection]                    [location of source]
Cabinet Papers (CAB) (23 series)        Public Record Office, Kew
Foreign Office (FO) (800 series)        Public Record Office, Kew
Papers of the Association of Train      ATOC Headquarters, London
  Operating Companies (ATOC)
Referencing & Bibliographies:
                   Referencing primary sources
     • Other:
       – Referencing (Cambridge):
13
        Observations of staff interaction by author during work experience in
        Waitrose Product Buying department, London, 27 Jul.-17 Aug. 2007.
       – Referencing (Harvard ): use footnotes as above, or write in main
         text:
… certainly no evidence of outward intimidation or bullying, during the period in
which the current author was undertaking her work experience (27 Jul.-17 Aug.
2007).

       – In the bibliography:
Observational studies:
The present author’s work experience at Waitrose Product Buying Department,
London (where it was agreed with line managers that log records could be
taken examining the interaction of the Asia buying team).
Plagiarism – and how to
                               avoid it
• Plagiarism is the passing off of others’ ideas or writing
  as if they were your own.
• It is a serious offence to Plagiarise. There are serious
  penalties if you are found to have taken material from other
  sources and failed to credit them.
• It is easy to accidentally commit plagiarism through error
  or slackness, yet the penalties for being found to have
  committed plagiarism are no less forgiving.
   – Because of the length of time involved in producing larger projects
     and dissertations, it is easier to accidentally commit plagiarism in
     these than it is with most other assignments.
   – This is because, if your note-taking is less than thorough, when writing
     up weeks or months later, you can easily forget whether ideas or
     words are your own or someone else’s.
• So how can you guard against committing plagiarism
  accidentally?
Plagiarism – and how to
                          avoid it
At note-taking / research stages:
• Be thorough & focused with your research note-
  taking –
  – always record the source details at the top of the page;
  – Always record page number information by the side of
    every piece of information you record – whether you are
    quoting or summarising in your own words;
  – For any paragraphs, sentences or even phrases that you
    take word-for-word (for possible quotation in your work),
    remember to place the word-for-word information in
    your notes in quotation marks ‘ ’;
  – Always record where the idea originates and where
    your thoughts are your own.
Plagiarism – and how to
                           avoid it
At the writing-up stages – referencing
• Remember, referencing is all about being
  transparent with where you are obtaining source
  information:
  – Solid, thorough, honest referencing constitutes your
    primary means of conveying where you are obtaining
    material to build your argument – and therefore avoiding
    accidental plagiarism.
• Get in the habit of inserting references early:
  – i.e., from your first-draft onwards, or …
  – … if this disrupts your written flow, then insert references
    immediately after writing your first draft;
  – Update your references in a similar way with each
    subsequent redraft;
Plagiarism – and how to
                           avoid it
At the writing-up stages – referencing (cont.)
• Be thorough, methodical & consistent with your
  referencing:
  – Many students under-use referencing. There’s nothing
    wrong with multiple references on a single page;
  – By contrast, there may be something suspicious if there
    are only ever 1 or 2 references per page (sections
    commenting purely on your own research are an
    exception).
  – Remember, you must not only reference ‘direct quotes’
    (where you are using the words of others) …
  – … but also reference where you summarise the ideas of
    others in your own words.
  – Consistency of referencing style is important and will also
    help you to be sure all the required information is present.
Plagiarism – and how to
                             avoid it
At the writing-up stage – ‘in-text signposting’
• Referencing is not the only means by which you can attribute
  your use of evidence from other sources – and thus avoid
  charge of plagiarism.
   – You can also augment this with selected in-text
     attributions, where helpful for the readability of the work to
     do so. See ‘signposting’ the ideas of others in week 4 (Academic
     Writing).
   – Here is an example from Psychology, using Harvard:
As Liverant (1960) has pointed out, we may indeed
inherit an intellectual potential, but that potential will
vary depending upon the environment we encounter
during development.
                    E.Jerry Phares, Introduction to Personality, (3rd edn.), 1991, p.429
Plagiarism – and how to
                                    avoid it
At the writing-up stage – ‘in-text signposting’
       – Here is another example:
It is open to question whether any real understanding had
ever existed between the two parties. Stephen Brooke
raises this doubt in his account of the Labour Party
during wartime, claiming that debates about
reconstruction within the Coalition ‘invariably fell along
party lines’ and that ‘in terms of policy and ideology Labour
retained a distinctive programme’.16
…
_________
16
     Brooke, 1992, pp.9-10.
 Nick Ellison, ‘Consensus Here, Consensus there …’, in Jones & Kandiah (eds.), The Myth Of
 Consensus, 1996, p.19-20
Plagiarism – and how to
                       avoid it
At the writing-up stage (cont.)
• If you are thorough with both referencing and
  in-text signposting, then any information left
  non-attributed in your work will rightly be
  recognised as your own contribution to the
  debate – and therefore not require referencing!
  Top stuff!
Plagiarism – and how to
                           avoid it
• ‘Legitimised’ Plagiarism: ‘a grey area’ of ‘virtual
  plagiarism’ that can still land people in trouble
  … avoid!
  – Quotations of others’ work should not be an excuse to do
    no thinking or writing of your own.
  – Therefore, avoid overuse of over-large quotations.
    Large quotes should be an exception rather than the rule,
    reserved for especially important or particularly quotable
    information.
  – A bad assignment, with large chunks of quoted material –
    properly referenced but with minimal linking sentences of
    the student’s own – may not technically constitute full-
    blown plagiarism, but can still land students in trouble.
    This kind of ‘legitimised plagiarism’ should be avoided –
    you will not get good grades for uncritically lifting others’
    views, no matter how well referenced that material is.
Plagiarism – and how to
                           avoid it
• ‘Legitimised’ Plagiarism (cont)
   – Most of your presentation of others’ ideas should involve
     summarise the point in your words, ‘flitting in and out’
     of quotation as necessary. Let’s look again at the
     example above, with the relevant section now highlighted.
     See how this academic maintains effective written flow by
     using only selected key passages from the argument of
     Brooke that he is presenting in order to build his own
     argument.

Stephen Brooke raises this doubt in his account of the
Labour Party during wartime, claiming that debates about
reconstruction within the Coalition ‘invariably fell
along party lines’ and that ‘in terms of policy and
ideology Labour retained a distinctive programme’.16
Focusing & writing your
              introduction & conclusion
Your introduction:
• When should I start writing my introduction?
• Your Introduction should be set up to be a
  powerful ‘signposting’ tool, that eases the
  reader into your topic & explains exactly what
  will be looked at.
• Don’t forget, an Introduction should properly
  ‘introduce’ the topic:
  – This may sound obvious, but bear in mind:
  – Depending on the nature of your project, there will be
    a range of things your Introduction should be
    addressing in order to be properly fulfilling in Intro
    function.
A checklist of things your Introduction could or
  should do 
Focusing & writing your
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Focusing & writing your
                introduction & conclusion
Your introduction:
• Remember, consideration of what to include in an
  introduction should always be measured by whether it is
  helpful to include that information;
• If you wish, you can use an introduction to make a bold
  assertion – provided you later explore and justify this in
  your main body.
• That stated, don’t be sensationalist for the sake of it …
  but try to make your writing engaging to the reader.
• You could open your Introduction (and, indeed, other
  sections) with a well-chosen quote. Stylistically this may
  be desirable, but only do so if you have a quote perfectly
  suited to the purpose.
Focusing & writing your
               introduction & conclusion
Your introduction:
• Keep your introduction to a reasonable size:
  – It depends greatly on what needs to be stated, but as
    a general rule, think between 1/7th and 1/10th of your
    overall written sections (e.g., excluding appendices
    and bibliography).
  – Maybe a little bigger still if your Intro contains a
    necessarily sizeable ‘literature review’ and/or
    ‘research methods’ aspects (i.e., not in separate
    sections)
• What should I call my Introduction?
  – ‘Introduction’ is fine,
  – though you might wish to title it more specifically, i.e.
    ‘An introduction to …’, might do, or any other
    variations.
Focusing & writing your
              introduction & conclusion
Your conclusion:
• You should have a final concluding (usually fairly
  short) chapter in which you ‘wrap up’ your
  project in its entirety. This should:
  – Summarise / bring together all the main points you
    have dealt with;
  – stress key findings; and:
  – if appropriate, make recommendations (if not in its
    own section following: ‘Recommendations’ sections
    being more of a characteristic of cat. B projects) ~
  A: Issue-structured (arts-humanities model)

  B: Experiment / survey / results-led (i.e., scientific-model)
Focusing & writing your
              introduction & conclusion
Your conclusion:
• Should I use the conclusion to introduce any
  new points?
  – No, except perhaps if you need to briefly
    contextualise what you have discussed as part of a
    wider or related issue.




A checklist of things your Conclusion could or
  should do 
Focusing & writing your
Conclusion checklist (tick when/if ac& conclusion
               introduction hieved)
                                               f your
 should draw to   gether the key findings o
  main body chapters.                              , where
 should make ove     rall concluding remarks
                                                     t
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  themes and finding      s may be seen to relate
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Focusing & writing your
  Conclusion ch
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Focusing & writing your
              introduction & conclusion
Your conclusion:
• Should I present my own opinions in the
  Conclusion?
  – Yes, of course, provided …
     • … you write these academically;
     • … the points you are making are to ‘wrap up’
       discussion of your topic(s), reminding the reader of
       your findings or bringing together points previously
       addressed individually;
     • … that it is not opinion better placed in your main
       sections, as part of your main body discussion –
       remember the Conclusion is not the only place for
       original thinking: it is primarily for summarising key
       themes & findings established in the main body.
Critical analysis of your own work:
            editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’

• Weeks 1 & 2 concentrated on the critical
  analytical questioning that is essential to
  obtaining the best evidence to build an
  effective dissertation / project ~ how to get
  the best material from the work of others.
• Critical analysis questioning must also be
  applied to your own work, which is as
  vital as critically analysing the assertions
  of others’.
Critical analysis of your own work:
           editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’

– Use the following slides to routinely self-
  diagnose the standard of your work from
  your first draft onwards.
– In the final stages of writing, careful critical
  analysis of your work is a powerful
  ‘troubleshooting’ tool for gauging the
  effectiveness of your work on multiple fronts;
– Use the checkboxes to tick off ‘’ all the
 categories only when you feel you have
 reached sufficiently high standards.
Critical analysis of your own work:
           editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’

Critical analysis is all about YOU
being YOUR severest critic!! (you will
get constructive feedback from your
supervisor, but only you can be your best
critic …).
Critical analysis of your own work:
            editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’

1. ‘Structural / focus / coverage
  considerations’;
2. ‘The academic nature of my work’;
3. ‘Bibliography and referencing: technical’;
4. ‘Constructive use of sources to “build an
      argument”’;
5. ‘Readability’ & effective written
  communication’;
6. ‘Stats and figures’;
7. ‘The importance of consistency’.
Critical analysis of your own work:
           editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’

1. ‘Structural / focus / coverage
  considerations’
 Is the structure sensible … overall?
 Is the structure sensible … within each
      individual chapter / section?
 Is everything covered relevant … and in
      the right place?
 Is there appropriate fullness of coverage?
 Is there a sensible, logical progression
      through each component theme?
Critical analysis of your own work:
            editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’

2. ‘The academic nature of my work’
 Have I written in the ‘third person’
      consistently throughout?
 To the best of my ability, does my work
      aspire to sound academic writing
  practices – i.e., attempt to be balanced,
      unbiased, impartial in observation &
      accurate in reflecting the research /
      views of others’?
Critical analysis of your own work:
            editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’

2. ‘… academic nature …’ (cont)
 Have opportunities to introduce ‘original
     thinking’ have been seized upon, with
     arguments based on prior discussion
     (i.e., the literature) and defended well?
 Is there sufficient analytical depth to my
     investigation?
Critical analysis of your own work:
            editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’

3. ‘Bibliography and referencing: technical’
 Is my referencing OK:
  – Accurate?
  – Thorough?
  – Consistent in style throughout?
  … including page number or full web
    pathway information?
 Is my bibliography accurate, thorough,
     consistent, complete, etc..
Critical analysis of your own work:
            editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’
4. ‘Constructive use of sources to “build an
     argument”’
 Am I using others’ material (in my words
     or theirs) effectively, i.e., in order:
      to build / progress my arguments?, or:
      to compare & contrast with
       information/views from elsewhere?, or:
      to let me convey information useful to get me
       to a point where I can satisfy 1. or 2.; or:
      help me wrap up & move to the next point?
 … all fully credited by accurate, honest
   referencing?
Critical analysis of your own work:
            editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’
4. ‘Constructive use of sources …’ (cont)
 Have I presented all the information &
    arguments correctly, fairly & accurately –
    with no misrepresenting of others’ ideas?
 Have I analysed & evaluated the source
    evidence fairly & with sufficient depth? Is
    there anything more I need to say? Have
    I said too much?
 Have I identified strengths? …
    weaknesses? … flaws in thinking?
 (If required) is my primary research well
    interpreted & effectively presented?
Critical analysis of your own work:
           editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’

5. ‘Readability’ & effective written
  communication
 Have all necessary technical terms been
     explained (and checked for accuracy)?
 Have all unnecessary technical terms &
     jargon been replaced?
 Does my Introduction properly introduce?
 Do my main sections deliver on promises
     signposted in my Introduction?
Critical analysis of your own work:
            editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’

5. ‘Readability’ & ... communication’ (cont)
 Is my ‘signposting’ - linking - use of
  connectives present and effective …
  within and across chapters?
 Does my Conclusion emphasise and
  draw together all my key findings from
     my main sections?
 Is there sufficient clarity throughout in
     terms of remembering periodically to
     ‘refer the reader back to the question /
     title’)?
Critical analysis of your own work:
            editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’
5. ‘Readability’ & … communication’ (cont)
 Is there sufficient descriptive material to
     ensure good linking and flow between
     all the points I raise?;
 Is my paragraphing sensible (1 ‘topic
  sentence’ + thereafter only ‘support
  sentences’, per single paragraph)?;
 Have I achieved effective clarity of written
     expression: proper identification &
  tackling of difficult points, sentences
  worked & reworked to ensure any
  possible ambiguities or potential
  misunderstandings have been
  removed?
Critical analysis of your own work:
            editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’
6. ‘Presenting stats and figures’
 Is the chosen data always relevant?
 Is my diagram-based information clearly
      presented?
 Have I sufficiently commented upon (in
      writing) my findings, & is my analysis
      of the data solid/ interpretation correct?
 Have I presented my findings well, with
      no hint of ambiguity?
 Have I introduced appropriate
  cautionary / qualifying remarks?
Critical analysis of your own work:
           editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’
7. ‘The importance of Consistency’
  Consistency of referencing & bibliography
  has been emphasised. What about:
 consistency of written expression /
  communication (throughout and within
      individual sections)?
 consistency of argument (throughout and
      within individual sections)?
 consistency of presentational style
  (throughout and within individual
  sections)?

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Dissertations 5 ref, plagiarism, own crit-analysis

  • 1. An LDU short course presentation Dissertations & Major Project Writing Week 5 of 5: Referencing, bibliographies, plagiarism & the ‘final stages’ Robert Walsha, LDU City campus, Calcutta House, CM2-22
  • 2. Dissertations & Major Project Writing week 5 This week’s topics: • Referencing & Bibliographies; • Plagiarism – and how to avoid it; • The final stages: – Writing & focusing your introduction & conclusion – Critical analysis of your own work, editing & proofreading, troubleshooting. • Damage limitation
  • 3. 'bibliographies' & 'referencing' 'references' 'references & 'citation'
  • 4. Referencing & Bibliographies • Everything in the next 17 slides should be a reminder of what you hopefully know well already ~ – it’s all about good practice in bibliographies and referencing. – In this sense, your dissertation/project should be no different from what you have been trying to do with other written assignments so far.
  • 5. Referencing & Bibliographies • A Bibliography is a listing, placed at the very end of your work, of every source referenced in your assignment. – In Psychology, the Bibliography section is called ‘References’. • Referencing is what you do within the written sections of your work to show evidence of where you are incorporating any thinking or other material that is not your own. In other words, you reference to show where you are utilising material derived from your various sources. – In Psychology, referencing is referred to as ‘citations’.
  • 6. Referencing & Bibliographies • Written Assignments require BOTH a Bibliography AND Referencing – not one or the other!!
  • 7. Referencing & Bibliographies: Your bibliography ... • ... should provide a full listing in one place of all the sources you have referred to in your assignment. • … should list sources in alphabetical order, by author surname. • … should not include page references - that is the job of referencing. • What should I include in my bibliography? Basically, every source you have used in working on your assignment. Only include material you directly reference in your work.
  • 8. Referencing & Bibliographies: Format of your Bibliography • There are two basic bibliography formats, the ‘Cambridge’ (or‘British Standard’) and the ‘Harvard’ Systems. • This is Harvard: Cambridge: Ball, Stuart (1988), Baldwin and the Stuart, Baldwin and the Conservative Party: The Crisis of The Crisis London: Yale Conservative Party: 1929-1931,of 1929-1931, University Press, 1988. London: Yale University Press. Carlton, David (1969), ‘The Anglo-French David, ‘The Anglo-French Compromise on Arms Limitation 1928’, Journal of British Compromise on Arms Limitation 1928’, Journal Studies, 1969, no. of British Studies, 8, pp. 141-62.
  • 9. Referencing & Bibliographies: Bibliographies • You may benefit from breaking down your bibliography into sub-sections, such as ‘Primary sources’, and ‘Secondary sources’ perhaps including sub-sub-sections such as: ‘books’, ‘journal articles’ and ‘web-based sources’. • What should not be included in a bibliography? There are some things which you should not include: for example, mentioning your lecture notes is unnecessary, as is any general reference materials such as dictionaries or thesauruses.
  • 10. Referencing & Bibliographies: Bibliographies • Please note that, in some disciplines, two lists at the end of assignments is encouraged, both listing their respective sources in alphabetical order by surname: – ‘References’: sources visited and referred to in your written sections; – ‘Bibliography’: other sources that were useful to you, but which you do not reference in your work. Consult your supervisor over his/her preferences with regard to this.
  • 11. Referencing & Bibliographies: Referencing • Referencing provides proof of exactly where you are taking ideas and facts from, at the point of use of those ideas/facts in your work. • The italicised section above is the justification for referencing: the reason why we must both provide both references and a bibliography. • There are different forms of referencing. Certain departments favour one approach over others, though with some departments you may have a choice. – Stick with department-favoured models or consult your supervisor over your options.
  • 12. Referencing & Bibliographies: Referencing Referencing options(?) • (the ‘Harvard system’) • ‘British Standard’ a.k.a. ‘Cambridge’ system, which may take two forms: – ‘footnoting’; or – ‘endnoting’.
  • 13. Referencing & Bibliographies: Harvard Referencing • The Harvard System makes its references in the main text itself, and appears within brackets. For example: ... The consequent publicity pushed the issue of race relations to a very high place on the political agenda (Seymour-Ure, 1974, pp. 99-136). The... Under this system you must include: (i) author surname (ii) date of publication, and (iii) page references.
  • 14. Referencing & Bibliographies: Harvard Referencing ADVANTAGES: • Efficient with space … cuts down a lot of repetition between references and bibliography (in Cambridge). For fuller information, cross-reference with the full information located in the bibliography (title and publication details are confined to the bibliography). DISADVANTAGES: • Long, difficult sentences are made longer by having to include additional bracketed reference information – and thus become even more confusing. For students who struggle with grammar and written communication, this can be a problem.
  • 15. Referencing & Bibliographies: Cambridge Referencing • The Cambridge System makes its references via a system of number references, corresponding to detailed references … • … at the bottom of the page (footnoting’) or • … at the end of each chapter, or by chapter at the end of the written sections (endnoting). ... The consequent publicity pushed the issue of race relations to a very high place on the political agenda.3 Another blah blah blah blah blah more text blah blah blah blah blah more text blah blah blah blah etc. etc. ... _________ 3 Colin Seymour-Ure, The Political Impact Of The Mass Media (London: Constable, 1974), pp. 99-136.
  • 16. Referencing & Bibliographies: Cambridge Referencing • To create and manage your references, use Microsoft Word’s ‘Referencing’ function (called ‘Footnote’ in pre-Office 2003 versions of Word) to create your references: – when you reorder text, it will automatically re- sequence your references in the new correct order. 1. Click at the point at where you want to insert a reference in your main text (e.g., the end of a sentence).
  • 17. Referencing & Bibliographies: Cambridge Referencing 2. Click on ‘Insert’, then, on the drop-down menu, ‘Reference’, then click on ‘Footnote’.
  • 18. Referencing & Bibliographies: Cambridge Referencing 3. Choose your options from the command box (left), then click on ‘Insert’. A footnote number is created, with a space to enter the desired reference text. • Note: whether using Cambridge or Harvard for your actual referencing, you can also use footnoting to include (small amounts of) useful supplementary information that would distract if in your main text. (Larger useful additional information should be placed in appendices).
  • 19. Referencing & Bibliographies: Cambridge Referencing: BOOKS • First reference to book sources: – Include full author name(s), full title (italics or underline), place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page reference(s) 13 Stanley Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of Mods and Rockers, Oxford: Blackwell, 1972, p. 137. • Second & subsequent references to the same source (short version): – author surname, short version of title (italics or underline), page reference(s). 16 Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics, p. 137.
  • 20. Referencing & Bibliographies: Cambridge Referencing: JOURNAL ARTICLES • First reference to journal sources: include: – full article author name(s), ‘full title of article’ (in quote-marks), in full title of journal publication (italics or underline), place of publication, publisher, volume, number, year of publication, page reference(s). Richard S. Grayson, ‘Mods, Rockers and Juvenile 14 Delinquency in 1964: The Government Response’, in Contemporary British History, London: Frank Cass, vol. 12, no. 1, 1998, p. 33. • Second & subsequent references to the same article in the same source (short version): – author surname, ‘short version of title’ (in quote-marks), page refs. 17 Grayson, ‘Mods, Rockers and Juvenile Delinquency’, p. 33.
  • 21. Referencing & Bibliographies: Cambridge Referencing: EDITED (ANTHOLOGY) TITLES • First reference to edited collections: include: – full article author name(s), ‘full title of article’ (in quote-marks), in full editor name(s) (ed.(s)), full title of publication (italics or underline), place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page reference(s) 15 Gordon A. Craig, ‘Churchill and Germany’, in Robert Blake and Wm. Roger Lewis (eds.), Churchill, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 25. • Second & subsequent references to the same article in the same source (short version): – surname article author(s), ‘short version of title’ (in quote-marks), page reference(s). 18 Craig, ‘Churchill and Germany’, p. 25.
  • 22. Referencing & Bibliographies: If these same references were in Harvard … … they’d look like this (bracketed within the main text)! • Books: (Cohen, 1972, p. 137) • Journals: (Grayson, 1998, p. 33) • Articles in Edited titles: (Craig, 1993, p. 25) (NB, with Harvard, the reader has to cross-reference with the Bibliography to find out the nature of the source, i.e., whether it is book, journal, other).
  • 23. Referencing & Bibliographies: referencing e-based sources • This example is for web-site referencing (Cambridge) 1. Author 2. Full title of 3. The name, if document in title of the known ‘ ’ quote marks. complete work, if applicable (italics or underline) Richard Davis, ‘New Zealand Labour Government and the ALP, 1939-40’, The Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History, 1996. <http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/ articles/davis.htm> (5 Feb 2007). 5. The 4. Date full http address 6. The date of of publication (or (URL) your access in last revision) if within < > angle ( ) brackets known brackets
  • 24. Referencing & Bibliographies: referencing e-based sources • … and if it was Harvard … In your references: (Davis, 1996) In your bibliography: Davis, Richard (1996), ‘New Zealand Labour Government and the ALP, 1939-40’, The Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History. <http:// www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/articles/davis.htm> (5 Feb. 2007).
  • 25. Referencing & Bibliographies: Other sources • Apply the logic of conventional referencing to other sources. For example, referencing a TV documentary might follow this format: 7 ‘Taking On The Taliban: the Soldiers’ Story’, Panorama, BBC documentary, first broadcast 5 Nov. 2007. • Newspapers: 8 James Bloom, ‘Power from the final frontier’, Guardian ‘Technology’ section, 1 Nov. 2007, p.1. • Surveys, polls, etc.: 9 Gallup poll on ‘British Attitudes to Race Relations’ (following the publication of the MacPherson Report), Apr. 1999.
  • 26. Referencing & Bibliographies: Referencing primary sources • Interviews: – Referencing (Cambridge): 13 Interview with Gordon Brown, MP (5 Nov. 2007). 17 Interview with Matt Phillips, Communications Manager, British Phonographic Industry (16 Apr. 2006). – Referencing (Harvard): use footnotes as above, or in main text: (Interview with Gordon Brown, MP, 5 Nov. 2007) (Interview with Matt Phillips, 16 Apr. 2006). – In the bibliography: Interview with Gordon Brown, MP (5 Nov. 2007). Interview with Matt Phillips, Communications Manager, British Phonographic Industry (16 Apr. 2006).
  • 27. Referencing & Bibliographies: Referencing primary sources • Private papers: – Referencing (Cambridge): 13 L.S. Amery, 14 Jul. 1918, in Barnes, John & Nicolson, David (eds.), T he Leo Amery Diaries: vol.1, London: Hutchinson, 1980, p.226. 17 Austen Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 20 Jan. 1924, AC5/1/303, Birmingham University Library. – Referencing (Harvard ): use footnotes as above, or in main text: (Amery diary, 14 Jul. 1918, 226) (A. Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 20 Jan. 1924, AC5/1/303) – In the bibliography: [name of collection] [location of source] L.S. Amery Barnes, John & Nicolson, David (eds.), The Leo Amery Diaries: vol.1, London: Hutchinson, 1980. Austen Chamberlain MSS Birmingham University Library.
  • 28. Referencing & Bibliographies: Referencing primary sources • Public papers (government, business, etc.): – Referencing (Cambridge): 13 Cabinet decision to go to war, CAB 23/100 folders 474-83; see also: FO 800/317 folder 84. 17 ATOC minutes of Extraordinary General Meeting, 2 Mar. 2005. – Referencing (Harvard ): use footnotes as above, or in main text: (CAB 23/100 folders 474-83); FO 800/317 folder 84) (ATOC EGM minutes, 2 Mar. 2005) – In the bibliography: [name of collection] [location of source] Cabinet Papers (CAB) (23 series) Public Record Office, Kew Foreign Office (FO) (800 series) Public Record Office, Kew Papers of the Association of Train ATOC Headquarters, London Operating Companies (ATOC)
  • 29. Referencing & Bibliographies: Referencing primary sources • Other: – Referencing (Cambridge): 13 Observations of staff interaction by author during work experience in Waitrose Product Buying department, London, 27 Jul.-17 Aug. 2007. – Referencing (Harvard ): use footnotes as above, or write in main text: … certainly no evidence of outward intimidation or bullying, during the period in which the current author was undertaking her work experience (27 Jul.-17 Aug. 2007). – In the bibliography: Observational studies: The present author’s work experience at Waitrose Product Buying Department, London (where it was agreed with line managers that log records could be taken examining the interaction of the Asia buying team).
  • 30. Plagiarism – and how to avoid it • Plagiarism is the passing off of others’ ideas or writing as if they were your own. • It is a serious offence to Plagiarise. There are serious penalties if you are found to have taken material from other sources and failed to credit them. • It is easy to accidentally commit plagiarism through error or slackness, yet the penalties for being found to have committed plagiarism are no less forgiving. – Because of the length of time involved in producing larger projects and dissertations, it is easier to accidentally commit plagiarism in these than it is with most other assignments. – This is because, if your note-taking is less than thorough, when writing up weeks or months later, you can easily forget whether ideas or words are your own or someone else’s. • So how can you guard against committing plagiarism accidentally?
  • 31. Plagiarism – and how to avoid it At note-taking / research stages: • Be thorough & focused with your research note- taking – – always record the source details at the top of the page; – Always record page number information by the side of every piece of information you record – whether you are quoting or summarising in your own words; – For any paragraphs, sentences or even phrases that you take word-for-word (for possible quotation in your work), remember to place the word-for-word information in your notes in quotation marks ‘ ’; – Always record where the idea originates and where your thoughts are your own.
  • 32. Plagiarism – and how to avoid it At the writing-up stages – referencing • Remember, referencing is all about being transparent with where you are obtaining source information: – Solid, thorough, honest referencing constitutes your primary means of conveying where you are obtaining material to build your argument – and therefore avoiding accidental plagiarism. • Get in the habit of inserting references early: – i.e., from your first-draft onwards, or … – … if this disrupts your written flow, then insert references immediately after writing your first draft; – Update your references in a similar way with each subsequent redraft;
  • 33. Plagiarism – and how to avoid it At the writing-up stages – referencing (cont.) • Be thorough, methodical & consistent with your referencing: – Many students under-use referencing. There’s nothing wrong with multiple references on a single page; – By contrast, there may be something suspicious if there are only ever 1 or 2 references per page (sections commenting purely on your own research are an exception). – Remember, you must not only reference ‘direct quotes’ (where you are using the words of others) … – … but also reference where you summarise the ideas of others in your own words. – Consistency of referencing style is important and will also help you to be sure all the required information is present.
  • 34. Plagiarism – and how to avoid it At the writing-up stage – ‘in-text signposting’ • Referencing is not the only means by which you can attribute your use of evidence from other sources – and thus avoid charge of plagiarism. – You can also augment this with selected in-text attributions, where helpful for the readability of the work to do so. See ‘signposting’ the ideas of others in week 4 (Academic Writing). – Here is an example from Psychology, using Harvard: As Liverant (1960) has pointed out, we may indeed inherit an intellectual potential, but that potential will vary depending upon the environment we encounter during development. E.Jerry Phares, Introduction to Personality, (3rd edn.), 1991, p.429
  • 35. Plagiarism – and how to avoid it At the writing-up stage – ‘in-text signposting’ – Here is another example: It is open to question whether any real understanding had ever existed between the two parties. Stephen Brooke raises this doubt in his account of the Labour Party during wartime, claiming that debates about reconstruction within the Coalition ‘invariably fell along party lines’ and that ‘in terms of policy and ideology Labour retained a distinctive programme’.16 … _________ 16 Brooke, 1992, pp.9-10. Nick Ellison, ‘Consensus Here, Consensus there …’, in Jones & Kandiah (eds.), The Myth Of Consensus, 1996, p.19-20
  • 36. Plagiarism – and how to avoid it At the writing-up stage (cont.) • If you are thorough with both referencing and in-text signposting, then any information left non-attributed in your work will rightly be recognised as your own contribution to the debate – and therefore not require referencing! Top stuff!
  • 37. Plagiarism – and how to avoid it • ‘Legitimised’ Plagiarism: ‘a grey area’ of ‘virtual plagiarism’ that can still land people in trouble … avoid! – Quotations of others’ work should not be an excuse to do no thinking or writing of your own. – Therefore, avoid overuse of over-large quotations. Large quotes should be an exception rather than the rule, reserved for especially important or particularly quotable information. – A bad assignment, with large chunks of quoted material – properly referenced but with minimal linking sentences of the student’s own – may not technically constitute full- blown plagiarism, but can still land students in trouble. This kind of ‘legitimised plagiarism’ should be avoided – you will not get good grades for uncritically lifting others’ views, no matter how well referenced that material is.
  • 38. Plagiarism – and how to avoid it • ‘Legitimised’ Plagiarism (cont) – Most of your presentation of others’ ideas should involve summarise the point in your words, ‘flitting in and out’ of quotation as necessary. Let’s look again at the example above, with the relevant section now highlighted. See how this academic maintains effective written flow by using only selected key passages from the argument of Brooke that he is presenting in order to build his own argument. Stephen Brooke raises this doubt in his account of the Labour Party during wartime, claiming that debates about reconstruction within the Coalition ‘invariably fell along party lines’ and that ‘in terms of policy and ideology Labour retained a distinctive programme’.16
  • 39. Focusing & writing your introduction & conclusion Your introduction: • When should I start writing my introduction? • Your Introduction should be set up to be a powerful ‘signposting’ tool, that eases the reader into your topic & explains exactly what will be looked at. • Don’t forget, an Introduction should properly ‘introduce’ the topic: – This may sound obvious, but bear in mind: – Depending on the nature of your project, there will be a range of things your Introduction should be addressing in order to be properly fulfilling in Intro function. A checklist of things your Introduction could or should do 
  • 40. Focusing & writing your introduction & conclusion Your Int roductio achieved n checkl ) ist (tick  Interp when/if reting the from the title. Ide title? ntify: is - Is the the proje re a ct clear nything t the outse hat need t, in term s defining s of focu ,i - Any p ossible a s or appr n brief, from up in rela mbiguity oach?; tion to th that coul be interp e title? A d be clea reted in m nything t red - Any t ore than hat could echnical one way? explanat terms req ; ion?; uiring im - If so, mediate clarify. - Is it h elpful to your title explain h / questio ow you w n? ill interpr et
  • 41. Focusing & writing your introduction & conclusion Your Int od orction tio ecklist (tick when/if Your Intrhi u duc chn checkl ac eved ist (tick a Inte d) ) chieve wh ati /if rp e in h t lpfu ckgro und informenon, to m ufro conrtatin g ehe tiltlba Id st m theadler into ye.ur topic. yThink in terms of: o entif : is eas- the e re tit e? the proje Is there a cene’; ct clear - ‘sett ing the s ythin n the outse cessag that needs c ntext: defi - p -roviding ne, in terry s o t ning istory Anhelpful (brimf) oveociewoofathe h, in brief, from - any y possible e m of f rvus up i u r d a g ar suguit t; r pproach?; bi bjec th surron nelintioyotu y n o tficat on ofat owuld barela of c be i aps a he title? h o this e c eared i - perhnterprn tidd nti e e e in m Anything t. - Any t gation fits into ra wider contex that could investi chnical te o e than onthe ayader to e exit is at rms requ l for e w re ?; r usefuing What planhelpful; and/o -- If so, ion? ir imme know froim .the start a clar fy bout your project; diate - Is it h elpful to your title explain h / questio ow you w n? ill interpr et
  • 42. Focusing & writing your Your Int introduction & conclusion roducti on chec ach ev Your Iint ed rction tio ecklistkliictk(tick w/ifen od)uc chn (t s when h YouIntrhit u r mc od den) fy th checklist (tick a us eived ti /i f a pnoeed) chI r t jec iev eo w aims in o h ati /if ttatin g elpful bverallround / fformenon, to rp : ckg uf- o cfonru in h the titlea Id m r m st I yo e c s th s .ur topic. Thinkuin of rme of: te thehtatver?into oto e a hyp y entify: is eas-- thkewisei ilte e Li e read th Is there a welnhelp esis (or hypothesee project clear h - ‘setting the dnylthe’; tthadentify a which the sc i ing o i s), identi -fopotwe outset,isiesstary n os needs ny cientral focu fy; c t te ll rohiidg g nec setreatios i nbuxlt: defthe g,isn ry arou v nin o - Anyelphin , idmf) oveoct; s oof nin h itobrief, frod r i n t fus(brie of f rview s n across ny h possible entify anu r approac - a ch l ar suguit y key th mbi bject; m ‘underpin up au re ing o ou i pt d s h e es ?;a o surron nelrat’ioyr twhich c y that cwulmbarehat f‘c o he tioe of e this t ’ iyouradisnentitficatitlan bhoso ed e cleared t u more ape rhaps reted rtatio n? Anyte ing t. be nterp n id s n - pprotpriation fieininto ra ahaa rw oh textto at could - Any ec te ts mo n ws e ch n idn h investig hnicforte a e t oe ayaThr to l week 4). exit is at r /o. requojeone e. ?; al Cmts Asp ful for thw re ( deis is r u eririn cts - IWhat planhelpful; and - f so, ion? , as g imme de out yo ur project; diatfined in e know froim .the start ab clar fy - Is it h A: Issue-structured (arts-humanities model) elpful to your titleexplain h / questio ow you w n? ill interpr et B: Experiment / survey / results-led (i.e., scientific-model)
  • 43. Focusing & writing your Your Int introduction & conclusion roducti on chec ach ev Your Iint ed rction tio ecklistk(ltictk(twhew/ifen od)uc chn cklist (tiick w hen /if trodu ction che che s ick n h /i f YouIn tuoidu r mc st a rh eived ti cklist (ti ur In Yoachieved)den) fy the o  pnoeept) verallround ck whenf/in, to achIietvocrtatin g eh ful backgthems bjecrmao o f r j r d: e in h t lp ai su / ffo t is ti in o u st cf se tl ti e . Idepic. Thincuin of rme of: n lly oue intlewhy rld thehtave ainto your to ntify n; k s te th s  muf- om youfu Iu  cos-e the readler? hypothds attentio is th ea - eLskewiseitite demanesis (or hy : e o I it / e he sc il e’; p th don prv j rp t y inter eshithwre aitwelnhelp tojud gemento– eses’t, od eeclaclear y tt ch th rate th ng i e - ‘s w ing phe dnyin iyoutrha d ntify a te isse ) i entify --fopotwem utset, iesstaryon ossnedt: ;s ny cientral focu ; te in n t lbrohiido grtancn treatyosur nbuxlty defthe g,isn ry arotive l e v ng o n ec e ofrm c i te ied f nin h ito s u i tu ; - imp oelphis, idef) oveociewoo to identifyrireflafrod t of f rvus ble b e , nm acroes nynhless,syblu entify abe a r approac th a A y poful (bri - s ch s i s m uld ct; o - n eup au r din ’ o oah bi bjet y tkay h y m r pr ; evsurron nersgoe ur suguiny mekets eoue h?oject rt ept ‘underpirtanceein tteyr twhh what h howuld barehatf‘cu i t st o n’ iyourladionentitfife ticlan be co e is e cla ared t a rmo och s i f se th o impperhnterp nisss stige ti a ca on o - be afpinvretiddairtoni;otit e? Anythiteg t. e n - a Anrotpriation fits intto ra ahaa rw ointextto atinoule more orpp o thyystig e e n mo n ws e nh n n reh t c th d idn c f la erm A t ful fo ne w re (s; ei i w inve ech te nileortboatt. ye ur ow r the ayaThrsto definedei say a littca C /or r od us use o ole. ?d  maWb atnpweheilpn).l and ouequsrsnersiatin n e areas - Ify h xit lanet ps?; ow y r inter projeot; diaas is a ko4 fu i i i e t t i th g - s c clperh a e sh rt about your mmes, te bjeo,t, froim .th ta su know ar fy c - Is i d; developtehelpful t A: Issue-structured (arts-humanities model) o explain your title how you / questio will interp n? ret B: Experiment / survey / results-led (i.e., scientific-model)
  • 44. Focusing & writing your introduction & conclusion Your Youodntcoducti Intr r I u rtio Your Iint ed n (con tchued)iictk(t hen/if  If youas h evction checinlistkl s k w hew/if c e k c (t rtrodarod)u‘A’ onojelist (t ic w k n hen r mc ist u t t. c i pr che (se ic YouIn tuoidu caion tcheckctckl e week 4), /if Ystuona ly advis)efd to e o g s In r e eiv en o r rhievh d)ded ti y th c I r tv d a pnoeec ) ist t ck you a e providalla cn(aipterwhenon,rto v e rou h inform tif/ f brachie copttafin gv h ful baery themd bjec-bsaohiapter eakdojwnr: tino eer r n o c h t lp e ckg ai ss / focuis-c u t yo - m r m st se uf- o Ifuyoufully oue intlewhd ati e. . I tl g f th s of:  cosis asetheheirferl?in‘spotods totten.tions th in terme It uld pow tatve aahto y ur a picfyThinkenti : i ; ea -- eLskewise ile dey ignposs ng’ hy echanism rojeclay it wad it e th / rehy u manesi ti(or m h e can h s ine,emean elnhelp t Iavth th ak wil e’; tsc p th don p ve o inter etthi g re ingh rourojud gemento– eses’t, oas rpnteclear - ‘s w chphe d yinpno mha d ntsyto what ) identify; t te o tera c se t is nn xf d i sfublsehemngsetaseteriyagion ot s edt: ;s ny cenwall ffollow in et vide ut chtep sstaryt c e e aey a de tr il -- opow u in ne, in rs; ourssb i i lbroqing ortance tofrms i te ilt; tu f n hisocry a - impo ect ful (brie of f u us o le itoing, in b s e r,ouv d - You musAnyfnlphis, edy f) oveociewbof theidentofyrireflaftioe the ant, o pos rse en ldrve a r a ti u r nm across cy hless,sybliu mhtkfy suny tha pproac - u i oe a aou ab , i e re veurrou risr ’ yos mbi bjety tkay yh ume h r ;r on h ep rtp amt din n s i e s, w c t oy d r a-ll th eseupron neesg or ur suguiatt;mekets eouelip?oject latten to hif wh as h f tscwuld baveaat f‘cu n’aaoy rad identiocaticlen be trectures& leared t ‘underpirtance in ioboth tin h rm o ho o this ereh o s he contenpperhy ter unisrm fic te t n? fA su en im t,oin in pup r s tio o t c - be f so esmdati an o more orpp oll invrettigeirtomi;apters eratohiteg t.hat the precis -ely nrotpriation fits inhora ahaa wytinlloxtto tincould a A the g thyysti a w inve ech te e ain ct n ws thn fo n w in n to e t id c n teres u n one lere – w y icforhCve inour ownhow . aT er to nyou tbamtt. y dicated rin e ay( dhis defo edei say a little la eoa s r sd ful fo thyour?; as a m W in b x nl Intraductitnpwehelpful anr /or A qussersa in the are i y ha oit .isnetio4 d u eitene t t ti e r g a a k n). ?; ow your yoiuirr projeot; diaae so,t, froim apssh rt about in -- If immns, s ce t su kn c bjeowclar f h pery.the ta - Is i d; developtehelpful t A: Issue-structured (arts-humanities model) o explain your title how you / questio will interp n? ret B: Experiment / survey / results-led (i.e., scientific-model)
  • 45. Focusing & writing your introduction & conclusion Your Youodntcoducti Intr r I u rtio Your Iint ed n (con tchued(tiictk(t hen/if  If youas h evction checinlistk) ick w hew/if c e k c rtrodarod)u‘A’ onojelist (lt s w k n hen ic YouIn tuisdu caion tcheckctckl e week 4), /if r mc ot u t t. c i pr che (se For example: hieiv e Ystuona ly advis)efd to e o In r s o r rhieved)ded ti y th c Intv c ) n ist t c a pgoeeone will analyseethela cn(aipterwhenon,rto the you a providal extent k -whichif e v e rou h info by tif/ … and brachie copttafin ov h ful bacry themd bjecrmaohapter r Chapter r dr: t eakdojwn o ing eer t n e c h t lpag wh g ai ss / focuis-o k u to t c s f th so If se ll […] and I relationship-ldm ytoufuaveoue intle.ur deIt ic. Think in terme[…] and - mufrbetween y tl ti e.[…]. will explore how s of: It u uphehederainto yo top tiftion; e whether i h it reayl it m nposs nn’ me  cosis ase ow tirfel?ah‘spothds atten y: is th ascertainaa -reLs t wsetit was ig nesi ti(or hyp chanisothereclac -e thkewthis u dey aaproduct of […] ore pr forces. g o inte eshv/e,emeanyltlnhelp tojud gemento– eses’t, oasj rpnteylear c n hIainh th akine e’; re swighi rourisie e c pno m d th don m ve o The bswqecgnt s[…]sssyexploredxft:to nyhatnwil)l followyin ‘s tt i h of rate is - nature phe d in g tha s ntsy a w tem t nh c e atio c nte ey d ce tr l e if ; ai id sfu lbeth ide uecetasetertary n ot nedin;schapteratwo.ntWhether i -- opoev u o g e, p rs; ourssb d efin l wi g n i efr y s i tu l in […] can be u ro-unAnortatncninfluenced ct; s willtoeidenncbrireflaftive ftory a to y his(brie of f u iew le ing,iso fys e r,oun - Yo seen t, ohavee,todmf) oveo i[…]bof thbehaddressed,d im pof lpful i the as y hecos rs en ldrve aor a i ti u -m The questionahtku sure th pproac p u i oe s ao e abu across n h less,syblu mofifwhethera[…] was a factor m be e, m y ny ro n vecrrou ris in , w bi bjeat mak yh ume s r ;r on along withll[…]. eup aptersg your suguitct; keyets eourlip?oject will rt em d a- th essupron nees’ or t o d h i latten to hif wtoasth f tscwuld baveaat f‘cu ‘unde pina as i both och which th h y o o y ise reh o t p e ’aate oad s e s fica t n o e u en investigated,imrt,owell ce r thermntitine tirm n bhos[…]. re & leare t conteas brtrhn oyr innio extent ticle? fA trectu e c y pup r m e ll s u ain h te o moren rthreef willretiddairtomi;a[…] ideratohiteg t.hat the - pin in investise ti an opters thnyt n n xtto eg n cho n as… c follow in d Chapter ly protpriay e n fits intto ra wr aawnhinterestincould - a A th wo p nyo ech t y thy s w examine e th n w precise invee tigatio ou bave y dic ted nthw re (– ei nileorthCmtt. inou ao forinoe ayaThrsto defo edei say a littcf la eoa s r sd ful o e ye. r?d as uru e l Intraducconcluded a anr[…]A qussersa inothe ;are i in b tixpw will Whatnitl.isnheilpn).l d/o ue intene tit timn y It m be on aeet o4 ? u a k futhat yo r i iri r g m ot; s, a … -- If so, perhaps howabout your projec ediate ; s ct, lar fy bjeowcfroim .the start su kn - Is i d; developtehelpful t A: Issue-structured (arts-humanities model) o explain your title how you / questio will interp n? ret B: Experiment / survey / results-led (i.e., scientific-model)
  • 46. Focusing & writing your introduction & conclusion Your Youodntcoducti Intr r I u rtio Your Iint ed n (con tchued(tiictk(t hen/if  If youas h evctiion choninlistk) ) k w hew/if c k c e rtrodarct t. n t(c nojenut (ltic w k n hen od)u‘A’ o ecti lis ed s ic YouIn tuist u t o c i pr che (see For example: hidu caion checkctcklistweature, (ifonot Your Inc odu r mtro /i f ocoh a vco d ed tiay to e In s eiv e n th r r nldr ed)dain erek w Ystuouiely antvis)efdreview of the lit(tick 4)h y u are a pgoe c ) Chaptereone will analyseethela chapte rmenon, to n the c Intv d providel extent tor which uctio ov brachdo onin tinov h ct ba fo the ins /thocbsacf/ f and ie jwpttafin g esefulion,crallowmd bjee-tIntrohiapter r r r: eak t cdn o owh tere c n lpag why roun u info uis-o … kg ai s g f c y od ti sire requo Ifuse ll […] and I relationship-ldm ytoufuaveoue intle.ur deIt ic. Think in terme[…] and - mufrbetween y tl ti e.[…]. will explore how s of: f th It u se h w t4). ainto y  cosiseaweeehedlerl?ah‘spotods tottenftions th p ti y: i ; n ascertainaa--reLskpokhyite dey aanpossang’of p chaoreotherholac e whetherwseirfu m productr hy e nism rojeforces. e i / rea t was ig nesi ti(o m […] – se tht ewithis it h p et inte ldtthi g ainsaydiprourojud g of re to– e on ), od e oc ds c nh s ine,emean elnhelp t sion emensearses’tmas rpnteylear Iavth th ak wil e’;us - nature phe dinghiyo t isi s asy a wth d ch i v  cou ethecnttre[…]stissc mhaednnxft:to nyhat wiltwo.ntWhether c ‘s wcoh of rate in ng The bsequent s ecesstary cot e etedsfolloeningl thllowyin e --fu pow idouirehtasineow;non rsctioin,; chapteral ffocu if ; s olbe v m g ce ,i pter exploreddin dec w tr te in e n nte y i in in e s aroun te img ortatnin toatyosuovbo lt; w of fthe g,iso fyrirelativ d into ndh rs m sefseu ie - beno - t, ofelp c l (bri […] can (if ou musAny fus, idef) efr i o f rv l rorequohaveeinfluenced i[…] willnbehaddressed,e i tu ti ry Y seenny h po urs en th a p c si a […].s tio – syb e ahtkuld.uny ces or ato identob ef, from u able pp along withllcth eucTheptssegolwmofib4)ubyt; tha[…] eourlip?oject will be Introdsveup n le es,seeu eek fwhether yets uoach r ;factor - ro echa questions m e s re ke t yo was a i , a y rt ron ndr ’ o our o ugait mak h y me ver on e a- n ssup ou rises yr s i bjeat th t c rd rr i aslin ion twhif wh which o thises t a o ‘underpwellmeein ttebextent toas ofhscwuld barehatf‘cu investigated,impoiinanc uran, idothtitine tirm n beos[…]. re & leare t n’aate the e o oc h t n o conteas brtrhyoyr adisrmn ficaticle? fA trectu e c s h te o u p e ll soue mgati aho - nt, e infpinprrsttiseirtoni;apters thnythenxt. more orthree willeexamine […] ideratoniteg tto at the ain c t n v edts into ra as… c follow h tinco n – d w ap nyo ech t y - A th thy s w Chapter ly protpriay e n fi precise invee tigatio n mo e w a w teres in ul in b tixpw cf u bave. y der ated rhine re ( dei i t defo edei say a linileorthCmts inouhaowninoyeayaThrstos d a r u r Asd fulnfo nthw . r?; ttful an […]u ic o e l u o la eoa t Intraducconcluded thatd/o requssersa inothe area will Whatnitl.isnheilpn). - Ify It m be on aeet o4 ? ak … i iri r g tit ti n ur yoternerojeot; di,aae - su kn so,t, froim apsshowayo ut in u p mmes t s c ar fh bjeowclpery.the tart bo ; c - Is i d; developtehelpful to ex A: Issue-structured (arts-humanities model) your title plain how / questio you will i B: Experiment / survey n? nt scientific-model) / results-led (i.e.,erpret
  • 47. Focusing & writing your introduction & conclusion Your introduction: • Remember, consideration of what to include in an introduction should always be measured by whether it is helpful to include that information; • If you wish, you can use an introduction to make a bold assertion – provided you later explore and justify this in your main body. • That stated, don’t be sensationalist for the sake of it … but try to make your writing engaging to the reader. • You could open your Introduction (and, indeed, other sections) with a well-chosen quote. Stylistically this may be desirable, but only do so if you have a quote perfectly suited to the purpose.
  • 48. Focusing & writing your introduction & conclusion Your introduction: • Keep your introduction to a reasonable size: – It depends greatly on what needs to be stated, but as a general rule, think between 1/7th and 1/10th of your overall written sections (e.g., excluding appendices and bibliography). – Maybe a little bigger still if your Intro contains a necessarily sizeable ‘literature review’ and/or ‘research methods’ aspects (i.e., not in separate sections) • What should I call my Introduction? – ‘Introduction’ is fine, – though you might wish to title it more specifically, i.e. ‘An introduction to …’, might do, or any other variations.
  • 49. Focusing & writing your introduction & conclusion Your conclusion: • You should have a final concluding (usually fairly short) chapter in which you ‘wrap up’ your project in its entirety. This should: – Summarise / bring together all the main points you have dealt with; – stress key findings; and: – if appropriate, make recommendations (if not in its own section following: ‘Recommendations’ sections being more of a characteristic of cat. B projects) ~ A: Issue-structured (arts-humanities model) B: Experiment / survey / results-led (i.e., scientific-model)
  • 50. Focusing & writing your introduction & conclusion Your conclusion: • Should I use the conclusion to introduce any new points? – No, except perhaps if you need to briefly contextualise what you have discussed as part of a wider or related issue. A checklist of things your Conclusion could or should do 
  • 51. Focusing & writing your Conclusion checklist (tick when/if ac& conclusion introduction hieved) f your  should draw to gether the key findings o main body chapters. , where  should make ove rall concluding remarks t appropriate summa rising how the differen to themes and finding s may be seen to relate one another;  could benefit fro m referring back to the w the question / title, and pointing to ho d… question has succ essfully been addresse ressed: - … or rea sonably successfully add don’t claim more than your project n deserves – it’s bette r to admit its limitations (i retend a considered, academic way) than to p these don’t exist;
  • 52. Focusing & writing your Conclusion ch Conclusion ch  sh ececklistictickhehen/af & conclusion introduction hieved) klist (t ( k w w n/if i cac ould indicate h h yved owthe y ey nndrings ofieour ) k co fist  shoudencew am ether an evi ld dra h tog aints on the p e  coubo,dif rchapteer. d your research; rks, where main ld y elev rs would m  should make to vnt, ll con en in c rema ake oaeracommclutdong hanges yot renu atppropriateunit he opport marising r ow ere yiffe sumyour reseahch wthe dou to y do rgsearch bh seen to relatevto fin t in e may t ee topic aga ha e thoulds nd d c eme aan/or p in, and/or: oint to potentia onnefit ourter;r bee an f th he l areas that wo investigarring back to the uld enefit from refe tion; ld b e  could ben fit r , and epp ti the que you n how stior findin g a k w / titlfeom ‘stpoininngbtoch’oand spe d … gucitesitfuny been addresse lating as ss f c w shi ll any wider co cu que must h (this stion be re aaonasucceiesfully addressntext son sbly bly br s f and it must ed: helpf… to doaso - ul or re , othere ise noyour project be  could on’t claim mo rwthay u are digressintions (in d outlin e youit’sebettem admit its limita g); r r comr tonda action.eserves – d e tionsnfor fprehend u te a considered, academic way) tha to rt r these don’t exist;
  • 53. Focusing & writing your introduction & conclusion Your conclusion: • Should I present my own opinions in the Conclusion? – Yes, of course, provided … • … you write these academically; • … the points you are making are to ‘wrap up’ discussion of your topic(s), reminding the reader of your findings or bringing together points previously addressed individually; • … that it is not opinion better placed in your main sections, as part of your main body discussion – remember the Conclusion is not the only place for original thinking: it is primarily for summarising key themes & findings established in the main body.
  • 54. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ • Weeks 1 & 2 concentrated on the critical analytical questioning that is essential to obtaining the best evidence to build an effective dissertation / project ~ how to get the best material from the work of others. • Critical analysis questioning must also be applied to your own work, which is as vital as critically analysing the assertions of others’.
  • 55. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ – Use the following slides to routinely self- diagnose the standard of your work from your first draft onwards. – In the final stages of writing, careful critical analysis of your work is a powerful ‘troubleshooting’ tool for gauging the effectiveness of your work on multiple fronts; – Use the checkboxes to tick off ‘’ all the categories only when you feel you have reached sufficiently high standards.
  • 56. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ Critical analysis is all about YOU being YOUR severest critic!! (you will get constructive feedback from your supervisor, but only you can be your best critic …).
  • 57. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 1. ‘Structural / focus / coverage considerations’; 2. ‘The academic nature of my work’; 3. ‘Bibliography and referencing: technical’; 4. ‘Constructive use of sources to “build an argument”’; 5. ‘Readability’ & effective written communication’; 6. ‘Stats and figures’; 7. ‘The importance of consistency’.
  • 58. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 1. ‘Structural / focus / coverage considerations’  Is the structure sensible … overall?  Is the structure sensible … within each individual chapter / section?  Is everything covered relevant … and in the right place?  Is there appropriate fullness of coverage?  Is there a sensible, logical progression through each component theme?
  • 59. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 2. ‘The academic nature of my work’  Have I written in the ‘third person’ consistently throughout?  To the best of my ability, does my work aspire to sound academic writing practices – i.e., attempt to be balanced, unbiased, impartial in observation & accurate in reflecting the research / views of others’?
  • 60. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 2. ‘… academic nature …’ (cont)  Have opportunities to introduce ‘original thinking’ have been seized upon, with arguments based on prior discussion (i.e., the literature) and defended well?  Is there sufficient analytical depth to my investigation?
  • 61. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 3. ‘Bibliography and referencing: technical’  Is my referencing OK: – Accurate? – Thorough? – Consistent in style throughout? … including page number or full web pathway information?  Is my bibliography accurate, thorough, consistent, complete, etc..
  • 62. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 4. ‘Constructive use of sources to “build an argument”’  Am I using others’ material (in my words or theirs) effectively, i.e., in order:  to build / progress my arguments?, or:  to compare & contrast with information/views from elsewhere?, or:  to let me convey information useful to get me to a point where I can satisfy 1. or 2.; or:  help me wrap up & move to the next point?  … all fully credited by accurate, honest referencing?
  • 63. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 4. ‘Constructive use of sources …’ (cont)  Have I presented all the information & arguments correctly, fairly & accurately – with no misrepresenting of others’ ideas?  Have I analysed & evaluated the source evidence fairly & with sufficient depth? Is there anything more I need to say? Have I said too much?  Have I identified strengths? … weaknesses? … flaws in thinking?  (If required) is my primary research well interpreted & effectively presented?
  • 64. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 5. ‘Readability’ & effective written communication  Have all necessary technical terms been explained (and checked for accuracy)?  Have all unnecessary technical terms & jargon been replaced?  Does my Introduction properly introduce?  Do my main sections deliver on promises signposted in my Introduction?
  • 65. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 5. ‘Readability’ & ... communication’ (cont)  Is my ‘signposting’ - linking - use of connectives present and effective … within and across chapters?  Does my Conclusion emphasise and draw together all my key findings from my main sections?  Is there sufficient clarity throughout in terms of remembering periodically to ‘refer the reader back to the question / title’)?
  • 66. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 5. ‘Readability’ & … communication’ (cont)  Is there sufficient descriptive material to ensure good linking and flow between all the points I raise?;  Is my paragraphing sensible (1 ‘topic sentence’ + thereafter only ‘support sentences’, per single paragraph)?;  Have I achieved effective clarity of written expression: proper identification & tackling of difficult points, sentences worked & reworked to ensure any possible ambiguities or potential misunderstandings have been removed?
  • 67. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 6. ‘Presenting stats and figures’  Is the chosen data always relevant?  Is my diagram-based information clearly presented?  Have I sufficiently commented upon (in writing) my findings, & is my analysis of the data solid/ interpretation correct?  Have I presented my findings well, with no hint of ambiguity?  Have I introduced appropriate cautionary / qualifying remarks?
  • 68. Critical analysis of your own work: editing, proofreading, ‘troubleshooting’ 7. ‘The importance of Consistency’ Consistency of referencing & bibliography has been emphasised. What about:  consistency of written expression / communication (throughout and within individual sections)?  consistency of argument (throughout and within individual sections)?  consistency of presentational style (throughout and within individual sections)?

Notas do Editor

  1. Note that some depts. (Law only?) may prefer ‘Latin terms’ instead of ‘Short Version’ for second/subsequent references. ‘ Op cit.’ ‘ Ibid’ (… plus several other terms for law). Where you have a choice, ‘Short version’ is best, as when you move text around while revising your work, you can lose track of which ‘Ibid’s belong to which source.
  2. Should I write my introduction early on or at the end of my writing up? There is much to be said for writing the introduction only when you know exactly what the main chapters are going to say. However, it may be helpful to draft the intro at the outset, as this can help you to clarify your thoughts. A better plan may emerge out of the process! This ‘working introduction’ will have to be amended as your main chapter-writing goes through various stages of completion and adjustment: as with any written assignment, you will still be developing your thinking and approach as you write and refine your work. Thus, you should be constantly refining your introduction ‘as-you-go’. Only at the very end of the project will you know for certain exactly where your argument is taking you, and the introduction should be adjusted to reflect this.
  3. Your dissertation Introduction checklist (cont): Anything that needs commenting about the title: any information that will help to clarify any ambiguity that may exist surrounding the question? Any technical terms that would benefit instant definition? Any helpfulness in explaining how you will interpret the title ?
  4. Your dissertation Introduction checklist (cont): Must contain: background / context / sufficient historical context (brief) / wider research/subject area context
  5. Your dissertation Introduction checklist (cont): Must identify overall aims / focus + if adopting issue-based breakdown, key underpinning themes that cut across the chapters.
  6. Your dissertation Introduction checklist (cont): why you feel the topic is of interest / demands attention (is it possible to state why your study is important – ‘important’ being a relative concept?) Maybe something about your own interest and how this developed.
  7. Your dissertation Introduction checklist (cont): IMPORTANT – for issue-structured projects, provide a chapter-by-chapter overview of what is to come. But make sure you deliver on promises.
  8. Your dissertation Introduction checklist (cont): Example of chapter-by-chapter breakdown.
  9. Your dissertation Introduction checklist (cont): Review the literature / comment on research methods IF appropriate and IF not already in sections of their own .
  10. Remember: The consideration of what to include in an introduction should always be measured by whether it is helpful to include that information . You should always be imagining that your work is being by someone of reasonable intelligence, but who knows little or nothing about the subject! If appropriate, you might use the introduction to make a bold assertion . If so, the project must later on explore and justify this initial comment. Don’t be sensationalist for the sake of it – it doesn’t become academic work! That said, don’t be boring and stuffy in the way your write: remember the introduction plays an important role in capturing the interest of the reader. Therefore, be clear, concise, and try to write in a way that will engage the reader’s attention. You could open your introduction (and indeed other chapters) with a quotation . Stylistically this may be desirable, but not all work benefits from this: only do this if you have located a quote which is ideally suited for the purpose.
  11. Yet, despite all these things that could or definitely should be included, you must keep your introduction to a reasonable size . Unless it includes the literature review and discussion of methods, an introduction should rarely exceed 10% of the total written content (excluding bibliography and appendices). What should I call my introduction?
  12. Conclusions &amp; Recommendations You should have a final concluding (usually fairly short) chapter in which you wrap up your project in its entirety, summarising all the main points you have dealt with, stressing key findings, and, if appropriate, making recommendations.